• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2013

Benthic macroinvertebrates were investigated in Yongdam-dam and Hapcheon-dam resions from June to October 2011, Korea. Yongdam-dam and Hapcheon-dam are geographically contiguous, but they are classified as other water system. Experiment site(YE-1, 2, 3; HE-1, 2, 3) which is thought to be affected by dam, control site(YC-1, 2; HC-1, 2) which is thought not to be affected by dam were selected. Species composition, macroinvertebrate communities, composition of the functional feeding groups, habitat orientied groups and community stability were assessed Yongdam-dam and Hapcheon-dam regions. Ten sites were selected for quantitative(Surber sampler $30cm{\times}30cm$) of benthic macroinvertebrates. As a results, a total of 6,369 individuals including 69 species, 33 families, 12 orders, 6 classes and 4 phyla were recognized in Yongdam-dam region. Also, a total of 5,728 individuals including 81 species, 44 families, 13 orders, 5 classes and 4 phyla were recognized in Hapcheon-dam region. Dominance index was 0.27~0.50(mean${\pm}$SD $0.38{\pm}0.09$), diversity index was 2.22~2.97($2.67{\pm}0.29$), evenness index was 0.63~0.76($0.72{\pm}0.06$) and richness index was 4.43~7.06($5.69{\pm}0.99$) in Yongdam-dam region. Dominance index was 0.40~0.81($0.59{\pm}0.18$), diversity index was 1.40~2.39($2.00{\pm}0.43$), evenness index was 0.38~0.68($0.56{\pm}0.13$) and richness index was 4.04~5.80($4.95{\pm}0.70$) in Hapcheon-dam region. In the functional feeding groups, filtering-collectors and gathering-collectors were the highest in the whole sites. In the habitat orientied groups, burrowers, clingers and swimmers were considerably occupied in all sites. As a result of community stability analysis, experiment sites has been identified much as species high resistance and resilience to environmental changes in Yongdam-dam. Control sites has been identified much as species low resistance and resilience to environmental changes in Hapcheon-dam. Species belonging to the Igroup is considered to be important in the river ecosystem stability of large dams downstream areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.10-24
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• 2017

The research takes note of the formation process and settling period of Gwandong-Palkyung(關東八景, Eight Sites of Eastern Korea), the representative palgyeong(prominent eight sites) and jipgyeong(集景, landscape collection of scenic beauty), and investigates the time of formation regarding the palkyung and jipgeyong of Gwandong's scenic beauty through the analysis and interpretation of bibliographic data, and reference data. The result of the study is as follows. As the first document that records the terminology of "Gwandong-Palkyung" is "Daphongeunggil(答洪應吉)" of Yi, Hwang(李滉), Gwandong-Palkyung is inferred to be settled within the recognition of the people even before the 16th century. The geographic analysis result including "Sinjeung Donggukyeojiseungram(新增東國輿地勝覽)", Gwandong-Palkyung expanded as Gwandong-Sipkyung in early to middle of the 16th century. The first confirmed landscape collection regarding Gwandong-Palkyung in this study is confirmed in Shin Zup(申楫)'s "Yeonggwandong-Palkyung(詠關東八景)", thus, the terminology of Gwandong-Palkyung existed before 16th century at the latest. The settlement time of current "Palkyung" collection is estimated to be early 17th century at the latest. Poetries regarding Gwandong-Palkyung, and the frequency on the appearance of Gwandong scenic beauties are analyzed as making clear of the concentrated phenomenon on the sceneries of Gwandong-Palkyung. On the other hand, the collection of Gwandong-Palkyung in the domain of arts is confirmed initially in the ${\ll}$Gwandongpalkyungdobyeong(關東八景圖屛)${\gg}$ of Heo, Pil(許泌). Gwandong-Palkyung, expressed as the actual scene landscape painting shows similar tendencies of the conditions in the jipgyeong from the poetry, but the appearance rate of the painting subject was more prominent in visual solidarity and cohesion due to the reflection of the importance on icon(圖像) of the art works produced with particular meaning in the case of fixed ideal system. From late Joseon to modern times, ${\ll}$palpokbyeongpung(八幅屛風)${\gg}$ of various forms of folk painting is a corroborative evidence notifying that the cultural phenomenon of Gwandong-Palkyung has entered the universal period of embrace. Also, the 13 scenic beauties of Gangwon-Do appearing in the games of