• Title/Summary/Keyword: 유량예측

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Changes in Moisture Content and Quality of Chewing Gum during Storage (저장중 츄잉껌의 수분함량과 품질변화)

  • Chung, Duk-Ho;Lee, Yoon-Hyung;Yoo, Myung-Shik;Pyun, Yu-Ryang
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.117-121
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    • 1992
  • The changes in sensory and mechanical texture of chewing gum during storage at various relative humidity were studied to define the quality index for the prediction of shelf-life. The initial moisture content of chewing gum was 2.57% (dry basis). The BET monolayer value at $a_{w}$ 0.19 was calculated to be 1.57% (dry basis). The sensory scores of chewing gum were closely correlated with moisture content and instrumental texture parameters with 0.1% significant level. Therefore the quality of stored chewing gum was directly related with moisture content above BET monolayer. The products became organoleptically acceptable in the range of moisture content $2.17{\sim}3.16%(dry basis)$. This range of moisture content ie equivalent to the ranges of instrumental parameter, fracture force$0.8{\sim}1.8{\times}10^{7}$, fracture modulus $1.1{\sim}2.4{\times}10^{8}$, puncture force $0.5{\sim}1.1{\times}10^{7}[dyne/cm^{2}]$ and brittleness $0.7{\sim}1.4{\times}10^{8}[dyne/cm^{3}]$, respectively.

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Kinetics Determination of Quality Changes for the Optimization of Food Dehydration (식품건조공정 최적화에의 적용을 위한 품질 변화 Kinetics 결정)

  • Lee, Dong-Sun;Pyun, Yu-Ryang
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.272-279
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    • 1988
  • Kinetics of ascorbic acid destruction and browning were evaluated by the dynamic test using actual drying data in order to apply in the optimization of food dehydration. Radish was chosen as a test material because it has many typical quality characteristics during drying. Radish was dried in the cabinet dryer with being measured in moisture, food temperature, ascorbic acid and browning. Using moisture and temperature history, proposed kinetic model was integrated and parameters of the model were searched by the iteration scheme to show minimum discrepancy between predicted and experimental data. Ascorbic acid destruction and browning were represented by first and zero order reaction respectively. Arrhenius equation was used to describe temperature dependence. Several mathematical functions of moisture dependence were compared in the model simplicity and residual sum of square. Attained kinetic models were analyzed as functions of temperature and moisture. Rate of ascorbic acid destruction was low at high moisture content, increased with moisture decrease to show a maximum at the moisture of $9{\sim}12g/g$ dry solid, and then decreased up to full dryness. Browning rate increased with moisture decrease to show a sharp maximum at $4{\sim}6g/g$ dry solid and decreased with further moisture decrease.

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Modelling of Nitrogen Oxidation in Aerated Biofilter Process with ASM3 (부상여재반응기에서 ASM3를 이용한 질산화 공정 모사)

  • Jun, Byonghee
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.19-25
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    • 2007
  • Process analysis with ASM3 (Activated Sludge Model3) was performed to offer basic data for the optimization of aerated biofilter (ABF) process design and operation. This study was focused on the simulation of the nitrification reaction in ABF which was a part of the advanced nutrient treatment process using bio-adsorption. The ABF process has been developed for the removal of suspended solids and nitrification reaction in sewage. A GPS-X (General Purpose Simualtor-X) was used for the sensitivity analysis and operation assessment. Sensitivity of ASM3 parameters on ABF was analysed and 4 major parameters ($Y_A$, $k_{sto}$, ${\mu}_A$, $K_{A,HN}$) were determined by dynamic simulation using 70 days data from pilot plant operation. The optimized values were 0.14 for $Y_A$, 3.5/d for $k_{sto}$, 2.7/d for ${\mu}_A$ and 1.1 mg/L for $K_{A,HN}$, respectively. Simulation with optimized parameter values were conducted and TN, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $NO_3{^-}-N$ concentrations were estimated and compared with measured data at the range of 10 min to 4 hrs of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The simulated results showed that optimized parameter values could represent the characteristics of ABF process. Especially, the ABF showed relatively high nitrification rate (60%) under very short HRT of 10 min. As a consequence, the ABF was thought to be successfully used in the site which having high variation of influent loading rate.

