• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2018

In order to understand the influence of light artifact discoloration, priority must be given to the reaction characteristics of the light the materials constituting the product. In this study, we focus on two representative medium, animal glue and linseed oil which constitute the colored layer of the painting relics. This study is based on an accelerated degradation test using two types of light emitting diods (LEDs) with different wavelength characteristics. In the experiments, discoloration appeared markedly in the animal glue and linseed oil under accelerated aging test conditions using Blue LED. Among the two types of LEDs, the degree of discoloration of the material was much higher with the Blue LED having the total radiation flux (mW). This indicates that the discoloration of painting artifacts such as animal glue and linseed oil is more significantly influenced by the total radiation flux (mW) of the light source than the total luminous flux (lm).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2012

In this study, the 89 components of the gases emitted from grave goods at Sim Seol(1570-1630) tomb identified and quantitatively analyzed using a thermal desorption system integrated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The concentration of major components show the levels of alpha-pinene 4,113ppbv, beta-pinene 2,510ppbv and limonene 2,424ppbv, that of the others orderly show p-menth-2-ene, acetone, isolongifolene and isoborneol. The functional groups of high concentration level cover 65% of terpenes and 25.8% of alcohols. The expected odor intensity orderly show 35.1% of terpenes, 33.4% of aldehydes and 8.8% of alcohols. Terpenes have generally effect of a perfume, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, and could come out of the pine(Pinus densiflora) coffin, aldehydes and alcohols could be come out of both the Sim Seol mirra and Pinus densiflora for a long time. The analyses of gases emitted from a excavated properties or a tomb are assessed that it can pc001 provide a scientific basis on a counterplan against harmful gases, a method of conservation treatments and a evaluation of effectiveness in conservation of cultural properties in a tomb.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.4-21
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• 2021

A stone mold from the Sabi period of Baekje was excavated at the western tombs in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo where there was a recent excavation survey (2016). It was believed and reported that such stone molds were used for copper needles during the early Iron Age; however, a close re-examination of the form revealed that they were used for bifid ornamental hairpins. Given its casting form, the stone mold of Neungsan-ri is estimated to have been used to make bifid ornamental hairpins in a ∩ shape, narrowing down toward the tip. It is considered an artifact of the Goryeo dynasty. The stone used to make the bifid ornamental hairpin mold of Neungsan-ri was chlorite-schist, the principal minerals of which include chlorite, amphibole, and talc. Similar rocks are in nearby Buyeo (Oesan-myeon), Cheongyang, Gongju, and Yesan. They are mainly found between Jiseon-ri, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo, Sucheol-ri, Yesane-up, and Yesan. Nearly 70 bifid ornamental hairpins from the Goryeo dynasty were excavated at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo and the surrounding areas. Among them, the bronze ones excavated from the tombs of Songguk-ri, Buyeo are estimated to have been made using this mold as they closely resemble the Neungsan-ri mold. Stone was likely the preferred material for molds to make bronze artifacts as it was easy to sink a die. Regarding the bifid ornamental hairpin cast excavated in Neungsan-ri, they obtained stones in nearby areas 20~50km from their location, made bronze artifacts, and distributed them to nearby sites during the Goryeo dynasty. These artifacts suggest that the casting technology of using a stone mold was still employed then.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.134-149
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• 2013

The Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan is considered the historic site where Baekje dominated the inland traffic route to Gaya through Geumsan and Jinan in the 5th Century. This study identified the production techniques of iron by conducting an analysis of metallographical microstructure of the artifacts such as an iron sword and an iron sickle that were excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan, one of the regions ruled by Baekje, and tried to figure out the characteristics and the technical systems of Baekje's ironmaking around the 5th Century by comparing them with other iron artifacts produced around the same time. The analysis showed that various production techniques were applied to the artifacts excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan. Depending on the production techniques, they can be divided largely into three methods: the simple shape-forging method, the steel manufacture method after forging, and the steel manufacture & heat-treatment method after forging. The iron sickle from the stone chamber tomb No. 1, which was produced only through forging, is mostly composed of soft ferrite at both edges of the blade and at the rear making the use of the weapon impractical. From this fact, it is presumed that they were produced as burial objects or ceremonial accessories for the person buried. The iron axe from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 1 and the iron swords and sickle from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12, which were produced through the steel manufacture method after forging such as carburizing, did not go through the heat treatment such as quenching, but applied different production processes to each part. Therefore, it is deemed that they were produced as daily tools for cultivation rather than burial objects or ceremonial accessories. The production techniques following the forging process - carburizing and heat treatment - can be found on the iron swords from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 5 and the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12. The sturdy structure of the blade part and the durable structure of the rear processed with heat are deemed to have been produced as weaponry and used by the person buried. Based on the analysis of the iron artifacts excavated from Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan, the characteristics of iron production techniques were investigated by comparing them with the artifacts from Yongwon-ri Site in Cheonan, Bongseon-ri Site in Seocheon, and Bujang-ri Site in Seosan that were made around the same time as the cluster of Baekje tombs examined by the metallographical microstructure analysis of this study. For the iron artifacts analyzed here, the changes in the techniques were investigated using the iron swords common in all of the tombs. In the case of the iron swords, it was identified the heat treatment technique called tempering was applied from the 4th Century.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.333-344
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• 2011

