• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.20 no.6 s.96
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• pp.77-86
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• 2005

인터넷, HDTV, VoD 등 통신 및 방송 수요의 증가에 따라 가입자망까지 광섬유를 포설하는 이른바 FTTH의 구현이 현실화되고 있다. 광가입자망 기술은 전달망과 가입자간을 연결하기 위한 전송(선로종단, 망종단) 장치와 전송매체 등의 설비로 구성되며, 고속 액세스 전송은 일반적으로 가입자에게 수 Mb/s 사용대역을 제공하는 기술을 말하는 것이다. 특히 가입자망에서 수백 Mb/s 이상의 가입자 사용 대역을 제공할 수 있는 것은 광통신 기술만이 가능하다. 세계적으로 광가입자망의 구축은 이미 2002년부터 시작되어 미국의 경우 SBC, Verizon을 중심으로 FTTx 서비스를 시작하여 2005년5월 현재 37개 주의 217곳에서 서비스가 진행중이며 일본의 경우 e-Japan Project로2007년까지 FTTH 천만 가입자를 목표로 2004년 말에 이미 200만 가입자를 돌파하는 등 광가입자망 분야에서는 세계적으로 가장 앞서가고 있는 실정이다. 한국의 경우전세계적으로 초고속 인터넷 보급률 1위로 기존의 VDSL에 의한 초고속 전송망이 이미 미국, 유럽 등의 광가입자망 대역폭과 근접한 속도를 보이고 있어 FTTH 구축은 오히려 늦어지고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 향후 방송/통신 융합 등 급격히 늘어날 대역폭요구를 수용하기 위해서는 광가입자(FTTH) 기술로의 전개가 필수적이고 이를 수용할수 있는 광가입자망 기술에 대해 살펴 본다.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.585-599
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• 2014

Zusammenfassung : Seit den 1990er Jahren hat Muenchen sich zu einem der fuehrenden europaeischen Biotechnologie Clustern entwickelt. Cluster, d.h. raeumliche Konzentrationen von miteinander vernetzten Unternehmen und Institutionen entlang einer Wertschoepfungskette, stellt fuer Unternehmen und Regionen einen erheblichen Wettbewerbsvorteil dar. Ziel dieser Beitrag ist es, die Herausbildung und Entwicklung des Innovationsclusters in Deutschland, am Beispiel von Biotech Cluster Muenchen zu analysieren. Im Folgenden wird zunaechst der Versuch unternommen, eine uebergreifende Kozeption regionaler Unternehmensclustern theoretisch zu eroerten. Darauf aufbauend wird anhand des Biotech Clusters Muenchen die Struktur und Entwicklung des Innovationsclusters empirisch aufgezeigt.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2003

A German philosopher, Herbert Bolz predicted that the human way of thinking would be fundamentally and completely changed because of digital media and the 'Gutenberg-Galaxis', named by M.McLuhan which was symbolized of modern reason was doomed to be over. He thought that the limit of reason-centered European culture would be overcome by the up-to-date multimedia to revive the communication life. On this theory, he emphasized the emotional perception, 'aisthesis' which is original meaning of aesthetics. That is to say, he insisted on the restoration of communication media to enable the five senses' amusement condition mentioned by Kant. This thesis asserts that the representative hypermedia digital animation may play a key role to rehabilitate human sensibility pressed by reason centered modernism. Digital animation has the unique worth of Art that is firstly to deal with time and space and enable unlimited expressions and can communicate effectively as a characteristic synthetic medium which consists of intensive computer techniques. Based on the background, this thesis analyzes the possibility of the digital animation as a new medium. Especially, it is focused on the relations to the hypermedia theory of Norbert Bolz who is a media analyst and professor of a design college.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11
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• pp.130-139
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• 1995

The dictionary defines the word 'Design' as planning and designing. Though this is a meaning confined to decorative function, the conception of modern design in this capitalist society of mass production and mass consumption can be said to have reached a new stage of the meeting of industry and the arts. This means the two sides of design' the side of beauty and usefulness The side of beauty should be understood in view of the sense of beauty, and usefulness should also be considered from the viewpoint of consumer's taste and preference This is thought to be the natural problems of design The origin of design can be understood from the background of capitalism. But the capitalism can be said to be the mode of Western thought and action developed based on Western thinking. The capitalism is an economic system derived from the society of industrial capitalism through commercial capitalism. but this economic thinking has been resulted from a mature social system of democracy and civic society. The civic society and democracy are derived from polis of ancient Greece and Rome. and the ancient Greek and Roman society was a society developed from the social system of the nobility and slaves. Polis continued to develop based on the positive territorial expansionism centering around the Mediterranean on the basis of Hellenism. and European countries achieved the intergration of religion. society and politics based on this. thus accomplishing the spirit of capitalism Our design is believed to have been derived from the direct import of Western capitalism. Accordingly. as the original form of Western capitalism has become our economic system. so our design copied that of th West. And our traditional culture and sensitivity which are different in the original form and root of racial disposition seem to breed discord between them. It is. therefore. very important and meaningful for us to exert all possible efforts to seek the root of our disposition and tradition and grope for the appropriate thought and style of design.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.137-146
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• 2020