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Computing Algorithm for Genetic Evaluations on Several Linear and Categorical Traits in A Multivariate Threshold Animal Model (범주형 자료를 포함한 다형질 임계개체모형에서 유전능력 추정 알고리즘)

  • Lee, D.H.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.137-144
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    • 2004
  • Algorithms for estimating breeding values on several categorical data by using latent variables with threshold conception were developed and showed. Thresholds on each categorical trait were estimated by Newton’s method via gradients and Hessian matrix. This algorithm was developed by way of expansion of bivariate analysis provided by Quaas(2001). Breeding values on latent variables of categorical traits and observations on linear traits were estimated by preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG) method, which was known having a property of fast convergence. Example was shown by simulated data with two linear traits and a categorical trait with four categories(CE=calving ease) and a dichotomous trait(SB=Still Birth) in threshold animal mixed model(TAMM). Breeding value estimates in TAMM were compared to those in linear animal mixed model (LAMM). As results, correlation estimates of breeding values to parameters were 0.91${\sim}$0.92 on CE and 0.87${\sim}$0.89 on SB in TAMM and 0.72~0.84 on CE and 0.59~0.70 on SB in LAMM. As conclusion, PCG method for estimating breeding values on several categorical traits with linear traits were feasible in TAMM.

Characteristics of Non-point Pollutant from Highway Toll Gate Landuse (고속도로 영업소지역에서의 비점오염물질 유출특성)

  • Lee, Eun-Ju;Son, Hyun-Geun;Kang, Hee-Man;Kim, Lee-Hyung
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.185-192
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    • 2007
  • Newly constructed road is a requisite to be able to carry out BMPs (Best Management Practices) under TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load) program of the Ministry of Environment. BMPs require pollutant source control during road construction and wash off reduction plan as well as maintenance practices subsequent to construction on the purpose of discharging the minimum wash off non-point source pollutants. The objective of this study is to provide supportive discharged data in evaluating the discharged non-point pollutant load from a highway toll gate area. It can be applied to manage non-point source pollutants on roads. The results validate the first flush phenomenon that it is known to be one of the wash off characteristics in paved area. In addition, the load per unit area and load per unit rainfall duration applying EMC are calculated. The mean load per unit rainfall duration is assessed to be $533.7mg/m^2-hr$ for TSS, $396.2mg/m^2-hr$ for COD, $17.0mg/m^2-hr$ for TN, and $4.8mg/m^2-hr$ for TP. These results show the unitload taken from monitoring are higher than the unit load suggested in the TMDL. It is important to adopt real pollutant unit for road to be able to perform BMP successfully.

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Analyzing the effect of LID(Low Impact Development) using the CAT(Catchment hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool) (CAT을 이용한 LID(Low Impact Development) 효과 분석)

  • Jang, Cheol-Hee;Kim, Hyeon-Jun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.278-278
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    • 2012
  • 최근 녹색도시를 지향하면서 도시 내에서의 물의 순환에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며 도시계획 단계에서부터 물의 순환을 고려하려는 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 국토해양부, 환경부, 소방방재청 및 지방자치단체들은 법령, 기준, 지침 및 조례 등을 제정하여 물순환을 도시개발 이전의 상태가 될 수 있도록 시설 설치를 유도하고 있다. 그러나, 개별시설들의 조합이 유역규모의 물순환에 미치는 영향 평가는 이루어지고 있지 못한 실정이다. 종래에는 홍수저감을 목적으로 홍수저류지와 침투시설에 대하여 설계하고 시공을 하였으나 장기적인 관점에서 LID 시설의 효과를 평가하여 도시 계획 단계에서 반영하지는 못하였다. 그리고 이들 개별 LID 시설(침투, 저류 등)에 대한 단위 시설의 규모 설계에 그치고 있어 개선 시설이 다중으로 조합되어 분산 계획되었을 경우, 유역 규모에서 물순환의 긍정적인 변화를 판단하기는 어려운 형편이다. 도시지역에서의 LID(Low Impact Development) 효과 분석과 연계된 유역 물순환 해석을 위하여 독일, 호주 및 미국에서는 STORM, Urban Developer, SUSTAIN(System for Urban Stromwater Treatment, and Analysis INtegratration) 및 SWMM LID(Storm Wastewater Management Model LID) 등의 모형을 출시하고 실무에 적용하고 있다. 그러나, 해외에서 개발된 기술은 국내의 유역 환경을 충분히 반영하기 어렵다. 저수지 혹은 하천에서의 취수 등과 같이 국내의 복잡한 물순환 형태를 반영하는데 한계가 있으며, 기존의 물순환 해석모형에 의한 LID 시설을 계획하는 방법은 홍수저감에 국한되어 있고, 하천 유량이나 지하수위 측정 자료가 부족한 대상지역에 대한 장기적인 유역 물순환 및 도시 개발과 같은 토지이용 변화가 물순환에 미치는 영향을 해석하는데 있어 제한이 있고, 개별적으로 설치된 LID 시설들이 유역의 물순환을 개선하는 효과를 종합적, 정량적으로 구현하는데 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시 개발 지역의 장기간에 걸친 물순환의 변화를 예측하고 물순환을 개선시키는 대안 시설의 효과를 사전에 평가하는 것을 목표로 김현준 등(한국건설기술연구원, 2011)이 개발한 유역 물순환 해석 모형인 CAT(Catchment hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool)을 이용하였다. 특히, CAT은 사용자의 목적에 맞는 다양한 물순환 개선시설(침투시설, 저류지, 습지, 빗물저장 시설, 리사이클 및 외부급수 등)의 구현 및 모의가 가능하도록 개발되었다. 대상유역으로는 경기도 Y지구를 선정하였으며 도시개발 시나리오(전원도시 및 산업도시 등)에 따른 LID 효과 분석을 실시하였다. 대상지역에 대한 도시유형별 개발계획에 따른 개발 전 후 물순환 변화량 분석 및 LID 시설 계획에 의한 물순환 개선효과를 살펴보면 1998년부터 2007년까지의 평균 강우량을 1,271mm라고 할 때 산업도시의 경우 도시 개발 전의 증발산, 직접유출 및 기저유출은 각각 53%, 29%, 19%로 나타났으며 도시 개발 후 35%, 54%, 12%로 직접유출이 개발 전에 비해 86%나 증가하여 개발에 따른 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 이러한 개발에 따른 영향을 최소화하기 위하여 LID 시설을 계획하여 효과를 분석한 결과 증발산, 직접유출, 기저유출이 44%, 34%, 13%로 나타나 도시 개발 후의 왜곡된 물순환 체계가 개발전의 수준과 근접하게 나타나 LID 시설의 긍정적인 효과를 검토할 수 있었다. 이상에서와 같이 CAT 모형을 사용하여 도시유역의 물순환 체계를 진단하고, LID 시설의 효과를 평가할 수 있게 됨으로써 향후 도시유역에 대한 물순환 정상화를 실현하기 위한 정책 수립에 기초자료를 제공하고, 설계 실무에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