Cleaning of foreign matter and corrosion products on surface among conservation treatment of iron artifacts is an important part for looking up a original form. The sand blaster is the most popular equipment when it removes the foreign matter and corrosion products on iron artifacts surface. Current foreign matter and corrosion products equipment, which mostly uses, is sand blaster. Glass dust which sprayed from sand blaster is harmful and causing environmental pollution. In order to solve these problems, we investigated the $CO_2$ snow cleaning that use a eco-friendly equipment to apply for cleaning foreign matter and corrosion products on surface of iron artifacts. It examined by using sand blaster and $CO_2$ snow cleaning to aged steel coupon and iron artifacts. In case of aged steel coupon, the result showed that the sand blaster and $CO_2$ snow cleaning methods were similar to the degrees of cleaning foreign matter and corrosion products, through surface roughness, color measurement and SEM. $CO_2$ snow cleaning applied to aged steel coupons weren't worn out the surface in comparison with sand blaster by SEM. When applied to the iron artifacts, power nozzle of the $CO_2$ snow cleaning was an excellent cleaning effect that surface wern't worn out in comparison with sand blaster. And, it showed that internal structure change of metal was no found before and after cleaning by X-ray radiography. Consequently, we confirmed that cleaning of the sand blaster and power nozzle of $CO_2$ snow cleaning were similar to the effect. But, it's very careful to use this method because of high outlet pressure of power nozzle for applying to the iron artifacts. As a result of experiments, it could be found that the cleaning methods should be selected depending on internal state of the artifacts.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2014

This study classified the result of non-metallic inclusion analysis and result of microstructure investigation on the ironware excavated in the Baekje region into Han River, Geum River, and Yeongsan River to estimate the iron making temperature and study the characteristics of regional and temporal characteristics of the heat treatment technology and steel making technology. Regardless of era, bloom iron and sponge iron are judged to be the major method for making as a directreduction process in all three regions. The result of the reinterpretation of the non-metallic inclusion by the oxide ternary constitutional diagram suggest that the temperature inside of the furnace is estimated to be between $1,100{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$ while making the steel. The magnetic iron ores are the major raw material of steel ore and irons with high $TiO_2$ are estimated to use iron sands. Ironware with $CaO/SiO_2$ rate higher than 0.4% are considered to have artificially added the flux of calcareous materials. It was found that the iron making method is the solid caburizing-steel which caburizes low-carbon steels by the CO gas and $CO_2$ gas created when heating the forging furnace with charcoal. Also, the ironware manufacturers in the Baekje during 3rd century recognized the heat treatment technology as they performed carburizing process and quenching to intentionally increase the strength of necessary parts.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.215-223
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics, correlations, and colorant materials of those using the chemical compositions of 30 glasses excavated from the Sarari hall of the Mireuksaji stone pagoda, and to determine the correlations between them and other glass excavated from the Wanggungri site. The results of the chemical analysis of the 11 glass beads show that they are a soda glass group with high contents of $SiO_2$ and $Na_2O$; these can be further subdivided into soda-alumina groups ($Na_2O-Al_2O_3-CaO-Si_2O$). The characteristics of the stabilizer are classified as being of the high alumina glass group (LCHA), except for two glasses. It was concluded that colorant materials affected the coloring for glass beads by various components including Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu and Pb. In addition, we examined six lead glasses which are glass plate and unknown fragments that are of a common lead glass system ($PbO-SiO_2$) with respect to the average contents of PbO (70wt.%) and $SiO_2$ (30wt.%). As a result of comparing these relics with those of the glass beads excavated by Wanggungri, there is a similarity in that they belong to the soda glass group. However, the contents of $Na_2O$ are relatively higher than that of the glass beads in the Mireuksaji pagoda, and most of relics include glasses with a low content of $K_2O$ and CaO. In addition, the PbO and $SiO_2$ contents are slightly different in the lead glass. It seems that the glass relics made at two different sites may have used different raw materials or techniques.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2016

Gold threads mean thread made by metal, it is composed various material to gold leaf, adhesive and media. The making technique and using materials of Gold threads are different from region, it can be used to distinguish country of origin. So this study finds characteristics and making techniques for flat gold threads of relics. Standard samples are made of animal glue, lacquer, red lacquer and etc. This materials are based on the scientific investigation of cultural gold threads properties. Then traditional techniques were estimated by comparison and analysis of actual cultural properties and standard samples. As a result of investigating cultural properties, it is similar to the standard sample which are mixed with red soil additives. After analysis of SEM-EDS, it is detected to Al, Si, Fe. So it is to the conclusion that traditional gold thread is made of adhesive mixed with red soil to improve gold color better. And this ways are similar with china that uses animal glue and red soil to adhesive and different from japan that uses lacquer to adhesive. Through this study, it will be used to data and reference for reappearance and making techniques of traditional gold threads.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 2015

Bronzes, Earthenwares and various artifacts were excavated from Pungnap earthen fortress in the early Baekje age in Korea. This study was performed in order to identify the manufacture technology of bronze artefacts and provenance of lead in bronzes. Microstructure and chemical composition results show that 3 of them are Cu-Sn-Pb alloys in which an intentional lead addition was carried out and one is tin bronze showing straight twin structure within crystal grains. Also $CuFeS_2$ or $Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as raw materials through the detection of S and Fe as trace elements. The lead isotope results could be matched with one of the zones of southern Korea and China on the East Asian map. This results shows that data were plotted either in zone 2 or zone 3 of the South Korean galena map. However, one of bronze artifacts was matched with the zone of Northern China.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.7-14
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• 2002

In Katap-ri, South Korea, potteries and roof tiles are excavated with the assumed raw materials. Using NAA, the provenance of these cultural remains was examined among the neighboring others, and the correlation the assumed raw materials with potteries and roof tiles also was examined. From the results of statistics it is concluded that this cultural site is distingushed from others by several trace elements, Ba, Cr, Sc, Yb, Eu, and Rb with 93.2 % accuracy. Also it turned out that the assumed raw materials wasn't raleted to potteries and roof tiles with 96.3% accuracy.