Namseungdo and Myeongseungyuramdo include Gwandong-Palkyung, which confirms the settlement of Gwandog-Palkyung even within the culture of games in late Joseon. Such results demonstrate the existence of awareness regarding Gwandong-Palkyung from the first half of the 15th century, which is presumed to have completely settled in the 17th century through the continuous development of formative process in the 16th century. Ultimately, Gwandong-Palkyung is the concrete formation of regional scenic beauties that individually gained its reputations as scenery from the Koryo Dynasty to late 17th century. Gwandong-Palkyung of the scenic beauty of Gwandong is a unique cultural scenery of the region that have germinated and formed through the process of cutting and polishing of long time to collect the best eight of scenic beauty from the many participation of sightseeing culture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.515-524
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of artificial disturbance by analyzing and comparing the survey data of the Yeongju dam located in Yeongju-si, Gyeongbuk before and after impoundment. We surveyed four sites between the downstream of sediment control to the downstream of Yeongju Dam four times between April and October 2018. The macroinvertebrate data before the survey were gathered from the literature. The total number of benthic macroinvertebrates we observed was $35,037ind./m^2$, including 77 species, 48 families, 14 orders, 7 classes, and 3 phyla. The result of the community analysis showed that the dominant index increased from 0.44(${\pm}0.11$) before impoundment to 0.62(${\pm}0.16$) after impoundment. The diversity index increased from 2.26(${\pm}0.30$) to 1.75(${\pm}0.45$), the evenness index from 0.75(${\pm}0.10$) to 0.66(${\pm}0.14$), and the richness index from 3.11(${\pm}0.98$) to 2.25(${\pm}0.81$). The most dominant species changed from Hydropsychidae spp. to Chironomidae sp. The result of the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on Axis 1 showed that the sites of 2014 and Hydropsychidae spp. had a negative value, while the sites of 2018 and Chironomidae sp. had a positive value. In all study sites, the dominance increased while the diversity decreased. The community change was the largest in St. 2. The results of the functional group analysis showed that the scrapers increased while gathering-collectors increased among the functional feeding group and that the clingers decreased while borrows increased among the habitat oriented group. The Benthic Macroinvertebrate Streambed Index (BMSI) decreased from an average of 57.1(${\pm}8.0$, C class) to an average of 30.0(${\pm}12.1$, C class). St. 3 and St. 4, in particular, showed a high reduction rate.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.547-554
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• 2010

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important for quality processing of bread and noodles. The objectives of this study were to clarify the composition of LMW-GSs and to identify their corresponding proteins. Using LMW-GS specific primers we cloned and characterized 43 LMW-GS genes in the wheat cultivar 'Jokyoung'. Some of these genes contain polypeptides different in size due to the presence of various deletions or insertions within repetitive and glutamine-rich domains. The comparison of deduced amino acid sequence of the LMW-GS genes in Jokyoung with that of 12 groups LMW-GSs of wheat cultivar Norin 61 showed that the deduced amino acid sequences were nearly the same to LMW-GS groups of 1, 2, 3/4, 5, 7, 10 and 11. All LMW-GS genes contain eight cysteine residues, which are conserved among all of the typical LMW-GS sequences. The relative positions of cysteine residues are also conserved, except those of the first and seventh. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the 43 sequences with the same N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences were clustered in the same group. To identify the proteins containing the corresponding amino acid sequences, we determined the N-terminal amino acid sequence of 7 spots of LMW-GSs of Jokyoung separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Of them, Glu-B3 (LMW-m and LMW-s) and Glu-D3 (LMW-m) were detected in two and three spots, respectively and the others were not clear. Collectively, we classified diverse LMW-GSs and identified their corresponding protein products. These results will be helpful in breeding programs for improvement of wheat flour quality.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.400-411
