• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2021

As the utilization of the underground space is activated, deep excavation of ground has been conducted for the installation of underground structures, the earth retaining wall has widely used to minimize deformation of the excavated ground. In particular, as deep excavation is actively progressing in an urban area where structures are concentrated, methods to minimize the deformation of wall have been devised to prevent damage to the structure adjacent to the wall, and one of these methods is the pre-loading method. This method is a method of suppressing the deformation of wall by actively applying a load on the strut to be installed in wall, and research on this method has been conducted recently. However, although related studies have been actively conducted, the management standard for the pre-loading of bracing has not been clearly presented until now. In addition, since the working force in the strut may increase depending on the depth of excavation or the soil condition of the backfill, the magnitude of the pre-loading that can be applied to the brace may decrease. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the pre-loading (more than 50% of the working load) proposed by the previous research results has been uniformly applied to the strut. In this study, 3D finite element analysis was performed to evaluate the application range of the pre-loading of H-beam strut according to the soil conditions of backfill. As a result of the analysis, it was found that there is a very high possibility that a problem may occur in the stability of the structure of strut due to the earth pressure and the pre-loading when the soil condition is weak and deep excavation proceeds. And it was found that the application range of the pre-loading was 5%~70% of the working load in strut.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2011

In drafting the standards on changes in current conditions, the height or the number of stories is applied in a restrictive manner by limiting to securing the distance to vertical surface for cultural properties within the influence investigation area, but this is expected to have a negative impact on the surrounding sceneries as well as results in the dwarfing phenomenon for precious cultural properties. That is, the preparation for supplementing the insufficient objectivity that is likely to take place during the process of drafting the standards on changes in current conditions. Thus the author attempts to suggest the analytic method for the decision making related to objective and reasonable determination and regulation of the changes in current conditions through computer based simulation work that considers the cultural properties and surrounding environments under investigation. In order to achieve such research objectives, the author reviewed the subject sites where the cultural property dwarfing phenomenon was expected to occur in case of the permission for the changes in current conditions or where the impact of natural landscape and natural feature on the earth is less than architectural building or artificial structure or where the new policy program is likely to be adopted due to incomplete establishment of current condition change standard within influence investigation area, among other cultural properties with architectural building or artificial structure nearby located in Cheonan city and then selected Cheonansaji Dangganjiju(flag poles) and Jiksanhyun Gwana(government office). The author then undertook the quantitative visibility analysis in order to determine the comprehensive prospect rights for the cultural properties and surrounding environments concerned.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.52
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• pp.341-364
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• 2017

This thesis is to reflect prevalently stereo-typed community ideas and find alternative ones that have interconnected, relational, and autonomous acting system for our lives. Probably community is the collective space in which 'I' as the subject in the world meet others and achieve the desirable objects each other. By the way the community spaces could be nation state, societies, and people of nation or ones that deal local problems, environments, and ecology and clubs ect, which are variable according to our concerns. In a sense community pay attention to not societies such as nations or people but lives of individuals, preparing for the territories where men feel convenient in their bodies and mentalities without artificial manipulation. In such a community the participant's vital energy can be stretched actively and relationally, and even if the leader be, there is the politics of doing nothingness not to be the obstacle in the way mens' will goes. In those communities they can live their lives at their nature and realize their dreams without barriers to their way. If we find these ideas of communities which are alternative for our period, we should gaze at Asiatic ones that may be scattered in classics of Confucianism, Daoim and ect. With these concepts and concerns, this paper was drawn up.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.241-276
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• 2018

This article measures equal weighted voting to evaluate the fairness of a redistricting system operated in the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ metropolitan council elections using a new index. The cosine square index using in the article would be useful on what we see the ratio of the equality of population among metropolitan regions and the fairness of the whole electoral system, along with its simple calculation. The results of the fairness of the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ metropolitan council elections calculated by the cosine square index are as follow: Because the $4^{th}$ metropolitan council election uniformly elects two members for each electoral district regardless of the size of the population, it has a low equality of population between districts. But as a result of the decision of the Constitutional Court in 2007, standard of population variation in electoral district has been strengthened to 4 : 1 from the $5^{th}$ metropolitan council election. It increases significantly equality of population between districts from the $5^{th}$ metropolitan council election. But in the elections from the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ metropolitan council elections, Rural electoral districts continuously show the lowest equality of population between districts. It also shows the growing disparity between urban and rural areas as well as between capital and non-capital. This paper emphasizes that electoral apportionment in local council elections should reflect regional diversity and community identity.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.303-325
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• 2018

Hwang Hee (1363~1452), a well-known politician in the beginning of Joseon Dynasty, tremendously contributed to opening the glorious civilization during the reign of King Sejong. He was a public servant canonized in the Jongmyo Shrine and a good example of clean government officials in the Joseon era. There were two requests from scholars of 8 provinces across the country to ask his tablet to be enshrined in the Confucian shrine. As a matter of fact, historical evaluation as well as his status is somewhat extraordinary, but his appraisal during his living times was not consistent according to the annals of Joseon like "Sejong Chronicles". Many of his corruptions and unjust behaviors were shown in the annals. It is hard to accept all of them as truth. There are some questions raised about his character, but also some as intentionally bad judgments. However they should be respected now since the authors were trying to write objectively based on their consciousness. Hwang Hee was highly evaluated and popular among bureaucrats because of his generosity. On the contrary, his generosity was so big that he had problems dealing with his family matters according to an official writing historic chronicles. I think this judgment explains well the reason why then some raised questions about his reputation. This goes well with Confucian's saying, "Each fault by humans has a pattern. Seeing one's fault will let you know the one's personality."

