• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 1974

The author intended to investigate external and internal changes in the cone structure, changes in water content, sugar, fat and protein during the period of seed maturation which bears a proper germinability. The experimental results can be summarized as in the following. 1. Male flowers 1) Pollen-mother cells occur as a mass from late in April to early in May, and form pollen tetrads through meiosis early and middle of May. Pollen with simple nucleus reach maturity late in May. 2) Stamen number of a male flower is almost same as the scale number of cone and is 69-102 stamens. One stamen includes 5800-7300 pollen. 3) The shape is round and elliptical, both of a pollen has air-sac with $80-91{\mu}$ in length, and has cuticlar exine and cellulose intine. 4) Pollen germinate in 68 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ with distilled water of pH 6.0, 2% sugar and 0.8% agar. 2. Female flowers 1) Ovuliferous scales grow rapidly in late April, and differentiation of ovules begins early in May. Embryo-sac-mother cells produce pollen tetrads through meiosis in the middle of May, and flower in late May. 2) The pollinated female flowers show repeated divisions of embryo-sac nucleus, and a great number of free nuclei form a mass for overwintering. Morphogenesis of isolation in the mass structure takes place from the middle of March, and that forms albuminous bodies of aivealus in early May. 3. Formation of pollinators and embryos. 1) Archegonia produce archegonial initial cells in the middle and late April, and pollinators are produced in the late April and late in early May. 2) After pollination, Oespore nuclei are seen to divide in the late May forming a layer of suspensor from the diaphragm in early June and in the middle of June. Thus this happens to show 4 pro-embryos. The organ of embryos begins to differentiate 1 pro-embryo and reachs perfect maturation in late August. 4. The growth of cones 1) In the year of flowering, strobiles grow during the period from the middle of June to the middle of July, and do not grow after the middle of August. Strobiles grow 1.6 times more in length 3.3 times short in diameter and about 22 times more weight than those of female flower in the year of flowering. 2) The cones at the adult stage grow 7 times longer in diameter, 12-15 times shorter diameter than those of strobiles after flowering. 3) Cone has 96-133 scales with the ratio of scale to be 69-80% and the length of cone is 11-13cm. Diameter is 5-8cm with 160-190g weight, and the seed number of it is 90-150 having empty seed ratio of 8-15%. 5. Formation of seed-coats 1) The layers of outer seed-coat become most for the width of $703{\mu}$ in the middle of July. At the adult stage of seed, it becomes $550-580{\mu}$ in size by decreasing moisture content. Then a horny and the cortical tissue of outer coats become differentiated. 2) The outer seed-coat of mature seeds forms epidermal cells of 3-4 layers and the stone cells of 16-21 layers. The interior part of it becomes parenchyma layer of 1 or 2 rows. 3) Inner seed-coat is formed 2 months earlier than the outer seed-coat in the middle of May, having the most width of inner seed-coat $667{\mu}$. At the adult stage it loses to $80-90{\mu}$. 6. Change in moisture content After pollination moisture content becomes gradually increased at the top in the early June and becomes markedly decreased in the middle of August. At the adult stage it shows 43~48% in cone, 23~25% in the outer seed-coat, 32~37% in the inner seed-coat, 23~26% in the inner seed-coat and endosperm and embryo, 21~24% in the embryo and endosperm, 36~40% in the embryos. 7. The content compositions of seed 1) Fat contents become gradually increased after the early May, at the adult stage it occupies 65~85% more fat than walnut and palm. Embryo includes 78.8% fat, and 57.0% fat in endosperm. 2) Sugar content after pollination becomes greatly increased as in the case of reducing sugar, while non-reducing sugar becomes increased in the early June. 3) Crude protein content becomes gradually increased after the early May, and at the adult stage it becomes 48.8%. Endosperm is made up with more protein than embryo. 8. The test of germination The collected optimum period of Pinus koraiensis seeds at an adequate maturity was collected in the early September, and used for the germination test of reduction-method and embryo culture. Seeds were taken at the interval of 7 days from the middle of July to the middle of September for the germination test at germination apparatus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1971

