• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2015

Coffee consumption in Korea has been currently growing every year, and as a result, approximately 0.2 million tons of Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) are being created every year. SCG, which is waste organic material, is often classified as food waste and an annual amount of 0.27 million ton is discarded while containing moisture and provoking serious environmental issue. Physico-chemical characteristics of SCG were analyzed in this study and medium and long-term growth experiments were conducted in order to evaluate its utilization potential. According to the experiment results, mixing SCG into the previous base material resulted in accelerated germination and growth in the mid-term compared to previous base material alone, despite slower germination or growth in early stage. Especially, it showed lower withering rate and decrease in various symptoms that are caused by nutrition shortage in case of discontinued sprinkling, etc., compared to the previous base material. Hence, while SCG has a feature of hindering early development due to its feature of waste organic material that is rich in nitrogen, its benefit for long-term growth coming its moisturizing ability and supply of organic matter was confirmed in the study. On balance, SCG is believed to be a material that can replace or complement the previous base materials.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.261-270
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to survey and analyze of the visitor's cognition of admission fee collection system in National Park. To accomplish the purposes, a questionnaire survey was employed in Songnisan National Park. The contents of questionnaire consist of the socioeconomic characteristics and the types of visiting, the activity, the cognition of admission fee collection system.339 samples of total 345 respondents were used for final analysis. As a result of the analysis, the socioeconomic characteristics and the types of visiting, the visiting purpose were showed similar trends with results from other National Park visitors survey. Most of respondents didn't recognize the raise of admission fee and how to use the admission fee. And they recognized that it is too expensive. Most of respondents recognized the joint collection of admission fee but they were strong against it. About the range of cultural assets in National Park, the cognition of 'Only Buddhism's assets in temple' was almost equal with the cognition of 'It includes not only cultural assets of inside and outside temple but also thick forest in National Park'. But most of respondents were strong against the collection of admission fee of cultural assets.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.383-394
• /
• 1999

The indirect technique for making cast restoration requires that dies be as accurate and durable as possible. Currently, stone is the most commonly used material for die. However, it has some problems such as the weakness in its strength and low abrasion resistance. Recently, epoxy resin die systems have become available. The purpose of this study was to examine two commercially available resin die systems and evaluate some characteristics for their clinical performance. This study evaluated the dimensional accuracy of epoxy resins and their wettability with impression materials. In this study, the first experiment was about dimensional accuracy of different die materials. The master model was made of stainless steel. 10 models were made of two epoxy resins (Die-epoxy, Tri-epoxy) and a die stone (Fujirock) each. Occlusal diameter (Dimension I), occluso-gingival height (Dimension II), and interabutment distance (Dimension III) were measured in each model. Next, the contact angles of die materials with impression materials were observed. The blocks were made of polyether, hydrophilic additional silicone, polysulfide impression materials. By drop-ping the same amount (0.05ml) of Tri-epoxy, Die-epoxy, and die stone on the blocks, 10 samples of each die material were made. After setting of materials, the contact angles were measured. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The expansion of stone die and the shrinkage of resin dies in occlusal diameter were observed, and stone and Tri-epoxy were expanded and Die-epoxy was shrinked in occluso-gingival height. There was little change among materials in interabutment distance (p<0.05). 2. In comparison with the master model Tri-epoxy had the least variation in measurement of the three die systems examined. Die-epoxy was next, and die stone showed the greatest variation. 3. The compatibility of die stone for polyether, hydrophilic additional silicone, polysulfide decreased in order, wherease epoxy materials had the decreased compatibility for polyether and polysulnde, hydrophilic additional silicone in order. It was not statistically different between polyether and polysulfide (p<0.05). 4. The contact angles of Tri-epoxy, Die-epoxy, die stone were getting bigger in order.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.349-362
• /
• 1996