Syrup agents are often used after opening, and therefore, there is a high possibility of decreased quality. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) published guideline on stability testing for pharmaceuticals after opening in December, 2016. We compared guidelines related to the period of use after opening between the United States of America (USA), Europe (EU), and Korea, and we analyzed whether the period of use or storage conditions is stated based on the data of drug approval for 4 dry syrups and 3 large packing syrups before and after the introduction of the guideline. First, in USA and EU, the period of use and storage conditions after opening should be listed on the label on the packaging container (as well as the expiration date), while in Korea, those are included in the area of precautions for use. Second, all of the analyzed drugs were not changed by the guidelines for establishing the new post-opening period of use, and they were only presented for the existing expiration date prior to the establishment of the guideline. Medicines that are used for multiple uses after opening may need improved instructions to ensure that the period of use and storage conditions are listed on the packaging according to stability evaluation after opening.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.37
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• pp.361-392
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• 2014

Regarding works that express objects realistically in painting, Gustave Courbet advocated realism in the mid-19th century, France, resisting the then academist style of painting, and works in realist style were produced in earnest by painters such as H. Daumier or Jean F. Millet, who went along with him. Later, realism has expanded into the realm of general literature, including fine art, which has had profound impacts on works of art and literary works. In comics, too, in the same historical context as a form of painting, realistic comics began to be produced by painters or cartoonists at the time. These realism comics are those dealing with stories based on facts, and in terms of contents, objective description and representation of the social realities of the times is one of the most important objectives, but it could not be concluded that in their visual aspect, that is, that of expressing the objects, they were realistic. In the meantime, a graphic novel was born, which was the intermediate form between comics and novels around the United States and Europe since the 1980s. Graphic novels appeared in forms and styles with strong literary and artistic values in the comics market in the U.S. which was full of the superhero genre (comics around heroes), and their major characteristics are very realistic expressions in terms of contents and visual aspect. They are complex and delicate and even have artistic, literary values as if readers read a fiction or literary work of which its narrative structures or pictures are produced with graphics. The characteristics of realistic expressions shown in graphic novels are very different from the previous works of comics. It is noteworthy that they began to be acknowledged as works of art like painting or illustration, thanks to their features of strongly individual auteurist painting style, a fairly high degree of completion of the works, and creative and experimental expression techniques or methods, instead of following the fashion of the times. In recent years, in South Korea, Hollywood blockbuster films have been released one after another and become box office hits, there are increasing interest and demand for the original graphic novels. Accordingly, many original graphic novels have been translated and started to be sold, and keeping pace with this global flow of fashion, some writers in Korea began to produce works of graphic novels. However, to look into the domestic works produced claiming to be graphic novels, there are various opinions on their format and authenticity. In this sense, this study focused on Ga-ya Kwon's Namhansanseong, one the representative works of Korean style graphic novels, and in particular, it attempted to analyze their characteristics and commonalities focusing on the visual aspect of realistic expressions of objects. It is expected that there would be an opportunity to seek for ways so that Korean style graphic novel can be further developed as a genre of comics, with competitiveness by looking back on the identity and present state of domestic graphic novels and developing and applying Korea's original subject matters differentiated from those of graphic novels in the U.S., Europe or Japan through this study. In addition, it is desired that they will be a new energizer for the stagnant domestic comics market.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.411-434
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• 2017