In order to examine the taxonomic difference between the type of Pinus parviflora S. et Z. native to the Dagelet Island and the type of the species introduced to a number of places of the inland of South Korea, investigations on principal characters of needle, cone and seed were made with a hope to obtain informations on the evaluation of the species for possible use in the reforestation program in Korea in the future. Pinus parviflora is belonged to the Sub-genus Haploxylon of Genus Pinus and it has been speculated among dendrologists that this speoies is not monotypic. 308 rendomly selected trees from 8 different elevations of a natural stand of P. parviflora in the Dagelet Island, and 168 trees of P. parviflora growing at 15 different locations of the inland of South Korea were employed as samples along with 300 trees of P. koraiensis as control. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The needle length of the Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is longer than that of the species growing in the inland by 21-35 percent with statistical significancy. (Table 2) 2. In the cross section of needle, no resin canal was observed in about 50-70 percent of the sample trees of the Dagelet Island, whereas the resin canals appearing at external in most cases were observed in all sample trees from the inland. Consequently, the number of resin canals per needle was 0.4-0.9 with the Dagelet Island type and 2.0-2.7 with the inland type and these differences were statistically significant. (Table 3, Fig.2) 3. The Pinus parvviflora type of the Dagelet Island bas yellowish brown cones, and the Pinus parviflora type of Suwon and Kwangyang has redish brown cones. In both the length of cone and the number of cone scale, the difference between the type of the Dagelet Island and the type of the inland was also statistically significant. The cone scales of the Dagelet Island type are slightly opened, whereas the cone scales are widely opened with both of Suwon and Kwangyang type. (Table 4, Fig. 3) 4. the seed color, of the Dagelet Island type is yellowish brown, while it is greyish brown with Kwangyang and Suwon type. In the length and width of seed, the Dagelet Island type showed significantly larger values than that of the inland type. The length of seed was longest with the Kwangyang type being followed by Suwon and the Dagelet Island type in ordar. The seed wing of the Kwangyang type are longer than the seed, while that of the Dagelet Island type is degenerated to be shorter than the seed. (Table 5, Fig. 4) 5. The Pinus parviflora type of the Dagelat Island is similar in many respects to the southern type of Pinus parviflora of Japan except that many has no resin canals in the needle. 6. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the type of Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is significantly different from the type of the species introduced to the inland and that there is no recognizable variation between the population of the different altitude of the Dagelet Island and the individual variation within population is also negligible. In the light of the high value of the tree not only as an ornamental tree but as an economical tree, The type of Pinus parviflora of the Dagelet Island is considered to be recommendable to be used for the future reforestation program of Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.2 s.39
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• pp.89-100
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• 1979

[ $\lceil$ ]한국산 명나방과(Pyralidae)에 관하여는 이미 필자(1976)에 의하여 언급된바와 같이 1889년 영국인 곤충학자 J.H. Leech가 처음으로 9종의 신종을 발표한데 이어 현재까지 300여종이 기록되어 왔다. 그러나 이들의 기록이 여러종류의 발표문에 산재해 있는 상태로 체계적인 정리가 이루어진바 없으며 학명뿐아니라 우리말 이름조차 갖가지로 쓰여지고 있어 곤충명 사용에 혼란이 야기되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 필자는 현재까지 발표되었던 종들을 조사하여 최근의 분류체계에 따라 학명 및 그들의 동의어(Synonym)를 정리함과 아울러 우리말 이름도 먼저 명명된 이름이나 또는 현재 많이 사용되고 있는 이름을 택하여 통일화하고 ( )안에 그 이명을 표시하였다. Evergestiinae(새들명나방아과, 신칭)은 현재까지는 주로 Pyraustinae(들명나방아과)에 포함되는 족(Tribe)으로 취급되어 왔으나 최근의 분류체계에 따라 독립된 아과로 취급하였다. 이들에 대해서는 Leech에 이어 일본인 Shibuya(1927년에 의하여 13종, 박세욱등 (1958, 1969)에 의하여 27종이 새로 기록되는등 1968년에 출판된 한국 동물명집 곤충편에는 94종이 수록되었다. 최근 필자(1976)에 의하여 우리나라 미기록종으로 발표된 24종과 기타 국내외의 문헌을 통한 기록의 근거를 기초로 작성된 이 목록에는 Evergestiinae에 1속 3종, Pyraustinae에 53속 123종이 포함되었으며 학명이 불분명하거나 채집의 근거가 불확실한 4종은 후미에 별도로 기재하였다. 분포란의 괄호안에 명시된 채집지는 필자에 의하여 채집 확인된 종들로서 그들의 표본은 농업기술연구소 곤충연구담당관실 표본실에 소장되어 있다. 다른 아과에 관하여는 정리가 완료되는대로 추후 발표할 예정이다.nemella hengsungica, Aphelenchoides besseyi 등으로 2아목 7과 11종이었다.는 내연가공한 옷생산에 사용되지 않는 것이 타당하겠다. 주아의 즙액에 의해서도 C. amaranticolor에 기계적 전염이 되었다. 7. C. amaranticolor 상에 계통분리된 마늘 모자이크 바이러스의 내열성은 $65^{\circ}-70^{\circ}C$, 희석한계는 $10^{-}2-10^{-3}$, 그리고 보존한계는 2 일이었다. 8. 마늘 모자이크 바이러스의 순화는 2회의 분획원심과 Sephadex gel filtration에 의해서 가능했다. 9. 전자현미경하에서 관찰한 마늘 모자이크 바이러스는 길이 1200-1225mu 폭 10-12mu의 사상이었다. 10. 혈청학적 미량침강 반응법에 의해 마늘잎에서뿐만 아니라 인편과 주아에서도 마늘 모자이크 바이러스의 검정이 가능했다. 11. 우리나라 5개 지방에서 수집한 마늘 종구 150개와 주아 30개에 대해 혈청학적방법으로 마늘 모자이크 바이러스의 감염률을 조사한 결과 $100\%$의 감염률을 보였다. 12. 마늘 모자이크 바이러스와 크기가 근사한 Potato Virus X. Potato virus Y, Potato virus S, Potato virus M 등과의 혈청학적 유연관계를 조사한 바, 마늘 모자이크 바이러스는 이들과 구별되는 다른 바이러스라고 생각된다. 13. 마늘의 모자이크 감염주에서 단일계통으로 분리하여 본 실험에 사용한 바이러스는 마늘의 바이러스 무감염주를 얻을 수가 없기 때문에 직접 마늘잎에 접종해서 모자이크톤의 병원이라는 것을 확인할 수 없었지만, 검정식물상의 반응, 혈청학적반응, 전자현미경적 관찰등의 간접적인 조사 결과로 미루어 미인록의 마늘모자이크 바이러스라고 생각된다