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• 2018

This study was a survey of the Wonju stream in Wonju city from May 2015 to September 2016. A total of three sites were selected from the upstream area Gwanseol-dong to the downstream area Hojeo-myeon. Physicochemical analysis, aquatic insect changes, cluster analysis, functional group analysis, rarefaction curve, and statistical analysis were compared between 2004 and 2016. A total of 19 species (38.78%) in 2004 and 22 species (36.67%) in 2016 were analyzed, with the largest number belonging to ephemeroptera. The individual ratio ranged from 27,759.2 (ind. $m^{-2}$, 84.30%) in 2004 to 4,573.2 (ind. $m^{-2}$, 41.64%) in 2016, with the highest number involving diptera. As a result of the community analysis, significant differences were detected in the indices of dominance, diversity, evenness, and richness in 2004 and 2016 (p<0.05). Burrowers of the habitat orientation groups showed the greatest variation with an average of -68.00% (${\pm}2.15$) and the collector-gatherers of the functional feeding groups showed the highest variation of -40.12% (${\pm}1.77$). The rarefaction curve analysis suggested that the species was the poorest in the midstream regions in 2004 and 2016. Physical factors and water quality showed a significant correlation with diversity index, evenness index, and the number of individuals. MDS analysis of the similarity of upstream and downstream regions was high in 2004, and low in 2016. The differences were attributed to physicochemical changes such as increase in flow velocity due to improvement of small dams and changes in bottom structure.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.33-52
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• 2011

This study intends to understand Kobong's thought, especially the problem of Self-cultivation. Kobong, along with Toegye(退溪), is a major figure to understand Confucian ideas of Chosun in the 16th century. There has been a lot of research centered on Kobong's Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情), but not much on the Self-cultivation of Kobong. Confucianism is basically to seek after actualization of Perfect Virtue(仁) and the way to be a sage, through the pursuit of self-discipline(修己 明明德) and social practice(安人 新民). The problems of Confucianism might be summarized as follows: interest and appreciation for the source of existence(知天/事天); harmony in relationships and practices(愛人/愛物); both of the above together. Therefore, Self-cultivation is to change the self, the subject of one's life, through the relationship between man and heaven. Kobong and Toegye had debated for about eight years(1559-1566) over the problem of human nature, especially emotion(情), and virtue and vice(善惡) fundamental position of Toegye is that the difference between Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情) can be understood as emotion with qualitative distinction. By contrast, Kobong sees the relationship between Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情) as that of total and partial. Discussion on the Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情) is not restricted within the problem of logical analysis of concepts or theoretical validity, but come to a conclusion with the problem of Self-cultivation(修養). In this sense, Kobong tried to follow Neo-Confucian theory of human nature and self-cultivation, on the assumption of Confucian self-discipline and social practice.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.35
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• pp.275-308
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• 2012

This article aims to investigate the studies of Yi Xue Qi Meng(易學啓蒙) performed by the researchers of Neo-Confucianism in Ki Ho region in later Chosun period. Philologically speaking, these studies were mainly performed by Han Won Jin and his colleagues. While the study of Yi Hwang(李滉)'s Qi Meng Zhuan Yi(啓蒙傳疑) performed by the researchers of Toegye(退溪) School lasts from the end of the sixteenth century to the nineteen's century, the Ki Ho(畿湖) scholars' study of Yi Xue Qi Meng are centered in the eighteenth century and hardly any significant work on this text is found before and after this century. In order to single out the distinctive features of Ki Ho School of Neo-Confucianism, this article examines three subjects the Ki Ho scholars delved into: (i) their theory of Tai Ji(太極), (ii) their theory of He-Tu(河圖) and the formation of eight trigrams, and (iii) the so-called Wu Wei Xiang De Shuo(五位相得說) discussed in one of the sections in Yi Xue Qi Meng titled the Source of He-Tu and Luo Shu[本圖書]. The Ki Ho scholars are remarkable in interpreting Tai Ji in Yi Xue Qi Meng in the context of the theory of Li-Qi and the theory of human nature. There are differences in opinion among the Ki-Ho scholars with regard to the relation between He-Tu and the formation of eight trigrams. Eventually, they withhold Zhu Xi(朱熹) and Hu Fang Ping(胡方平)'s attempt to synthesize He-Tu, the rectangular diagram of Fu Xi(伏羲)'s eight trigrams, and the circular diagram of Fu Xi's eight trigrams into one single principle. Han Won Jin tries to explain the relation between He-tu and the formation of eight trigrams in terms of the relation between He-Tu and the circular diagram, and his attempt is widely supported by his colleagues. This theory runs counter to traditional model of explaining truth. My conjecture is that such academic trend is further developed by the defenders of Practical Learning such as Hong Dae Yong(洪大容), who vigorously reject traditional system of truth and science, and that it partly explains why the study of Yi Xue Qi Meng ceases in the nineteenth century.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.66
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• pp.251-276
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• 2017

This article is an attempt to identify the difference between "Oneness between Heaven and Man(天人合一)" thought proposed by Zhoudunyi(周敦?) in 'Taijirushuo(太極圖說)' and "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il(A diagram about Unifying Heaven, Human, and Mind-and-Heart)(天人心性合一)" thought presented by Kwonkun(權近) in 'Ip-Hak-Do-Seol(入學圖說)'. Oneness between Heaven and Man thought, which have developed into practical ideas centered on self-cultivation theory, have a philosophical depth and logical system by Zhoudunyi(周敦?) with 'Taijirushuo(太極圖說)' in order to summarize the metaphysical cosmology and the treatise of human nature in Dynasty Song. Zhoudunyi established the concept of Wuji(無極) corresponding to Heaven(天), and suggested unified cosmology of 'Wuji(無極)-Taiji(太極)-Yin and Yang(陰 陽)-Five elements(五行)-Human(人間)-Everything(萬物)'. His cosmology is the perception that heaven, the creator of all things, is the relationship of unity, which is connected by man as the creature and the Order(命)and Nature(性). Thus, when people restores one's nature and realized that it is a mandate from Heaven, he said that heavenly unity can be realized and become a Saint(聖人). The idea of Zhoudunyi(周敦?) comes to Zhu Xi(朱熹) about 120 years later and it is concluded to be converged the Neo-Confucianism with Lichi theory. Accordingly, Zhoudunyi(周敦?) is evaluated as the master of the Neo-Confucianism to posterity. KwonKun suggested the idea of "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il(A diagram about Unifying Heaven, Human, and Mind-and-Heart)(天人心性合一)" in 'Ip-Hak-Do-Seol(入學圖說)' at the end of Goryeo Dynasty. KwonKun's "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il" thought is logically coherent by adding an element of the doctrines of Chu-tzu to his teacher Yi Saek's "Chun-In-Mu-Gan" and arranging that the functions of my mind and Li(理) are all together. Whereas Zhuodunyi is concerned with the creation principle of the universe and all things, KwonKun mainly cares about Heaven(天), Human(人), and Heart (心), and Nature(性) in the view of psychology. In addition, he suggested that "Cheon-In-Sim-Seong-Haap-Il" can be achieved by self-cultivation centered of Gyeong-thought(敬思想). The idea of KwonKun has become a stepping stone to the development of the doctrines of Chu-tzu based on psychology. His ideas came to Yi Hwang about 150 year later, and are integrated into four clue-seven emotion (Sadan Chiljung四端七情) thesis and Gyeong-thought(敬思想). However, unlike the Zhoudunyi, KwonKun is not properly evaluated despite his academic accomplishments.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.32
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• pp.309-336
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• 2011

