• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.87-97
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• 2021

This study was conducted to prepare an incentive system (proposal) for the activation of waste-to-energy. Weights for each type of energy use were prepared by conducting prior research and economic analysis. In addition, the waste-to-energy incentive (proposal) was calculated in consideration of energy efficiency for each type of energy use. As a result of economic analysis of 11 biogasification facilities, the B/C value was found to be very diverse, ranging from 0.16 to 1.69. In terms of benefits, imports of waste treatment import fees were very high at 68.4 to 99.3% of the total, and four facilities with a surplus (+) or higher in the management balance. In order to convert energy consumption into units of sales volume, 0.58 Nm³/KW for power generation, 0.17 Nm³/kg for steam, and 1.00 Nm³/Nm³ for external supply were calculated using the 'scale factor'. The 'weight factor' was calculated as 0.249 for power generation, 0.656 for steam, and 0.806 for external supply, respectively, by use type.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 2021

In this study, to use as basic data for the organic waste resource energy incentive system, the energy efficiency is evaluated through the mass balance and energy balance calculation results of the anaerobic digester where food waste, food waste leachate and various organic wastes are treated. As a result of the mass balance analysis for 11 biogasification facilities, it was confirmed that 21.1% of process water and 25.7% of tap water were input in large amounts, excluding organic waste. Accordingly, it accounted for 87.6% of the total effluent of linked treated water. In addition, considering that 15.7% of the total input volume is converted to biogas and the average total solids (TS) is 22%, an average material conversion rate of 75% was confirmed. As a result of the energy balance analysis, the energy conversion rate was confirmed to be 78.5% on average by analyzing the biogas calorific value compared to the potential energy of the influent. The average biogas production efficiency including external energy sources for biogas production was 69.4%, and the biogas plant efficiency to which unused effluent energy was applied was 58.9% on average.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.149-155
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• 2022

This study conducted a descriptive research to compare the degree of patient safety culture awareness among general hospitals and long-term care hospital nurses. The subjects of this study were 150 nurses who worked for more than 6 months at 2 general hospitals and 4 long-term care hospitals located in 3 cities, the data has collected from October to December 2021. To Measure patient safety culture, the patient safety culture measurement tool developed by Soon Gyo Lee was used. Data were analyzed by 𝑥²-test, ANOVA, and t-test using SPSS 20.0 program. As a result of the study, the variables with high patient safety culture were the nurse's age(F=44.17, p=.000), clinical career(F=62.86, p=.000), and current workplace career(F=26.27, p=.000). Among the subdomains of patient safety culture, leadership(t=2.07, p= .040) and patient safety priorities(t=2.18, p=.031) were found to be higher in long-term care hospital nurses than general hospital nurses. Based on this result, we expected that it can be used as data in developing programs to raise the level of patient safety culture in hospitals and long-term care hospitals.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.25-36
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• 2008

The plane strain test can reproduce the real field condition and failure behavior precisely over other laboratory shear tests. Accordingly, this test has been utilized to investigate the shearing behaviors associated with overall failure behavior and local deformation of soils. However, most plane strain tests have been carried out with restrained end plates due to difficulties in manufacturing the equipment and also performing it. This restraint induces different results with real field because of shear stress on end plates. In this study, plane strain tests with/without bottom plate restraint were performed on Jumunjin-sand. The measurement of overall and local deformation was accomplished by digital image correlation technique as well as external LVDT. By applying digital image correlation method using two consecutive images captured through the transparent wall, local deformation behavior of various parts inside the specimen was estimated. And the formation and development of shear band caused by the restrained effect of end plate and the deformation mechanism of sand under plane strain condition were examined.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 1999