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2009

Fractures and segmentation in association with the activities of the Yangsan fault are studied around Mt. Namsan, Gyengju city in the southeastern part of Korea. It is believed that the higher values of joint density and fractal dimension with the approach of the center of the Yangsan fault mean intense fracturing due to the fault activity. The boundary between fault damage zone and host rock is inferred to be placed at about 2.7 km from the center of the Yangsan fault where the values of joint density and fractal dimension abruptly decrease and the orientations of joint are also much dispersed. The small faults within the damage zone of the Yangsan fault are definitely divided into right-lateral and left-lateral strike-slip faults. The former is considered to be formed during the right-lateral movement of the Yangsan fault and the latter during the left-lateral movement. The Yangsan fault is segmented in the study area with obvious evidences as follows: (1) the difference of fault strike between northern and southern segments, (2) The geometry of contractional imbricate fans and syncline plunging $9^{\circ}$, $S85^{\circ}E$ at the end of northern segment, and (3) anticline plunging $28^{\circ}$, $N4^{\circ}W$ at the end of southern segment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.495-501
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to find out the dormancy physiology, method of softening culture and evaluation of nutritional value of wild garlic, Ulrung-native Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum. In March, a new bulbs, the shoot and bulbs began to develop until the bulbs showed their complete dormant states in late August. The bulbs renewed to another one in every years. When shoots germinated about $1{\sim}2\;cm$ from mother bulbs, the soft tissues in the mother bublbs was degenerated and finally remained as only fiberous tissues unlike the other bulbaceous plants. There was a high inhibiting activities like ABA in the bulbs. This is believed that this inhibiting substance like ABA in the bulbs is related to the dormancy of wild garlic. Although the immatured bulbs, harvested at May and June, was treated with chilling for 90 days, it didn't germinate their shooting, but the matured bulbs, harvested at July and August, could germinate their shooting over 1 cm in 75 and 60 days chilling treatment, respectively. The shoot elongation was promoted by the longer chilling periods, the later harvesting day and the dark condition. The crude fiber content of leaf and stem increased at more expanded leaf and higher light intensity condition. Since the shoots, grown from germinating to leaf expanding time, had a good quality for food stuff and had less crude fibers, we supposed this period is to be most appropriate for harvesting time.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.16-34
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• 2011

Scirpus L. s.l. of Cyperaceae has been regarded as a monophyletic group, but the taxa of Scirpus s.l. were rearranged into the five independent genera in recent molecular phylogenetic research: Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla, Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Schoenoplectiella Lye, Scirpus L., and Trichophorum Pers. In this study, we examined the morphological characteristics and presented the delineation of the five genera of Scirpus s.l., including 21 taxa from South Korea. As a result of our investigation and analysis of domestic collections and those from abroad, the each taxon could be identified using key characteristics of the rhizome features; a cross-section of culm; the degree of development and the width of leaves; the shapes of the membranous region of leaf sheath; and the shapes and size of inflorescence, bract, floral scale, and achene. These major characteristics are illustrated and artificial keys are suggested in this study. In addition, we suggest a new combination for an unrecorded taxon of Schoenoplectiella that was discovered in Gangwon-do, Goseong-gun and give it the Korean name, as 'a-do-song-i-go-raeng-i'.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2011

Physico-chemical characteristics such as width, weight, color and aroma compounds of garlic from 9 different areas were analyzed. Also, antimicrobial activity was tested for their juices. Width of garlic bulb was larger in growing worm-season garlics (Jeju, Namhae, Hapcheon, Hampyeong and Muan) than those of cool-season garlics (Taean, Seosan, Uiseoung) and imported from China. But numbers of nuts were smaller in growing cool-season garlics than others. L color levels of garlics were 80.73~87.40 and a color level have not significantly difference in all samples, b color level was lower in growing Namhae ($20.79{\pm}1.20$) and Muan ($20.91{\pm}1.62$). 25~30 peaks obtained from aroma compounds analysis of various garlics. Among these compounds, 17 kinds of aroma compounds were identified by GC-MS. And, we showed that 15 kinds of compounds were sulfur containing aroma compounds. Diallyl disulfide was contained 34.90~60.54% in various garlic and the highest contents than other compounds in total compounds. It was detected the highest in China garlic but the lowest in growing Muan garlic. All of garlic samples showed antimicrobial activity against Strep. mutans, B. subtilis, E. coli. V. parahaemolyticus, Asp. flavus, and C. albicans. Especially antimicrobial activity was stronger against E. coli, and C. albicans. Antimicrobial activity was enhanced by sample addition volume and the highest in Namhae garlic sample.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2014

Three unrecorded species, Carex chungii Z. P. Wang, C. tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi, C. multifolia Ohwi were found in Korea. C. chungii Z. P. Wang was found in Is. Wan and Is. Geogeum, Jeollanam-do and Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do. This species is distinguished from C. leuchoclora Bunge by achenes constricted above in the middle. C. tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi was found in Is. Gageo, Sinan, Jeollanam-do. This species is distinguished from C. conica Boott by pistillate scales with a long arista. C. multifolia Ohwi was found in Haenam, Jeollanam-do. This species is distinguished from C. sachalinensis var. sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Ohwi by caespitose and leaf of light gray. We provide here their description, illustration, photographs and the key of related species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 1994

Since garlics (Allium sativum L.) are propagated through cloves, infection by virus or other pathogens may become severe problem if not using high quality seed bulbs every year resulting in the reduction of yield and bulb quality, In order to solve this problem, the establishment of virus-free bulb production and its supply system have been required because no chemicals were found to eliminate viruses from seed bulbs. This experiment was conducted to develop an effective production technique of high quality seed bulbs using shoot-tip culture. Over 90% of shoot-tips explanted on January L 1990 were survived at constant temperature of either 20, 24 or 28$^{\circ}C$, wheres 88% at alternate temperature (28/20$^{\circ}C$). The growth of shoot and root was most vigorous at constant 24$^{\circ}C$, and least at alternate temperature (28/20$^{\circ}C$) condition. When shoot-tips were explanted June 21 to August 1,1991, survival and growth of shoot-tips was most vigorous on MS medium supplymented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 2 mg/L kinetin and least 1 mg/L Gh$_3$. The shoot-tips taken from the seed bulbs stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 15 to 60 days were placed on MS medium, shoot growth and in vitro bulblet formation increased slightly as affected by the increase of told treatment period at 4$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

The pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyoidea), is an important pest in the citrus orchards of Jeju, Korea. This study was performed to investigate the seasonal population abundance of A. pelekassi, and the effects of humidity and citrus leaf age on the multiplication of this pest. Relative humidity (RH) significantly affected the longevity and fecundity of A. pelekassi. Longevity was 7.5, 14.5 and 14.6 d and fecundity was 5.4, 21.5, and 27.1 eggs at 33, 75 and 84% RH, respectively. The leaf age of citrus significantly affected the multiplication of A. pelekassi. The population abundance on 40 day-old leaves was much higher more than 3 times that on 10-day old leaves at 4 weeks after introduction. Overwintered A. pelekassi adults between the bud scales of the citrus trees became active in late April; they were found on newly emerged leaves, followed by their settlement on young fruits in mid-June. The population levels of A. pelekassi peaked on the leaves in late June to July, and on the fruits in early August. The results obtained in this study should be useful for the control of A. pelekassi in citrus orchards in Jeju.