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Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model for Long Term Simulation of Runoff and Sediment Transport at the Nakdong River Basin (낙동강유역의 장기 유역 유출 및 유사 모의를 위한 SWAT 모형의 검보정)

  • Lee, Eun-Jung;Jang, Eun-Kyung;Kim, Tae-Keun;Hwang, Man-Ha;Kwon, Yong-Sung
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.881-881
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    • 2012
  • 낙동강유역에는 4대강 사업으로 8개의 보가 낙동강 본류에 새롭게 설치되었으며, 따라서 상류로부터 유입되는 유사가 보상류에 퇴적되어 하천제방이나 하천구조물의 안전을 위협할 수 있다. 또한 홍수시에는 농경지의 매몰과 저수지의 퇴적현상이 발생하는 등 유역유사에 의한 다양한 문제가 발생할 수 있으며, 강우로부터 유출되는 유사는 강우사상에 따라 빠르게 변할 수 있으나 수체에 즉각적인 영향을 유발하지 않을 경우 만성적인 특성으로 인해 침전물을 계속 이동시키며 축적되는 문제가 발생한다. 따라서 이러한 문제를 사전에 예측하고 낙동강유역에 대한 유역유사관리 대책마련을 마련하기 위해 유역유출과 유사의 이송 및 퇴적양상을 분석하여 유역관리를 위한 자료를 구축할 필요가 있다. 이러한 기초자료 분석을 위해 활용되는 유역모형 중 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형은 장기간 유역 유출로 인한 유사 모의를 수행하는데 가장 많이 활용되는 모형이며, 미국 농무성 농업연구소(USDA Agricultural Research Service, ARS)의 Jeff Amold 등에 의해 개발된 모형이다. SWAT 모형은 장기유출 및 유사 발생에 대한 시 공간적 변화를 모의하는 모형으로 넓은 범위의 유역에 대해 일단위 모의 간격으로 최대 100년까지 모의가 가능한 장기유역 모의에 최적화된 모형이다. 본 논문에서는 SWAT 모형을 이용하여 낙동강유역의 장기 유역 유출 및 유사 모의를 수행하기위해 2004년에서 2009년까지의 유출량 자료와 유량-유사량관계곡선 등을 이용하여 본류 및 지류 유출구 주요지점에 대해 검보정을 수행하고자 한다. 모의의 정확도 향상을 위해 안동댐, 임하댐, 영천댐, 합천댐, 남강댐, 밀양댐 및 낙동강 본류 등 총 7개 유역으로 구분하여 SWAT 모형을 구축하였으며, 각 유역별로 유출량과 유사량에 대하여 각각 보정 및 검증을 수행하였다. 낙동강 본류유역 총 7개의 댐 방류량자료와 20개의 대형하수종말처리장 방류량자료를 이용한 낙동강유역의 유출량 보정 및 검증 결과, 모의치가 실측치를 잘 반영하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 총 11개 지점의 수위관측소에 대해 유사량 측정 성과를 이용한 유사량 보정 및 검증 결과, 강우시 유사량 모의값은 유출량-유사량관계곡선 식을 잘 반영하였으나, 비강우시에는 모의값이 관계곡선 식의 결과값보다 대체적으로 높게 나타났다.