There were various linking points that connect Li xue(Neo-Confucianism) to aesthetics in Song Dynasty as following. 1. The traditional moral as "pursuing pleasure of Kong-zi and Yan Hui" 2. Esteem of "life and vitality". Scholars of Li xue in Song regarded the pleasure of acting up to "benevolence" as a beauty, and this benevolence originated in the "heaven and earth; the universe". "Benevolence", that is to say, is name of the nature that continuous reproduction breed in an endless succession by "Yin-Yang the universe", thus the natural "life and vitality" of the "heaven and earth" as the matter of course is the perfect beauty. 3. An idea of "serene contemplation". Originally the "serene contemplation" belongs to discipline of "Li xue", however simultaneously this conception was entirely applicable to aesthetic point of view. 4. Cosmological consciousness. In the same manner, the "pleasure" which is moralistic and moreover aesthetic is indivisible from cosmic contemplation itself. Because of this point, the art and aesthetics of Song Dynasty self-consciously had the cosmological consciousness in its fullness. 5. Respect of beauty of nature. Scholars of "Li xue" considered as : no matter what "Li" or "Qi" that producing all things is "coming of itself", that is by no means artificially operated or prearranged in advance. Such standpoint was applied to creative art and made art of Song Dynasty esteem beauty of nature (coming of itself) exceedingly. 6. Laying stress on "disposition". Scholars of "Li xue" ordinarily valued much of "disposition of a sage", consequently this tendency influenced on aesthetics. "disposition" indicates the whole impression that one who has appearance and the inside(personality, temper, thought, etc.) gives to others. By putting that impression into practice of art and literature, it is to materialize the works of art as a unity of form and subject, also as an expression of human existence that breathed into one's sensibility on the whole. 7. Principles of "completing inquiry", "study the laws of nature by close access" of "Li xue". These principles made art and literature of Song Dynasty take a serious view of "Li" of all over the universe, so made them close investigate things, and after all have achieved very remarkable characteristic in art and literature, especially in paintings of Song Dynasty. Theory of painting in Song Dynasty had occupied considerably high position in Chinese aesthetic history. It was positively superior to former generations no matter what in quantity or in theoretical minuteness and its systematic level. Undoubtedly the Chinese theory of painting had been achieving development time after time since Song Dynasty. However if we could make a comparison it with every single period (ex. Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties), there is no prominent period than Song Dynasty in theory of paintings. Song period had number of essays of Landscape painting.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to provide baseline ecological data for the conservation of the Manchurian trout habitat through the investigation of the growth status of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, and Pearson's correlation analysis (PCA) between the B. lenok tsinlingensis population and the use of the land around Gyebangcheon stream. Sampling was conducted twice in July, September, and October 2018. During the July and September surveys, 882 individuals belonging to 13 species from six families were collected. The dominant species was Rhynchocypris kumgangensis and the subdominant species was Zacco koreanus. The total number of B. lenok tsinlingensis collected was 99. The results of the length-weight relationship in the B. lenok tsinlingensis population were analyzed with a regression coefficient b value of 3.1272 and a condition factor (k) value of 0.0006. Therefore, the growth condition of B. lenok tsinlingensis was regarded as fairly good. The QHEI(Qualitative habitat evaluation index) value in the B. lenok tsinlingensis habitat was 119.5(±0.5)-153.5(±0.5), indicating optimal-suboptimal conditions. As a result of the HIS (Habitat suitability index) analysis, it was confirmed that the optimal habitat for B. lenok tsinlingensis was 0.45-0.55m and >1 m in water depth, 0.55-0.65 m s^-1 in water velocity, and boulder in the substrate. The ratio of the land use in this study site was analyzed as 66.26-96.31% for forest and grassland areas, 0.00-23.79% for agricultural areas, 0.00-4.19% for urbanized areas, and 3.69-8.87% for others. Correlation analysis of the number of B. lenok tsinlingensis and various factors revealed statistically significant correlations between QHEI and forest and grassland areas, agricultural areas, and urbanized areas.