• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 2017

Recent projects of Japanese architect, Ito Toyo have been evolved into innovative and experimental stages that are unique and different from other contemporary architects. Since Ito established his own office in 1971, there were several critical changes and developments in terms of architectural philosophy as well as design methods. Particularly, after Sendai Mediatheque, Ito has tended to focus on creating three-dimensional organic body in which architectural form, space, structure, facilities, images are merged all together. With this new type of three-dimensional structure, Ito aims to generate a new notion of architecture as 'living organism'. This paper tried to analyze Ito's new concept of architecture, design process of three-dimensional organic body and its ultimate characteristics and meanings. For the analysis, three projects were selected: Taichung Metropolitan Opera House(2005), Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive(2007), The New Deichman Library in Oslo(2008). These projects clearly represent several types of three-dimensional organic body. After the comparative studies, it is found that, in Ito's design process and method, there are unique characters: ambivalent relationship between plan and three-dimensional form, aiming new/hyper reality through complicated collaboration of analogue and digital design tools, and contradictory relationship with surrounding urban context. Although there are some limitations and restrictions, ever-evolving Ito's design concept and methods are very much valid and meaningful in contemporary spatial design in various perspectives.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.59-74
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• 2017

Louis Sullivan insisted, "Form follows function." Functionality is one of the most fundamental elements for users to use product or space, and "function" in space and architecture has the meaning of the most important factor in determining its form. In this way, from the viewpoint of "Functionalism," the research selected Toyo Ito to see how important elements pursued by Functionalism are related to his forms of creation. Small residential space projects of Toyo Ito from the early 1970s to the present are selected, so that the structure, material and space type of space and architecture can easily grasped and analyzed. Space and architectural structures and surfaces were classified into the characteristics of materials and classified according to the strength of openness of space. As a result, the space and architecture that pursue the function use a method that can maximize the efficiency of the function while excluding the whole decoration in order to highlight the function. The characteristics found in Toyo Ito's small-scale residential space can be defined as the formalization and simplification of the form, the openness of space, and the versatility of each element.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.138-150
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• 1997

The late Quaternary stratigraphy of the tidal deposits in the Hampyung Bay, southwestern coast of Korea comprises 1) Unit III (nonmarine fluvial coarse-grained sediments), 2) Unit II (late Pleistocene tidal deposits), and 3) Unit I (late Holocene fine-grained tidal deposits) in ascending order. The basements of the Hampyung Bay is composed of granitic rocks and basic dyke rocks. These three units are of unconformally bounded sedimentary sequences. The sequence boundary between Unit I and Unit II, in particular, seems to be significant suggesting erosional surface and exposed to the air under the cold climate during the LGM. The uppermost stratigraphic sequence (Unit I) is a common tidal deposit formed under the transgression to highstand sea-level during the middle to late Holocene.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2010

The problem of defining the relationship between interior space and exterior envelope of a building has long been a challenging task in the field of architecture throughout its history. This research chronologically reviews some of the important turning points in various schools of thoughts concerning construction of exterior envelope, with focus on how they influenced and altered the formation of our interior environment. This research also stipulates on how technological advance in the late 20th century laid grounds for a new type of interior-exterior relations in architecture through creation of flexible and ambiguous boundary conditions. The focus of this qualitative research will be on contemporary works of Japanese architects Toyo Ito, SANAA, and related group of architects who address the issues of transparency, flexible interior layout, buffer zones, structural facade, and neutralized (homogeneous) space that produces spatial quality of non-linear, non-hierarchical, and de-materialized space as a direct alternative to modern principles of space making.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

There has been preconceived assumption that, in good architecture, exterior and interior have to be harmoniously related to each other. However, in contemporary architecture, it is easy to witness that this harmonious relationship between exterior and intoner is severely challenged and various exterior surfaces have multi-faceted roles. Rem Koolhaas explained this sort of new situation in the light of 'lobotomy' that is a surgical method for mental disorders, based on the high-rise buildings in the early Manhattan. This study is started with the Rem Koolhaas' lobotomy concept and how this concept is applied to his projects. The multiple roles of exterior surface can be also found in many contemporary architects' projects. Among them, Jacques Herzog & Pierre do Neuron and Toyo Ito's recent projects are discussed to further analyze the new roles of surface and compared with Rem Koolhaas' case. Although the architects discussed present very limited scope of what is happening on the surface of comtemporary architecture, it is hoped to disclose some examples of new relationship between exterior and interior.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.332-339
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• 2017

Today, our indoor space requires a user-centered considering design that satisfies even human sensitivity. The word 'sensitivity' is being frequently used in the design market recently and this means that consumers are becoming more sensitive. For this reason, the characteristics of Toyo Ito's architecture, which are innocent due to its natural structure and materials, are suggested as a sensitive lighting stand design which can relieve users' stress from daily life and bring a psychological stability. As such, sensitivity lighting can create a lighting environment that considers consumers in various spaces along with the development of new scientific technologies and develop in a new direction of aesthetical beauty and eco-friendly area. In this study, a natural and sensitive lighting stand is suggested where a variety of digital art techniques of LED are applied based on formative characteristics of relationship, one of Toyo Ito's architectural concept factors. Such sensitivity lighting designs can not only realize a type-free design but also suggest a creation of the atmosphere which is close to nature.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.347-347
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• 2011

하천에서의 유사량의 추정은 하천유사 해결을 위한 자료획득이 기본이고, 하천내의 수리구조물의 설계 및 유지관리, 하천개수 및 하도의 안정, 홍수터 관리, 저수지의 설계 및 운영 등 하천계획에 필요한 기본적 요소 중 하나이다. 유사량을 추정하는 방법은 Einstein(1950) 공식이나 Toffaleti(1968) 공식 등과 같은 하천 유사량 공식을 이용한 간접적인 계산방법과 현장 실측을 통한 직접적인 방법이 있다. 그러나 유사량 공식을 이용한 추정은 아직도 그 신뢰성이 떨어지며, 대부분의 기존 유사량 공식들이 하상토 유사량을 위주로 추정하여, 소류사가 지배적인 경우에는 이런 공식들을 이용하여도 어느 정도 신뢰성이 확보되는 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되나, 부유사가 지배적인 하천의 경우 정확도가 많이 떨어지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 현재까지 가장 신뢰할 수 있는 방법은 현장실측에 의한 방법이며, 유사량 공식은 부득이한 경우에만 이용하는 것이 바람직하다. 실측 유사량 산정을 위하여 하천 규모에 따라 구분하였으며, 국가하천인 경우 임진강을 대상으로 민간인 출입이 가능한 구간(L = 84.5km), 중소규모하천인 경우 안성천 수계의 황구지천과 인천의 계양천을 대상으로 하였고, 임진강의 경우에는 부유사의 대부분이 이토나 점토로 구성되어 있고 중 상류에서 하상재료의 구성이 대체로 호박돌이나 암반으로 이루어진 부분이 많아 주로 모래로 이루어진 충적하천에서 이용되는 수정 Einstein(1955) 방법에 의한 총 유사랑 추정은 의미가 없기 때문에(한국건설기술연구원, 1992) 본 조사에서는 임진강의 총유사량을 부유사양으로 간주하였으며 다른 유사량 공식을 이용한 부유사량과 비교를 통하여 공식을 제안하였다. 유사량 측정은 하천별로 2007년부터 2009년까지 평수기와 홍수기로 구분하여 측정하였으며, 수리량과 하상토자료를 이용하여 종유사량을 산정하는 Einstein(1950) 공식, Rijn(1984) 공식, Toffaleti(1968) 공식, Shen & Hung(1971) 공식, Yang(1973) 공식, Yang(1979)공식, Ackers & White(1973) 공식, Engelud & Hansen(1967) 공식, Ranga Raju(1981) 공식을 이용하여 결과 값을 비교하였다.

• Water for future
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.49-60
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• 1991

As a second part of the study entitled "Field Measurement and Analysis of Fluvial Sediment in the Cheongmi-Strea", this study concerns mineralogical and contaminative characteristics of sediment particles collected at Wonbu-Gyo and Hanpyeong-Gyo in the Cheongmi-Stream. The mineralogical analysis of the bed sediment collected reveals that, in general , quarz is the most abundant mineral found in sands with feldspars and rock fragments in the next, which confirms what is known in the literature. The shape factor of sand particles is about 0.7, which also agrees to what is known in the foreign literature. The analysis also reveals that the clay particles collected are composed mainly of illite, kaolinate, and chlorite. The analysis of contamination reveals that there is no substantial difference between the contents of organic material and heavy metals in the surface water and those in the pore water beneath the river bed. It is because the sampling for this analysis was conducted right after the September flood during which the fresh top soil from the upstream watershed replaced the old bed sediment and pore water that would probably be more contaminated. The contents of geavy metals in the bed sediment of sand particles do not exceed those in the soils adjacent to the river. For fine sediment such as clays, however, the contents of heavy metals, especially of mercury and zinc, far exceed those in the soils adjacent to the river. These fine sediments are transported downstream in the form of wash load and deposited in part on flood plains, which could be a new source of contaminants.taminants.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.23
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• pp.19-33
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• 2011

There are the various genres such as current affairs, romance, academy, Wuxia, sports, psychology, learning, living and horror in cartoons. Among them, the horror comics are based on the story full of real or realistic subject or exaggerated imagination. The horror comic by Ito Junji have gone through the various printings for the classes of readers since it was introduced in this country. This study has begun from necessity of research on the effect of the horror comics genre on the readers by analysis. among Ito Junji's horror comics makes its own cruel horror image by giving a very unrealistic situation to the usual structure of horror genre. The cruel horror comics rouse significance of the analysis of the genre as one genre of the comics. has the 'catastrophe' effect for the readers who want to enjoy and deny it at the same time by stubbornly describing aspect of 'cruelty' of the horror things. This study aims to research 'cruelty of portrayal' of in terms of human psychology.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2004

Researches on the induced trench method using compressible materials such as clay, mud, straw have been performed to reduce the load acting on buried conduits under a high fill in USA and Canada. And in-situ tests on load reductionmethod using EPS block as a compressible inclusion have been performed in Japan and Norway. Using a EPS block as a compressible materials can have various benefits such as cost-effective design, enlargement of safety and easy construction of structure under high fills. This paper analyzes the arching material function of EPS which can result in reduction of earth pressure by arching effect in Corrugated Steel Pipe. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the reduction of earth pressure on conduits using EPS. Based on field test it is found that the magnitude of vertical earth pressure on conduits was reduced to about 35∼40% compared with conventional flexible conduit systems.