• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

Ergogenic aids are substances, devices, and practices that enhance an individual's energy use and production, and recovery from fatigue. L-carnitine increases enhance performance and aerobic capacity by stimulating lipid oxidation in muscle cells during long term exercise. L-carnitine is a well known and widely used ergogenic aid. In the present study, the effect of L-carnitine at concentrations of 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, and 100 μM on the amplitude of field potential in rat cardiac muscle slices was measured using multi-channel extracellular recording (MED 64) system. In the present result, L-carnitine was shown to enhance field potential as a does-dependent manner. The increasing effect of the L-carnitine on field potential was not affected by application of the glibenclamide, an ATP-dependant K⁺ channel antagonist. The increasing effect of L-carnitine on field potential was suppressed by application of the diazoxide, an ATP-dependent K⁺ channel agonist. Present data show that L-carnitine potentiates field potentials by inhibition on ATP-dependant K⁺ channel in cardiac muscles. The enhancing effect of the L-carnitine on the field potential in cardiac muscles can be suggested as one of the underlying mechanism of ergogenic aid of the L-carnitine.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.253-262
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• 2006

Research of color has been developed and also has raised consumer desire through changing from a tool to pursue curiosity or beauty to a tool creating effects in the 20th century. People have been interested in colors as a dynamic expression of results since the color TV appeared. The meaning of colors has been recently diversified as the roles of colors became important to the emotional aspects of design. While auto colors have developed along with such changes of the times, black led the color trend during the first half of the 20th century from 1900 to 1950, a transitional period of economic growth and world war. Since then, automobile production has increased apace with the rapid economic growth throughout the world and automobiles became the most expensive item out of the goods that people use. Accordingly, increasing production induced facility investment in mass production and a technology leveling was achieved. Auto manufacturing processes are very complicated, auto makers gradually recognized that software changes such as to colors or materials was an easier way for the improvement of brand identity as opposed to hardware changes such as the mechanical or design components of the body. Color planning and development systems were segmented in various aspects. In the segmentation issue, pigment technology and painting methods are important elements that have an influence on body colors and have a higher technical correlation with colors than in other industries. In other words, the advanced mixture of pigments is creating new body colors that have not existed previously. This diversifies the painting structure and methods and so maximizes the transparency and depth of body colors. Thus, body colors that are closely related to technical factors will increase in the future and research on color preferences by region have been systemized to cope with global competition due to the expansion and change of auto export regions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.318-324
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• 2016

This study was aimed to verify anti-inflammatory activity of fermented Sargassum siliquanstrum with lactic acid bacteria. Anti-inflammatory activities were compared by measuring the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and suppressive effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in stably transfected RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibitory activities of NO production and iNOS expression were measured after confirmation of NO radical scavenging activities. Fermentation increased NO radical scavenging activities from 7.6% to 15.2% compared to non-fermented condition, and fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. SH-1 was the most efficient. Fermentation without algal debris showed better NO radical scavenging activities than that with debris. Fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. SH-1 also showed the highest NO production inhibitory activity (64.1%) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-induced iNOS expression was diminished to 28.6, 35.6, 49.4 and 58.5 at 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 μg/ml, respectively, by fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. SH-1. According to MTT assay, fermented S. siliquanstrum did not influence the cell viability at all concentrations tested, meaning no or less cytotoxicity. These results suggest that S. siliquanstrum has NO radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus biological activities of S. siliquanstrum were upgraded by fermentation, which could be used for the development of functional foods.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.389-398
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• 2009

Development of expression vectors is important for the basic and applied researches on kimchi LAB (lactic acid bacteria). An expression vector, pSJE6c was constructed by inserting P6C promoter sequence from Lactococcus lactis into pSJE, a shuttle vector for E. coli and Leuconostoc species. To test the efficiency of pSJE6c, aga ($\alpha$-galactosidase) and lacZ ($\beta$-galactosidase) genes were expressed in Lactobacillus brevis 2.14. Compared to the pSJE, expression levels of both genes were increased, indicating P6C promoter was better than indigenous promoters. Enzyme activities of L. brevis cells harboring pSJE6caga (pSJE6c with aga) or pSJE6Z (pSJE6c with lacZ) were 1.5-2 fold higher than those with pSJEaga (pSJE with aga) or pSJEZ (pSJE with lacZ). More RNA transcripts were detected in cells harboring pSJE6c based recombinant plasmid. The results indicated that heterologous gene expressions in kimchi LAB could be improved significantly by use of efficient expression vectors.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2014