Backgrounds: To investigate the role of CT as a screening tool and to compare the diagnostic accuracy with that of the fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in evaluating the causes of hemoptysis. Methods: The retrospective review of plain chest radiograph, CT and FOB was done in 72 patients with hemoptysis. The diagnosis were confirmed by histology (n=33), bacterial culture (n=6), cytology (n=3), serology (n=2), skin test (n= 1), clinical response (n=5), and airway disease mainly by HRCT (n=22). Results: The causes of hemoptysis were shown to be lung cancer (n=29), bronchiectasis (n=19), tuberculosis (n=12), aspergilloma (n=5), invasive aspergillosis (n=l), COPD (n=3) and others (n=3). The sensitivity was 100% and 91,7% by CT and FOB respectively. The diagnostic compatibility was 95.8% and 59.7% by CT and FOB respectively. The diagnostic compatibility in cases with central airway disease was 96.3% and 100 % in CT and FOB. In parenchymal disease, CT and FOB showed 91.3 % and 43.5 % of compatibility, respectively. airway disease, CT and FOB showed 100% and 31.8% compatibility, respectively. That is to say, CT has higher sensitivity and diagnostic compatibility than FOB for identifying the causes of hemoptysis, and is more helpful for patients with hemoptysis from parenchymal or airway disease. FOB had the advantage in obtaining histologic, cytologic and bacteriologic diagnosis with biopsy or washing Conclusion: CT should be used as the screening method before performing FOB for patients with hemoptysis who have normal or nonspecific findings or peripheral airway disease in plain chest radiograph.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.184-189
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to explore barriers to effective pain management in general population. Methods: Total 163 Participants completed the Barrier Questionnaire-II (BQ-II), a 27-item on a six point scale, from May to June in 2007. BQ-II consisted of four subscales which were 1) physical effects (PE) addressing beliefs that side effects of analgesics are inevitable and concerns about tolerance, fatalism (Fa) addressing fatalistic beliefs about cancer pain and its management, Communication (Co) addressing the beliefs of 'good patient' and concerns of distracting physician from underlying disease, and harmful effects (HE) addressing fear of addiction and harmful effect to immune system of pain medicine. Results: The BQ-II total had an internal consistency of 0.877 in this study. HE was the biggest barrier (3.03) followed by PE (2.73), Fa (2.15), and Co (1.71). Items appeared as great concerns were 'there is a danger of becoming addicted to pain medication'(3.58), 'using pain medicine blocks your ability to know if you have any new pain' (3.18), 'pain medicine is very addictive' (3.09), 'when you use pain medicine your body becomes used to its effects and pretty soon it won't work any more' (3.09), and 'drowsiness from pain medicine is difficult to control' (3.09). Only 12 respondents (7.4%) reported that they took any type of pain education, however, those who took pain education represented significantly lower barriers to pain management than who did not (P=.029). Conclusion: This result suggests the strategies for public education to surmount cancer pain.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.385-393
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• 2022

The contamination level of inorganic arsenic, a human carcinogen, was investigated in 87 grains and 66 processed grain foods. Two inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) and four organic arsenic monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine were analyzed using HPLC-ICP/MS with high separation and sensitivity and ICP/MS was used to quantify total arsenic. Inorganic arsenic was detected in all grains. And the total arsenic in grains consists of about 70-85% inorganic arsenic and about 10-20% DMA. The concentration of inorganic arsenic was high in rice and black rice cultivated in paddy soil with irrigated water, while the miscellaneous grain in field was low. Mean concentration of inorganic arsenic in rice germ, brown rice and polished rice was 0.160 mg/kg, 0.135 mg/kg, 0.083 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that rice bran contains more arsenic. In processed grain foods, inorganic arsenic concentration varied according to the kind of ingredients and content, and the detection amount was high in processed food with brown rice and germ. The arsenic content of all samples did not exceed each standard, but the intake frequency is high and it is considered that continuous monitoring is necessary for food safety.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