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.75-92
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• 2020

In most cases of the water balance analysis, the return flow ratio for each water supply was uniformly determined and applied, so it has been contained a problem that the volume of available water would be incorrectly calculated. Therefore, sewage and wastewater among the return water were focused in this study and the data-driven model was developed to forecast the outflow from the sewage treatment plant. The forecasting results of LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), GRU (Gated Recurrent Units), and SVR (Support Vector Regression) models, which are mainly used for forecasting the time series data in most fields, were compared with the observed data to determine the optimal model parameters for forecasting outflow. As a result of applying the model, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the GRU model was smaller than those of the LSTM and SVR models, and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) was higher than those of others. Thus, it was judged that the GRU model could be the optimal model for forecasting the outflow in sewage treatment plants. However, the forecasting outflow tends to be underestimated and overestimated in extreme sections. Therefore, the additional data for extreme events and reducing the minimum time unit of input data were necessary to enhance the accuracy of forecasting. If the water use of the target site was reviewed and the additional parameters that could reflect seasonal effects were considered, more accurate outflow could be forecasted to be ready for climate variability in near future. And it is expected to use as fundamental resources for establishing a reasonable river water management system based on the forecasting results.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.769-777
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• 2021

Purpose: Earthquake disasters are frequently occur unpredictable situations due to various variables and unexpected situations. As a result, the work process itself is not uniform, making it difficult for public officials in the disaster safety department to familiarize themselves with the earthquake field manual. This paper is specifically and accurately grasp the current work situation conducted by the Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters of the Gyeongsangbuk-do Office and present a plan for designing serious game scenarios necessary for field manual learning. Method: In this study, scenarios were designed based on the GBS(Goal Based Scenario) model, and in the process of assigning missions and roles based on the Gyeongsangbuk-do earthquake field manual, public officials related to earthquakes were able to acquire knowledge and skills to solve practical tasks. Result: Scenario data of the proposed technique was implemented as a systematic procedure by processing various earthquake-related information into logical data and simplifying and abstracting it for game expression for earthquake situation training. Conclusion: In the event of an earthquake due to learning through serious games, related public officials of Gyeongsangbuk-do provincial are expected to be able to respond quickly to various earthquake disasters.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 2022

The increase in the use time of tunnel users due to the lengthening of the road tunnel may increase the evacuation time in case of fire, resulting in a large number of casualties. In order to reduce the casualties caused by fire, the "Road Tunnel Design Manual, Part 6 Tunnel" and "Road Tunnel Disaster Prevention Facility Installation and Management Guidelines" stipulate that ventilation facilities should be installed along with the extension of the tunnel. The ventilation system design factor considers the wind speed of the external natural wind to be at least 2.5 m/s, and it is applied upward according to the characteristics of the tunnel. As a result of analyzing the five-minute average wind speed data in the Daegwallyeong region for the past 6 years, it was analyzed that 15.8% of the windy days were winds of 10 m/s or more, and the maximum was 20 m/s. Therefore, in this study, when a fire occurs in a tunnel, the pattern of natural wind flowing into the tunnel and the backlayering distance of the tunnel fire smoke according to the maximum wind speed were analyzed. As a result, it was analyzed that a backflow of up to 490 m occurs when a gust of 20 m/s blows.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.360-366
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• 2022

This paper presents a AI model structure for restoring Korean traditional palace photographs, which remain only black-and-white photographs, to color photographs using Pix2Pix, one of the adversarial generative neural network techniques. Pix2Pix consists of a combination of a synthetic image generator model and a discriminator model that determines whether a synthetic image is real or fake. This paper deals with an artificial intelligence model by adjusting a receptive field of the discriminator, and analyzes the results by considering the characteristics of the ancient palace photograph. The receptive field of Pix2Pix, which is used to restore black-and-white photographs, was commonly used in a fixed size, but a fixed size of receptive field is not suitable for a photograph which consisting with various change in an image. This paper observed the result of changing the size of the existing fixed a receptive field to identify the proper size of the discriminator that could reflect the characteristics of ancient palaces. In this experiment, the receptive field of the discriminator was adjusted based on the prepared ancient palace photos. This paper measure a loss of the model according to the change in a receptive field of the discriminator and check the results of restored photos using a well trained AI model from experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 2022

Urban parks play the role of providing leisure spaces for people in their everyday life along with serving ecological functions in the city. Although urban parks aim to satisfy the needs of users visiting the park, most urban parks are currently uniformly created and maintained without considering the environmental characteristics based on the needs of users. This study thus analyzed parks that underwent modifications in line with the revised Park Act in 2005. There were 45 parks whose types were legally changed, of which 21 were changed from children's parks to small parks, and 19 were changed to utilize and highlight the themes such as cultural parks and historical parks. Among the parks whose types have changed, the ratio of amenities in cultural and historic parks has increased, while the facility area in small parks has decreased and the green area has increased in its place. As a result of analyzing the changes to the park facility area, it was confirmed that increasing park amenities has a positive effect in pursuing revitalization of use through park maintenance, but has a negative consequence of significantly decreasing green area. It is necessary to reorganize the park type classification system to reflect the park environment and prepare guidelines for a new installation standard by park type to expand the net function of parks in cities and maintain the sustainable ecological environment. Through in-depth discussions on the facilities of park types, it is anticipated that innovative and multilateral research could be conducted to prepare improvement measures tailored to the guidelines of urban park types in years to come.