The current study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of dried coffee meal (CM) on growth performance, intestinal and blood biochemical index, intestinal enzymes, and cecal microbial populations. A total of 162, 3-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into three dietary groups: control group (CON), basal diet added with 0.5% CM (CM I), and basal diet added with 1.0% CM (CM II). Dietary supplementation of CM did not change bird performance and the relative weight of intestinal mucosal tissues. The birds fed the diet supplemented with CM (0.5 and 1.0%) significantly decreased mucosal glucose concentration (P<0.05) without affecting blood glucose level compared with those fed control diet. The level of blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) significantly increased in CM II group (P<0.05) without affecting ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP) compared with that in the CON group. The specific activity of intestinal maltase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were not affected by dietary supplementation of CM, whereas sucrase activity in birds fed the diet supplemented with CM was decreased (P<0.05) compared to that in the control birds. The colony forming units (CFU) of E. coli in the cecum of CM-fed birds was significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with that of control birds without changing the CFU of Lactobacillus. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of lower level of CM (0.5%) can be used as a beneficial feed resource without liver toxicity in broiler chicks.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.583-591
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• 2013

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease associated with a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen. Although the incidence of AD is increasing these days, therapeutics has yet to be developed for its treatment. The aim of this study was conducted in order to compare and investigate the characteristic between the Castanea crenata inner shell extract (CS) and the Castanea crenata inner shell extract fermented by Lactobacillus bifermentans (FCS) for an anti-atopic medication. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were similar to CS and FCS. In the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging, the CS and FCS had the potential for antioxidant activities. Both of them did not exhibit cytotoxicity to HS68 cells. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity in Raw264.7 cells demonstrated that the FCS has inhibited the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide as compared to the CS. The anti-atopic dermatitis test was done through the induction of DNCB in AD hairless mice. The FCS has inhibited the development of the atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion by transdermal water loss, melanin and erythema of the skin as compared to the CS. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in hairless mice were inhibited by the FCS treatment. It indicates that the fermentation of the Castanea crenata inner shell has the potential for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of new foot-bath facility and detergent solution (sodium molylbdenate, citrate, potassium nitrate, tataric acid, sodium hypo-cholorite, and zinc sulfate) on claw health in lactating dairy cows. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of copper sulphate were 0.31% for E. coli and Bacillus isolated from cows claw. The MIC and MBC of new detergent for E. coli were 1.25% and 5%, respectively, however their respectively values for Bacillus were noticed 0.63% and 2.5%. Both 5E. coli and Bacillus populations in petri-dishes were significantly reduced (more than 95%) with the application of new detergent solution (5% or 16%). Locomotion score (LS 1-5; very good to severely bad) of lactating cows were significantly improved with in 30 days with the use of new detergent solution in foot bath. The LS2 (n=16), LS3 (n=16), and LS4 (n=7) were shown 100%, 43.8%, and 14.3% recovery rate within 30 days with the use of new detergent solution. However, LS5 (n=2) were not recovered to normal claw health and locomotion score within 30 days of new detergent application. Usage of new detergent solution for 60 days in a foot bath have shown 81.3%, 71.4% and 50.0% recovery rate in cows with LS3, LS4 and LS5, respectively. Abnormal claw incidence was reduced from 18.8% to 1.5% in overall herd (n=80) with the use of new detergent solution (16%) in a foot bath for 90 days. In conclusion, usage of 16% of our detergent solution for 60 days in a foot bath can significantly improve the cow claw health and thus mitigate the negative effects of abnormal claw on productivity of cows and dairy farm income.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.485-492
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• 2024

Sea cucumbers contain more than 50% protein in their solid content, and they also possess various bioactive substances such as saponins and mucopolysaccharides. This study analyzed the activities of various enzymes derived from Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria and determined to degrade the components of sea cucumbers. Among the analyzed strains, B. subtilis K26 showed the highest activities in protease and xylanase and relatively high activity in cellulase. Accordingly, samples of sea cucumber and water were mixed in equal proportions, sterilized, and then fermented by inoculating them with B. subtilis K26. Following this, a higher amino acid content was observed between 1.5 and 7.5 hr, a lower residual solid content in this time, and a lesser fermentation odor. The saponin content in fermented sea cucumber powder extracted with butanol was measured to be 1.12 mg/g. The chondroitin sulfate content was evaluated to be 5.11 mg/g in raw sea cucumber. The total polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities were 6.95 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 3.69 mg quercetin equivalent/g, and 3.69 mg quercetin equivalent/g in raw sea cucumber, respectively. Moreover, the DNA damage protective effect of fermented sea cucumber extract was found to be concentration-dependent, with a very strong effect at very low concentrations. Overall, we suggest that sea cucumber fermented with B. subtilis K26 has a high potential as a food for inhibiting oxidation, enhancing immunity, and improving muscle function in the human body thanks to its high free amino acid content.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.9-27
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• 1968