To determine the factors to affect on stone surface porosities produced from hydrogen gas of additional silicone, both putty and syringe type of 7 commercially different additional silicone impression materials(Blend-A-Scon, Correct VPS, Exaflex, Express, Extrude, Provil, Reprosil) were chosen and NewFujirock(GC) was poured into the impressions of detail-reproducing test block at 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after the impression materials had set and 4 specimens were made for each pouring time, each type of impression material, and each consisency and So, 280 specimens were made in total. The number of surface porosities of same area($2826 mm^2$) which were typically caused by hydrogen gas using the stereoscope(X 7.5) by two observers. Comparison of putty-syringe type and among the impression materials are tested by Kruscal-Wallis method and Mann-Whitney method(p<0.05). The results are as follows. 1. The number of porosities decreased as the pouring time of stone was delayed on both putty and syringe type of additional silicone materials. 2. The putty type significantly produced more porosities than syringe type except for the group of Reprosil.(p<0.05). 3. In case of putty type, the number of porosities increased as following order. Reprosil / Blend-A-Scon and Provil / Correct VPS and Extrude / Express and Exaflex. 4. In case of syringe type, Blend-A-Scon and Extrude produced no porosity and Exaflex and Provil at 30 minites, but Express produced porosities even at 60 minutes and the most. Additional silicone impression material releases hydrogen gas, and that fact can make the resulting die stone model useless. So, to minimize these adverse effects, it is desirable not to expose putty type of additional silicone on critical impression surface because putty type has a tendency to produce more porosities than syringe type. And it is important to have sufficient time before pouring the stone on impression because porosities produce less as time passes after setting of impression material. Also, there are differences among 7 additional silicone impression materials, so it is desirable to choose adequate brand of additional silicone for good laboratory work.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.197-202
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the distortion and data accuracy that may occur depending on the methods employed by the oral scanner (intra-oral scanner). Deseutap 3D models employing a plaster model used clinically as a scanner to create a standard scan data using the same model, separated by oral scanners in three different ways (AS Group, ZS group, OS group) How to scan each 5 times made the scan data for each group, it shows the 0.121 mm, 0.172 mm AS group, OS group 0.423 mm accuracy in ZS group. The ZS group showed the highest accuracy, with maximum error values of 0.113 mm, 0.169 mm and 0.246 being observed for the ZS, AS and OS group, respectively. The three scanning methods showed a clear differences in accuracy and reproducibility and also appeared to be meaningful in clinical practice.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.140-155
• /
• 2002

Void-free impression taking is important for the fabrication of accurate dental restorations. One of the essential properties of an impression material used for indirect fabrication of precision castings is the reproduction of the fine detail. The objective in this study was to determine the influence of mixing methods on the number of voids and surface detail reproduction. The number of voids and surface detail reproduction were evaluated with the steteomicroscope $SZ-PT^{(R)}$ and photographed. The results were as follows ; 1. In comparison of the void formation according to mixing methods of all impression materials, mechanical mixing was better than hand mixing and there was significant difference(p<0.05) 2. In comparison of the void formation according to hand mixing of alginate impression materials($TOKUSO\;A-1{\alpha}^{(R)},\;CAVEX\;IMPRESSIONAL^{(R)},\;AROMA \;FINE\;DF\;III^{(R)}$), there was no significant difference among alginate groups. But the number of void was increased in the order of $Panasil^{(R)}\;contact,\;TOKUSO\;A-1{\alpha}^{(R)},\;Permlastic^{(R)}$ light bodied and there was significant difference (p<0.05). 3. In comparison of the void formation according to mechanical mixing of alginate impression materials($TOKUSO\;A-1{\alpha}^{(R)},\;CAVEX\;IMPRESSIONAL^{(R)},\;AROMA FINE\;DF\;III^{(R)}$), there was no significant different among alginate groups. But the number of void was decreased in order of $TOKUSO\;A-1{\alpha}^{(R)},\;Permlastic^{(R)}light\;bodied,\;Panasil^{(R)}$ contact and there was significant difference (p<0.05). 4. In comparison of the surface detail reproduction according to mixing methods of 3 types of impression materials($TOKUSO\;A-1{\alpha}^{(R)},\;Permlastic^{(R)}\;light\;bodied,\;Panasil^{(R)}\;contact$), there was no significant difference between hand mixing and mechanical mixing method 5. The surface detail reproduction was only influenced by impression materials, and produced better in order of $TOKUSO\;A-1{\alpha}^{(R)},\;Panasil^{(R)}\;contact,\;Permlastic^{(R)}$ light bodied. There was significat difference among 3 type of impression materials(p<0.05). From the above results, void formation is influenced by mixing methods and surface detail reproduction is influenced by impression materials than mixing methods. Therefore, to fabricate accurate restorations, proper impression material and mechanical mixing method are more effective and available clinically.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.492-501
• /
• 2001