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1D Numerical Model for Rivers Flows with Emergent Vegetations on Floodplains and Banks (정수식생이 존재하는 자연하도에서 1차원 수치모형)

  • Song, Ju-Il;Kim, Jong-Woo;Rim, Chang-Soo;Yoon, Sei-Eui
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.9-22
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    • 2011
  • A 1D numerical model for steady flow, based on the energy equation, was developed for natural rivers with emergent vegetations on floodplains and banks. The friction slope was determined by the friction law of Darcy-Weisbach. The composite friction factor of the each cross section was calculated by considering bottom roughness of the main channel and the floodplains, the flow resistance of vegetations, the apparent shear stress and the flow resistance caused by the momentum transfer between vegetated areas and non-vegetated areas. The interface friction factor caused by flow interaction was calculated by empirical formulas of Mertens and Nuding. In order to verify the accuracy of the suggested model, water surface elevations were calculated by using imaginary compound channels and the results of calculations were compared with that of the HEC-RAS. The sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm changed friction factors by vegetations density etc. The suggested model was applied to the reach of the Enz River in Germany, and estimated water surface elevations of the Enz River were compared with measured water surface elevations. This model could acceptably compute not only water surface elevations with low discharge but also that with high discharge. So, the suggested model in this study verified the applicability in natural rivers with emergent vegetations.

Application of exponential bandwidth harmony search with centralized global search for advanced nonlinear Muskingum model incorporating lateral flow (Advanced nonlinear Muskingum model incorporating lateral flow를 위한 exponential bandwidth harmony search with centralized global search의 적용)

  • Kim, Young Nam;Lee, Eui Hoon
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.53 no.8
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    • pp.597-604
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    • 2020
  • Muskingum, a hydrologic channel flood routing, is a method of predicting outflow by using the relationship between inflow, outflow, and storage. As many studies for Muskingum model were suggested, parameters were gradually increased and the calculation process was complicated by many parameters. To solve this problem, an optimization algorithm was applied to the parameter estimation of Muskingum model. This study applied the Advanced Nonlinear Muskingum Model considering continuous flow (ANLMM-L) to Wilson flood data and Sutculer flood data and compared results of the Linear Nonsingum Model incorporating Lateral flow (LMM-L), and Kinematic Wave Model (KWM). The Sum of Squares (SSQ) was used as an index for comparing simulated and observed results. Exponential Bandwidth Harmony Search with Centralized Global Search (EBHS-CGS) was applied to the parameter estimation of ANLMM-L. In Wilson flood data, ANLMM-L showed more accurate results than LMM-L. In the Sutculer flood data, ANLMM-L showed better results than KWM, but SSQ was larger than in the case of Wilson flood data because the flow rate of Sutculer flood data is large. EBHS-CGS could be appplied to be appplicable to various water resources engineering problems as well as Muskingum flood routing in this study.

FMD response cow hooves and temperature detection algorithm using a thermal imaging camera (열화상 카메라를 이용한 구제역 대응 소 발굽 온도 검출 알고리즘 개발)

  • Yu, Chan-Ju;Kim, Jeong-Jun
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.9
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    • pp.292-301
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    • 2016
  • Because damages arising from the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are very great, it is essential to make a preemptive diagnosis to cope with it in order to minimize those damages. The main symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease are body temperature increase, loss of appetite, formation of blisters in the mouth, on hooves and breasts, etc. in a cow or a bull, among which the body temperature check is the easiest and quickest way to detect the disease. In this paper, an algorithm to detect FMD from the hooves of cattle was developed and implemented for preemptive coping with foot-and-mouth disease, and a hoof check test is conducted after the installation of a high-resolution camera module, a thermo-graphic camera, and a temperature/humidity module in the cattle shed. Through the algorithm and system developed in this study, it is possible to cope with an early-stage situation in which cattle are suspected as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease, creating an optimized growth environment for cattle. In particular, in this study, the system to cope with FMD does not use a portable thermo-graphic camera, but a fixed camera attached to the cattle shed. It does not need additional personnel, has a function to measure the temperature of cattle hooves automatically through an image algorithm, and includes an automated alarm for a smart phone. This system enables the prediction of a possible occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease on a real-time basis, and also enables initial-stage disinfection to be performed to cope with the disease without needing extra personnel.