Studies were carried out in order to elucidate chemical components and microflora in three types of soy-sauce, 12-year aged soy-sauce prepared by improved method. 7-year aged and 20-year aged soy-sauce prepared by ordinary method. They results are summarized as follows: 1. The followings are found to be the important factors affecting the quality of soy sauce. a. Organic acids, reducing sugars and free amino acids were increased in the course of storage. b. In the aged soy-sauces under study non-volatile organic acid increased while volatile organic acid decreased and the total acidity was dependent only upon tie latter. c. It was found that suit concentration decreased during the storage. 2. The results of investigation of microflora in the stored soy-sauce are shown as follows. Soy-sauce Improved Ordinary Microbe 12-Y. 20-Y. 7-Y. Aerobic bacteria colony/1ml. 6 123 2 Halophilic lactic acid bacteria colony/1ml. 4 6 10 Osmophilic yeast colony/1ml. $828{\times}10^4$ 248 - b. In the stored soy-sauces, aerobic bacteria are incapable of growing due to drop in pH value and the influence of salt concentration. c. Halophilic lactic acid bacteria are incapable of growing due to drop in pH value, even the salt concentrations decreased during the storage. d. Osmophilic yeast are still growing in low pH value and in the decreasing salt concentration during the strage. 3. The results of amino acid analysis by paper partition chromatographic and calorimetric methods are shown as follows. a. Fourteen kinds of amino acid and thirteen amino acids were detected in the soy-sauce of 12-year aged improved soy-sauce and 7-year aged and 20-year aged ordinary one, respectively. b. The contents of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, valine, leucine, lysine, histidine and methionine increased in the 20-year aged ordinary soy-sauce compared to the 7-year aged one. On the other hand those of alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and cystine decreased. 4. The results of sugar analysis by paper chromatography are as follows. a. In the 12-year aged improved soy-sauce, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, maltose and an unknown were detected, and their amounts were in the above order except maltose and an unknown. b. Both in the 7 and 12-year aged ordinary soy-sauces, galactose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and rhamnose were detected and the amounts of the sugars were in the above order. c. In the non-aged ordinary soy-sauce, glucose was not detected but detected from 7-year and 20-year aged ordinary soy-sauce. 5. The results of organic acid analysis by paper chromatography were as follows. a. As volatile acids, acetic, propionic and butyric acids were detected in the 7-year aged ordinary soy-sauce. On the other hand in both the 20-year aged ordinary soy-sauce and the 12-year aged improved ones, only acetic acid was abundant while propionic and butyric acids were round in trace. It was found that propionic and butyric acids, as the unpleasant flavor components, decreased during the storage. b. In the ordinary soy-sauce, citric acid were produced during the storage and lack, malic and tartaric acids increased in the course of aging while succinic, glycolic, fumaric and malonic acids were shown to decrease. Glutaric and oxalic acids disappeared. Citric acid was produced also in the improved soy-sauce, but lactic, tartaric, succinic, malic, and glycolic acids decreased, while both malonic and glutaric acids disappeared. From the above results the citric acid production was considered to be a favorable factor for the taste. c. In the aged soy-sauces, pyruvic, α-ketoglutaric and probably acetoacetic and oxaloacetic acids (both in trace) were present and their amounts were in the above order. All of the α-keto acid abruptly decreased during the storage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2009

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of oxytocin antagonist on the outcome of IVF/ICSI cycles in infertile patients with repeated failure of IVF/ICSI treatment. Method: Forty patients who had experienced two or more failures of IVF/ICSI treatment without low ovarian reserve, were recruited for this prospective randomized study. All patients received controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) using GnRH antagonist multidose protocol (MDP). For the intervention group, intravenous administration of atosiban (mixed vasopressin $V_{1A}$/oxytocin antagonist) started with a bolus dose 6.75 mg one hour before embryo transfer (ET) and continued at an infusion rate of 18 mg/hour. After ET, administered atosiban was reduced to 6 mg/hour and continued for 2 hours. The main efficacy endpoints were clinical pregnancy rate and implantation rate. Results: Patients' characteristics were comparable in the intervention and control groups. COS parameters and IVF results were also similar. The number of uterine contractions for 3 minutes measured just before ET was significantly lower in the intervention group than control group ($3.5{\pm}1.4$ vs $8.7{\pm}2.2$, p<0.001). While there was no statistically significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate between control group and intervention group (20.0% and 40.0%, p=0.168), the implantation rate was significantly higher in the intervention group, with 16.9% (11/65) compared with 6.0% (4/67) in the control group (p=0.047). There were no differences in ectopic pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate between the two groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that administration of oxytocin antagonist during ET can improve the implantation rate probably by decreasing the frequency of uterine contractions in infertile patients undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment.