• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.347-360
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• 2001

In order to analyze the human figure drawings of children with emotional and behavioural problems, the Preschool Behaviour Checklist (McGuire & Richman, 1988) was administered to 300 6-year-old children from which 15 boys and 15 girls with emotional and behavioural problems and 15 boys and 15 girls without problems were selected for the target and comparison groups, respectively. Compared with children without emotional and behavioural problems, the human figure drawings of the disturbed children included immature eye drawings; immature liaison of body and arms or legs; no hair; strong and repeated lines; unbalanced arms and legs; unbalanced size of face, body, arms, and legs; and the size of the human figure less than a fifth of the sheet of paper. These results imply that the human figure drawing test is an efficient way to screen children's emotional and behavioural problems.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.89-109
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge that mothers have on child development. To do so, a Knowledge of Child Development Inventory(KCDI) developed by Larsen &Juhasz(1986) was carried on to 156 mothers with an infant range from birth to age 24 months. The findings of the study were twofold: First, 70% of the questions on average were answered correctly by the participants. In other words, mothers generally demonstrated a high level of knowledge on child development. With regard to knowledge of child development, their knowledge on physical development of children was relatively low in comparison with that of cognitive and emotional development. In addition, mothers with a girl were more aware of child development especially in relation to child's emotional development. Also, mothers who delivered a heavier baby at birth possessed a higher level of knowledge concerning child's physical development. Second, other external factors, such as the level of family income and mother's education, played a significant role in affecting the level of knowledge on child development. Unsurprisingly, mothers with a higher income and education level demonstrated a higher level of knowledge on child's cognitive development. The findings of the study implicates that mothers seldom demonstrate a proper level of knowledge on child development. Hence, this study suggests that a practical, functional training services and resources for current and future mothers must be ensued.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.53
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• pp.105-133
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among child abuse, depression, and smartphone addiction by gender. Data were gathered though questionnaires surveying 1,601 adolescents living in the Seoul and Kyeonggi areas. The results of t-tests and multiple regression analyses using structural equation modeling are as follow. First, approximately 40 percent of adolescents reported having experienced child abuse in the past year. Second, 24.5 percent of adolescents were found to be at risk of smartphone addiction. Third, child abuse was associated with depression and smartphone addiction among adolescents, and depression was found to have a mediating effect on the relationship between child abuse and smartphone addiction. Lastly, gender differences were also found: for male students, child abuse was directly related to smartphone addiction; for female adolescents, depression was found to mediate the relationship between child abuse and smartphone addiction. The results suggest different intervention strategies according to gender and a necessity of intervention to prevent child depression and smartphone addiction. The implications for social work practice were also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.74-89
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• 1995

Selective mutism is a childhood condition defined by persisten failure to speak in specific social situation when speaking is expected, dispite preserved ability to comprehend spoken language and speak. Present study is to investigate clinical characteristics, treatment method and outcome of 23 children who were diagnosed as selective mutism by DSM-IV criteria at the child psychiatry ouptatient department of SNUH. The results were as follows : 1) The Sex ratio was 1: 4.8, female dominant Mear age of onset was 33 years old and mean age of first referral was 7.7 years old. 2) 22% of subjects had perinatal problem such as low birth weight, preterm birth, 26% of the subjects have history of delayed language development. There are subjects who had been separated with mam caretaker before 3 years old(26%) and who experienced physical or psychological trauma before 3 years old(26%). A few subjects had enurests(30%) and encoprests(4%). 3) Many subjects(65%) had symbiotic relationship with their mother. These families consist of dominant, verbally aggressive mother and passive father. Parents of 39% of all subjects were judged to have definite psychopathology(social phobic, depression, hysterical trait or alcohol problem) 26% of all subject, were reported physically abused. 4) The personality trait of the subjects were frequently described as follows(in order of frequency) ; Shy(100%), anxious(83%), stubborn(83%)m rigid and tense posture(78%), immature(65%) overdependent(65%), irritable(52%), manipulative(39%), depressive(39%). 5) The mean performance IQ of 16 subjects by KEDI-WISC was 88.3 Among them, the subjects with IQ below 69 were seven and those with IQ above 70 were nine. When comparing these two group(Mental retardation group vs Normal IQ group), we could find some difference in language development, personality trait, family dynamics and treatment outcome. 6) Among several treatment methods for selective mutism, play therapy was the most frequently used method(65%). Other commonly used treatment methods were pharmacotherapy(21%), behavioral therapy(8%), combined therapy(play therapy+pharmacotherapy+family therapy+behavioral therapy)(12%), 7) Regarding the outcome of treatment 8.6% was evaluated as Excellent, 30.4% as Good, 52% as Fair, 8.7% as Poor at the tinic of treatment. At follow up interview 21.7% was evaluated Excellent, 13% as Good, 21.7% as Fair, 34.8% as Poor. 8) We classified all subjects by Havden's 4 subtype. Symbiotic mutism was most common(65%) and other subtypes are Speech phobic mutism(8.6), Reactive mutism(13%) and Passive-aggressive mutism(30%).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.572-582
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• 2012