The use of alginate impression materials today is prevalent because of its efficiency and simplicity in clinical settings. Unfortunately, the simplicity of the procedure tends to lull the dentist into a sense of well-being, and lead him into using careless or sloppy technique. Alginate impression materials are used to fabricate diagnostic and preliminary casts, and the final cast. Incorrect use of this material is known to affect the accuracy of the final prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different mixing methods of alginate impression material and tray adhesive on the accuracy of the stone cast produced by each method. A total of 30 stone casts were produced by using 3 different types of mixing methods (10 stone cast for each mixing method, respectively). The first method utilized an automatic-mixing machine to mix alginate while the second method was carried out manually, strictly following manufacturer's instructions. The third method also involved manual mixing, but did not follow the manufacturer's instructions and was done in a random fashion. Also, 20 additional stone casts were produced by using alginate with or without tray adhesives were included in the study to evaluate effects of tray adhesives on the accuracy of alginate impression. 10 stone casts were produced by adding tray adhesives to the interior surface of the impression tray prior to taking the impression. The other 10 excluded this step. A total of 50 stone casts were analyzed by the three-dimensional measuring machine to measure and compare the dimensional changes of the impression material of each group. The results are as follows. 1. No significant difference was found between the automatic mixing group and the manually-mixing group(p>0.05). 2. For the group that followed manufacturer's instructions, less dimensional changes were record ed than the group that didn't in measuring distanced 4(p<0.05). 3. The group that used tray adhesives showed less dimensional changes(p<0.05). The findings revealed that mechanical methods of mixing alginate impression materials had little influence on dimensional changes. However, it is proven that following manufacturers instructions in alginate impression taking is an important step in acquiring accurate impressions and tray adhesives may play an important role in enhancing the results.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2010

People generally focus on the supply side when conducting a study on the movie industry. However, to understand the movie industry better, one needs to analyze both sides - the demand and supply of movies. This paper analyzes demand-side factors that have long been taken for granted in Korea's movie industry. The study used data for 1991~2008 on the following demand-factors : the average ticket prices, the number of working days and hours, the average personal income, the number of spectators for the two major professional sports, cable TV, the number of movies released each year and the number of movie screens. This study shows that ticket prices do not conform to the law of demand. According to the law of demand, increasing price leads to a decline in demand. However, in reality, the number of viewers went up along with ticket prices. The study found that demand for movies was correlated to income levels and leisure time. An increase in the number of leisure hours and income levels pushed up demand. Contrary to general belief, a growth in the availability of substitutes, such as professional sports(soccer and baseball), did not result in a fall in demand for movies. The audiences for both sports and movies grew simultaneously as the amount of leisure time increased. Contrary to the general expectations that more diversified genres of movies will draw larger audiences by satisfying different individual tastes, the diversification had little impact, but the number of movie screens was positively correlated with audience size. In sum, changes in ticket prices and the quantity of substitutes had little influence on demand in the movie industry. Rather, it was the supply side of the industry that induced demand.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.55 no.4
• /
• pp.180-193
• /
• 2022

The East Nine Royal Tombs is a representative place in the Royal Tombs of Joseon (a World Heritage Site). It consists of 1,289 stone artifacts including 979 related stone structures, 310 stone statues, and objects. Most of the stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs are composed of biotite granite, but some tombs are composed of light red granite. As a result of magnetic susceptibility measurement, the average data from Geonwolleung to Mongneung, excluding Hyeolleung, were similar, so it is estimated that stones were obtained from the same quarry. In the case of Sungneung, Sureung, and Gyeongneung, the range of susceptibility measurement is widely distributed. It assumed that the newly produced stones were mixed in the moving and construction process. Also, stones might be gathered from different quarries. As a result of a conservation status investigation, both the mound member and the ridge stone had the highest damage rate due to peeling and granular decomposition according to surface weathering. In the case of surface discoloration, yellowing and soils were found in the burial mound members. Yellowing, blackening, and soil were identified in the ridge stone structures. Bio-degradation is the major factor of deterioration of the East Nine Royal Tombs and the conservation status of the tombs were detected as grades 4 to 5. It seems that it is easy for the environment of the royal tombs to form soil for the microorganisms and fine conditions for continuous moisture. In the case of structures, they are in relatively good condition. As a result of a comprehensive damage rating for each tomb, the overall condition is good, but the Geonwolleung Royal Tomb and Hyeolleung Tomb, which were created in the early period, had relatively high weathering ratings. Stone objects in East Nine Royal Tombs have lost many pieces and gateway members due to surface deterioration. Also, secondary damage is ongoing. Each damage factor of the stone artifacts of the East Nine Royal Tombs combines to cause various and continuous damages. Therefore, it is necessary to establish regular conservation status data of the stone artifacts for efficient management after processing as well as conservation treatment of the royal tombs, and specific management manuals and systems. This study investigated the conservation status of stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs, a World Heritage Site, and systematically classified them to provide priority and necessity for conservation processing. We look forward to establishing a plan for the conservation and management of the East Nine Royal Tombs with this database in the future.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.13 no.2 s.17
• /
• pp.44-56
• /
• 2000