Korean Cleft Lip and Palate Association (KCLPA) was founded in 1996. The first overseas charity operation was in Karachi, Pakistan, 2002 and our association has visited fourteen times in six countries for the free cleft surgery: Pakistan, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Jordan and Vietnam. The cumulated number of operated patients reaches to 280. Before our association, many Korean oral and maxillofacial surgeons have performed charity operations individually since 1964. It was started from Vietnam but the activity is now carried on in Africa, middle-east Asia, south-east Asia, China, and Korea as an official team. LG electronics, a Korean company helped to propagate our team's activity to middle-east Asia to Africa. This paper is a report concerning about the results of our association's charity activities especially in Kenya, east Africa. We provided free cleft surgery for 30 patients in 2004 and 27 patients in 2005, in Nairobi. As the blood test for HIV of the cleft patients was not allowed before and during surgery, our surgeons and nurses were cautious about every movement during the surgeries. Thus the operation time for each patient was longer than any other time. The attitude of the local hospital and the doctors seemed to be accustomed to this situation. They helped us in case of needle injuries. Safety of medical staff and patients is more important than the number of the patients operated in charity operation. This belief should be approached being parallel and multidisciplinary as an international cooperation, focusing on international funding for medical support and continuous education for local doctors who are willing to devote to their people.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.73-92
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• 2014

An Adaptive Clustering-based Collaborative Filtering Technique was proposed to solve the fundamental problems of collaborative filtering, such as cold-start problems, scalability problems and data sparsity problems. Previous collaborative filtering techniques were carried out according to the recommendations based on the predicted preference of the user to a particular item using a similar item subset and a similar user subset composed based on the preference of users to items. For this reason, if the density of the user preference matrix is low, the reliability of the recommendation system will decrease rapidly. Therefore, the difficulty of creating a similar item subset and similar user subset will be increased. In addition, as the scale of service increases, the time needed to create a similar item subset and similar user subset increases geometrically, and the response time of the recommendation system is then increased. To solve these problems, this paper suggests a collaborative filtering technique that adapts a condition actively to the model and adopts the concepts of a context-based filtering technique. This technique consists of four major methodologies. First, items are made, the users are clustered according their feature vectors, and an inter-cluster preference between each item cluster and user cluster is then assumed. According to this method, the run-time for creating a similar item subset or user subset can be economized, the reliability of a recommendation system can be made higher than that using only the user preference information for creating a similar item subset or similar user subset, and the cold start problem can be partially solved. Second, recommendations are made using the prior composed item and user clusters and inter-cluster preference between each item cluster and user cluster. In this phase, a list of items is made for users by examining the item clusters in the order of the size of the inter-cluster preference of the user cluster, in which the user belongs, and selecting and ranking the items according to the predicted or recorded user preference information. Using this method, the creation of a recommendation model phase bears the highest load of the recommendation system, and it minimizes the load of the recommendation system in run-time. Therefore, the scalability problem and large scale recommendation system can be performed with collaborative filtering, which is highly reliable. Third, the missing user preference information is predicted using the item and user clusters. Using this method, the problem caused by the low density of the user preference matrix can be mitigated. Existing studies on this used an item-based prediction or user-based prediction. In this paper, Hao Ji's idea, which uses both an item-based prediction and user-based prediction, was improved. The reliability of the recommendation service can be improved by combining the predictive values of both techniques by applying the condition of the recommendation model. By predicting the user preference based on the item or user clusters, the time required to predict the user preference can be reduced, and missing user preference in run-time can be predicted. Fourth, the item and user feature vector can be made to learn the following input of the user feedback. This phase applied normalized user feedback to the item and user feature vector. This method can mitigate the problems caused by the use of the concepts of context-based filtering, such as the item and user feature vector based on the user profile and item properties. The problems with using the item and user feature vector are due to the limitation of quantifying the qualitative features of the items and users. Therefore, the elements of the user and item feature vectors are made to match one to one, and if user feedback to a particular item is obtained, it will be applied to the feature vector using the opposite one. Verification of this method was accomplished by comparing the performance with existing hybrid filtering techniques. Two methods were used for verification: MAE(Mean Absolute Error) and response time. Using MAE, this technique was confirmed to improve the reliability of the recommendation system. Using the response time, this technique was found to be suitable for a large scaled recommendation system. This paper suggested an Adaptive Clustering-based Collaborative Filtering Technique with high reliability and low time complexity, but it had some limitations. This technique focused on reducing the time complexity. Hence, an improvement in reliability was not expected. The next topic will be to improve this technique by rule-based filtering.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.