With emphasis on various local cultures to confront the Western central culture, Ngugi wa Thiong'o proposes them 'to move horizontally' so as not to repeat the oppressive culture of the West. We need not only dialogues between dominant languages and peripheral languages, but also between marginal languages. With respect to this point, Ngugi thinks that translation itself could be very effective. Ngugi wants to stimulate writing and speaking in marginalized languages and promote translation as a means of making these languages visible. He regards translation as a conversational tool among languages and cultures in the multicultural global community. As is already well known, his determination to write his later works only in his native Gikuyu language has a great meaning in his anti-colonial as well as anti-neocolonial movement. Its proof is his recent effort to cooperate with Jalada Africa. Simon Gikandi criticized the English translation of Matigari as a denial of cultural hegemony of Gikuyu language and its subordination to the global cultural market. However, the concept of 'thick translation', helps us move from Gikandi's doubt of the 'epistemology of translation' to a meaningful strategy of postcolonial translation. Facing some of the scholars' doubts related to his over-stressing language problem, Ngugi points out that the world has managed to function well through translation: the possibility of translation between cultures and translation as a mediating tool for communication nationally as well as internationally. Based on this two-sided solution of translation, he believes that we can overcome the opposition between relativity and universality, center and periphery, and the dominant and the subordinate.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.199-215
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• 2002

The socio-economic and environmental systems of world are in turmoil. International conflicts are placed in their geographical context through the integration of maps. Changes in the world political map have often been the outcome of wars and conflicts associated with major geopolitical transitions. We identify five basic types--proto-nationalism, unification nationalism, separation nationalism, liberation nationalism and renewal nationalism. Political leaders in a wide range of contexts have been able to appeal to the nationalist doctrine to justify their actions. In recent years indigenous peoples have found a new voice in their struggle for survival. Although colonial empire's ending followed long and bloody struggles in some places. We really cannot understand the modem world as a whole if we do not understand the dynamic of that part of it which has endured and struggled against colonialism. The patterns of the international conflicting area are divided internal conflict type, mixed conflict type, international conflict type. The formation factors of the international conflicting area are divided ethnic group, religion, colonialism, resource, territory. There has recently been a resurgence of Islam's importance in world affairs. The oil crises of the 1970s gave new international leverage to several Muslim states.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2024

We This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the theme of 'libertinage' and the associated issues of reason and emotion in 『Dangerous Liaisons』, a novel considered a masterpiece of libertine literature and an epistolary novel of the 18th century, using digital analysis tools. First, based on the frequency analysis of word usage using Voyant and LIWC 22, we confirmed that libertinage is manifested with keywords such as 'love' and 'time'. With Voyant's 'Contexts' feature, it was found that the letters sent by Valmont to Madame de Tourvel and those sent by Madame de Merteuil both have 'love' as the central theme. However, emotional vocabulary was higher in the former, whereas strategic vocabulary was more prevalent in the latter. Additionally, it was observed that the most frequently used word in the letters sent by Madame de Merteuil is 'time', with a higher frequency than 'love'. Thirdly, using LIWC 22, we measured the analytical thinking and emotional tone of the letters exchanged by the main characters, and analyzed how these values changed according to the chapters. Through these analyses, we confirmed that this novel, alongside Rousseau's "New Eloise," anticipates romanticism by embracing the theme of 'emotion,' which was rejected by 18th-century Enlightenment ideals.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.333-370
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• 2011

This study views the aged inequalities according to the inequality hypothesis of the life course perspective in OECD 10 countries. Focusing on educational level which is early social status and welfare state regime which is social structure factors of inequality, this study analyzes income inequality for the aged who have transformed into old age period from non-aged period. The analysis is based on the data SHARE of Europe and HRS of USA. The main results of this study are summarized in four points. First, the income inequality is quite high by welfare system and the educational level. Second, the income inequality is somewhat reduced in case the people move from the period of non-aged to the period of aged. However, gini coefficient is still high(0.475). Considering welfare state regimes, although the income inequality is high in conservative regime of non-aged period, this would be higher in aged period. This result supports cumulative advantages/disadvantages hypothesis. The liberal regime remains high income inequality which supports the theoretical argument of status maintenance. Social democratic regime provides evidence to offer some support for the status leveling hypothesis. In there, income inequality is lower in aged period even though income inequality of non-aged period is low. Third, the cumulative advantages/disadvantages of disposable income according to educational level are strengthened and heterogeneity is grown in case people transition from the late period of non-aged to aged period. But public pension has been more equally distributed than gross income. Fourth, seeing welfare state regimes, public pension of aged-period is more inequally distributed than that of non-aged period in liberal and conservative regime. Specially in conservative regime, inequality of gross income is very high and public pension is also inequally distribute So this might show that the social security system strengthens the cumulative advantages/disadvantages. However, in the social democratic regime, public pension is more equally distributed than gross income and it could be much more equally distributed in aged period, which can support the status leveling hypothesis.