The purpose of this research was to compare the oral health behaviors for children and teachers in toothbrushing facilities installed community child center related with teacher-supervised toothbrushing. This research was follow-up study from the Korean Dental Hygienists Association third project '2010 program of making of the diamond tooth'. 266 child support teachers were invited and 201 were included in the study (response rate: 75.6%). Statistical analysis conducted using PASW ver. 18.0 for Windows. The difference on the distribution of independent variables related with teacher-supervised toothbrushing was verified with chi-square test. The results of this research could be summarized as follows: The children in the teacher-supervised toothbrushing community child center, the practice rate of toothbrushing was higher than the children in the non-supervised toothbrushing community child center (p<0.05). Teachers offered children one of snacks and drinks per day independently of teacher-supervised toothbrushing (p>0.05). Most of participated teachers accepted to be responsible for oral health of children (73.4%) and demanded that improve facilities for a toothbrushing in community child center (77.2%). In conclusion, this study suggests that a programme of daily teacher-supervised toothbrushing can be effectively targeted into community child center.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2001

Objectives：This study was conducted to investigate variables related to children's depression, and also the relationships between children's depression and parents' depression. Methods：258 5th and 6th grade elementary school students in Taegu, and their parents were asked to complete self-report questionnaires including the children's depression Inventory(CDI) and the Beck's depression Inventory(BDI). Correlation analysis, T-test, One-way ANOVA were used for the statistical analysis and the statistically significant level is p<0.05. Results：1) CDI mean for total children is $13.5{\pm}6.77$, BDI mean for their mother is $13.3{\pm}7.25$, and BDI mean for their father is $11.6{\pm}7.03$. 2) There are significant differences in CDI for children variables related to sex, health, school achievement, economic status. 3) Mother's health slightly affect children's depression, but there are no significant differences in CDI for parents' education, religion, father's health. 4) Children's school achievement and economic status among variables related to children affect mother's BDI scores and children's school achievement affect father's BDI scores. 5) For CDI item analysis, there are significant differences in 10 items for children's sex, in 8 items for health, and in 6 items for economic status. Especially, there are significant differences in 20 items among 27 items for children's school achievement. 6) There is significant correlation between parents' BDI scores and children's CDI scores, and especially high correlation to mother for both boys and girls. Conclusion：Children's depression are significantly affected by children's sex, health, school achievement, economic status. And especially school achievement affect grossly children's depression and their mother's depression, so we know that children and their mother have much burden about school achievement. There is high correlation between children's depression and parents'(especially mother) depression. Therefore, these result imply that in the therapy for children's depression, we must include not only children's problems but also parents' depression and parent-children relationship.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-71
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• 2017