장개빈(張介賓)(1563-1640, 호시경악(號是景岳))시명말의학가이계승김원대의학전통적인물(是明末醫學家而繼承金元代醫學傳統的人物). 타재(他在) 류경도익(類經圖翼), 의역의(醫易義) 주장'의역동원'이논증의학여역학지회통성(主張'醫易同源'而論證醫學與易學之會通性). 타이성리학이론내연구의학(他以性理學理論來硏究醫學). 인이피칭위'유의'(因而被稱爲'儒醫'). 타광범지연구유가급제자백가지후(他廣範地硏究儒家及諸子百家之後), 이(以) 황제내경(黃帝內經) 여(與) 난경 위주(難經 爲主). 종합의가학설(綜合醫家學說). 타이(他以) '양상부족음본무여'지관념내설명인체내음양상태('陽常不足陰本無餘'之觀念來說明人體內陰陽狀態) 이반박주진형지자음론(而反駁朱震亨之滋陰論). 인이주장'부양억음'급'태극시명문'적학설(因而主張'扶陽抑陰'及'太極是命門'的學說). 타재(他在) 의역의(醫易義) 이부양억음내해설병리(以扶陽抑陰來解說病理). 관어태극-명문적론의야수성리학태극개념적영향(關於太極-命門的論議也受性理學太極槪念的影響). 단시(但是), 소위(所謂) '조원찬화'('調元贊化') '기사회생'적의학목적시속어도교양생론('起死回生'的醫學目的是屬於道敎養生論). 관어차점(關於此點), 연피칭위유의적성리학의가야병부예외(連被稱爲儒醫的性理學醫家也竝不例外). 일반인위 황제내경 시재전국 한대초기형성적(一般認爲 黃帝內經 是在戰國 漢代初期形成的). 야인위기의학체계반영저황로사상여음양오행론(也認爲其醫學體系反映著黃老思想與陰陽五行論). 장개빈수재성리학적립장내주장자기적이론(張介賓雖在性理學的立場來主張自己的理論). 단시대폭지접수도가급도교립장(但是大幅地接受道家及道敎立場). 타재(他在) 류경도익(類經圖翼), 태극도론(太極圖論), 이태극성위만물생명적근원(以太極成爲萬物生命的根源). 동시언급도도가여역위(同時言及到道家與易緯). 재장개빈(在張介賓), 태극시상통어도가발생론적개념(太極是相通於道家發生論的槪念). 야상통어태극적개념(也相通於太極的槪念). 재(在) 유경(類經), 섭생(攝生) 내간(來看). 타제요로장이외(他除了老莊以外). 우인용송대이후내단사상가강백단 이도순등적주장(又引用宋代以後內丹思想家强伯端 李道純等的主張), 인이전개자기적이론(因而展開自己的理論). 필자시위(筆者視爲), 장개빈재의학적양생방면상접수료이'성명쌍수'위기적송대이후내단사상(張介賓在醫學的養生方面上接受了以'性命雙修'爲基的宋代以後內丹思想). 병차타이연단적관점내이해부양억음(竝且他以煉丹的觀點來理解扶陽抑陰). 신위유의적장개빈능구장유도량자회통위일조의학체계적의거재어역학.(身爲儒醫的張介賓能구將儒道兩者會通爲一條醫學體系的依據在於易學). 장개빈재천인상응관념지하(張介賓在天人相應觀念之下), 용이음양변화지기구내변증천인관계(用以陰陽變化之機構來辨證天人關係). 재타적이론(在他的理論), 천지시속어 역(天地是屬於 易), 인시속어 의(人是屬於 醫), 단시양자귀위동일양적일리(但是兩者歸爲同一樣的一理). 재'원취제물(在'遠取諸物), 근취제신'적관점내강(近取諸身'的觀點來講), 타장'근취제신'적도리취어의학(他將'近取諸身'的道理取於醫學). 환유'원취제물'적도리취어역학(還有'遠取諸物'的道理取於易學), 인이모구귀납성일개원리(因而謀求歸納成一個原理). 타장자연현상적원리내재어인지생명(他將自然現象的原理內在於人之生命), 종여차정체적각도내간(從如此整體的角度來看). 가이설의학시상통어역학적(可以說醫學是相通於易學的). 역학대인여자연간적탐구(易學對人與自然間的探求), 비교측중어이론성(比較側重於理論性). 반이의학이역학이론위자(反而醫學以易學理論爲資). 관어자연여인지생명진일보지진행교구체성적연구(關於自然與人之生命進一步地進行較具體性的硏究). 총지(總之), 장개빈통과태극음양론(張介賓通過太極陰陽論), 부분유 도이참재'생명'적립장(不分儒 道而站在'生命'的立場), 광범지접납유도양가(廣範地接納儒道兩家). 유차(由此) 아문가이여도장개빈의서적가치병부한어의학가치(我們可以如道張介賓醫書的價値竝不限於醫學價値). 장개빈의서제시유 도량가가이회통어"생명사상"적철학상가능성(張介賓醫書提示儒 道兩家可以會通於"生命思想"的哲學上可能性).