This study conducted a survey to measure recognition distance between the materials which are located separately in a children's library targeting 200 elementary school lower grade students, higher grade students, and school parents(adults). And compared recognition distance between the elements of materials of individual visitor group with multidimensional scaling and K-mean group analysis. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a technique for projecting the cognitive state in space by evaluating the similarity or attribute of the analysis target. Even though it is mainly used for market diagnosis in marketing, It can also be applied to present an ideal physical layout plan by analyzing the distance. As a result of analysis, the main discoveries are as follows. First, elementary school students cognize child, baby and computer materials should be adjacent as a same group. But recognition of adults(school parents) is reflected by differing from elementary school students vastly. They cognize that computer materials should be formed as a special group separated from child and baby's materials. Second, elementary school higher graders and adults(school parents) groups also want to separate their main reading materials from baby's book, therefore They both want to secure silent reading space separating from baby. Third, as a result to confirming how this recognition distance system of materials is reflected in a real children's library through three children's libraries in Y-gu, Incheon, there is no library with structure according perfectly with a recognition system of a particular class, but a recognition system of adults and elementary school students is partially reflected because baby, child and computer materials, and baby and child materials are commonly separated and placed. It is difficult to insist that a recognition system of a visitor group, especially a recognition system of children is absolute consideration conditions in material placement of a children's library. However, understanding cognition of the user groups can be an important evidentiary factors to offer differentiated service space according to visitors and effective placement of the elements of library resources.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.699-707
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• 2019

The present study was designed to examine how much Korean elementary school children used the YouTube, and tested whether the overuse of YouTube might be related to adjustment problems such as low parental warmth, low self-esteem, and low school satisfaction. Two hundred and thirty-eight elementary school students answered a questionnaire enquiring about their YouTube use, parental practice, self-esteem, and school satisfaction. Results indicated that more than half of the participants watched the YouTube at least one hour per day, and 15.6% of them watched the YouTube more than 3 hours per day. Negative relationships between YouTube watching time and parental warmth, self-esteem, and school satisfaction were found. YouTube watching time also partially mediated between parental warmth and adjustment problems. Parental rejection and overprotection were not related to children's YouTube watching time. These study results can be used as seminal data for developing children's YouTube watching guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.121-134
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of marketing strategies of children's clothing line for global SPA brands among Korean consumers. The following factors were evaluated as the dependent variables: benefits sought, store attributes, and brand loyalty. We employed a survey method to test our research questions. The subjects of our survey were mothers with preschool kids between 2 and 7 years who had purchase experiences of children's clothing lines of global SPA brands. The major findings are as follows: First, among the three factors of benefits sought ('trend'/'brand value'/'practicality'), the 'trend' factor only positively impacted the 'product' factor, which is part of the store attributes. 'Practicality' and 'trend' factors had a positive effect on the 'service' factor of store attributes. However, all three factors of benefits sought had no impact on the 'store' factor, and 'practicality' and 'trend' factors had positive effects on the price factor of store attributes. Second, 'practicality' and 'trend' factors among the three factors of benefits sought, had positive effects on brand loyalty. Third, the 'product', 'price', 'store', and 'service' factors had a significant positive effect on brand loyalty in decreasing order. Suggestions from our results for national SPA brands are as follows: National SPA children's clothing lines should focus more on unique designs and unique marketing strategies better reflecting Korean consumers' interest and needs in competing with their global counterparts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.5 s.164
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• pp.680-691
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• 2007

The increased diversity in designs, colors, and materials of children's clothing these days call for extra caution in care of these garments; however, the lack of customer's trust and efforts in complying with the care label combined with the enterprises's inadequate label attachments have led to various problems and disputes. This research attempts to examine customer's recognition, perception, and attitude towards the care labels on children's clothing. This research used the data collected from a total of 292 housewives raising children less than 7 year old. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, frequencies were calculated and ANOVAS followed by Duncan tests were carried out using SPSS 10.0. The results are as follows: First, 84.3% of the housewives admitted that they know about care labels; individuals with higher education level reported higher recognition. Second, as for the perception/attitude toward care labels, 46.9% perceived that care labels 'require additional knowledge for washing clothes' and 30.2% answered that they trust care labels. Third, 51.7% answered that they 'check the symbol instruction'; this tendency was higher among those with higher education levels. Fourth, 31.5% answered they comply with the instructions on care labels. Fifth, as for the reasons for not complying, 60.3% answered they neglect care labels because 'based on my experience, no major problems would occur'; this tendency was higher for those with greater personal income. Sixth, when asked whether any information on the care label kept them from buying a particular garment, 59.2% responded they did not purchase a garment because 'laundry costs appeared to outweigh the product price'; this response was higher among individuals with a higher level of income or education.