• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.434-441
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• 2014

This study is purposed to measure airborne asbestos concentrations at demolition sites and surrounding areas of asbestos containing buildings in Seoul and examine whether the measurement results correspond with allowable exhaust standard for asbestos of the Asbestos Safety Control Act. The airborne asbestos concentrations for 37 sites were below the detection limit ($7fiber/mm^2$) in 101 (35%) out of 288 samples. The whole average airborne asbestos concentration in 37 sites was $0.003{\pm}0.002f/cc$(max 0.0013 f/cc) and almost the whole airborne asbestos concentrations were satisfied with allowable exhaust standard for asbestos, 0.01 f/cc, of the Asbestos Safety Control Act. So possibility of asbestos exposure is not yet a major concern at current levels for sites demolished of asbestos containing buildings in Seoul. Looking at each sampling point, the average airborne asbestos concentrations in boundary line of site, entrance of sanitation, around the workplace (in), around the workplace (out), negative pressure units, storage area for waste, outlet for waste and residential area of residents were respectively $0.002{\pm}0.002f/cc$, $0.004{\pm}0.002f/cc$, $0.004{\pm}0.002f/cc$, $0.004{\pm}0.002f/cc$, $0.004{\pm}0.002f/cc$, $0.005{\pm}0.004f/cc$, $0.005{\pm}0.003f/cc$ and $0.003{\pm}0.002f/cc$. As a result, all sampling points of study were satisfied with allowable exhaust standard for asbestos, 0.01 f/cc, of the Asbestos Safety Control Act.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.894-899
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of zinc and copper were determined for 8 female adolescents (aged 16.4$\pm$0.5 y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800 mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period and were assayed. Mean daily intakes on the basal and high calcium diets, respectively, were 6.57 and 6.37 mg for zinc and 910 and 812 $\mu\textrm{g}$for copper. Fecal excretion of copper and zinc in relation to intake was significantly greater on the high calcium than on the basal calcium diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 98.7% on the basal calcium diet to 97.9% on the high calcium diet for zinc from 66.3% to 56.4% for copper, respectively. Urinary loss of copper was not detectable but that of zinc was 0.38mg on the basal diet and 0.47mg on the high calcium diet. Copper retention was 899$\pm$105$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the basal calcium diet and 792$\pm$20.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the high calcium diet, and zinc retention was 3.95$\pm$0.91mg/day and 3.11$\pm$0.89mg/day. Thus, copper and zinc retention was significantly decreased on the high calcium diet (p<0.05). Summarizing the results, apparent absorption and retention of zinc and copper were significantly decreased by calcium supplementation. Therefore, it is suggested that interactions among minerals should be considered in determining RDA.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.141-153
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• 2012

Samples collected from six tomato farms(A, B, C : soil culture, D, E, F : Nutriculture) located in Gyeongsangnam-do were tested for the analyses of biological(sanitary indications, major foodborne pathogens, fungi), chemical(heavy metals, pesticides) and physical hazards. The highest levels of total bacteria(7.5 log CFU/g) and coliforms(5.0 log CFU/g) in soil culture farms were higher than those of nutriculture farms(total bacteria: 2.5 log CFU/mL, coliforms: 0.6 log CFU/mL). In crops and personal hygiene soil culture farms showed a slightly higher contamination levels. From all farms, the levels of fungi in soil farms were higher than those of nutrient solution. In case of major pathogens, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in all sample with the exception of nutrient solution. Meantime, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected. For airborne bacteria, soilculture farms showed less contamination than nutriculture farms. A piece of glass and can was confirmed asphysical hazards. Heavy metal(Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni and As) and pesticide residues as chemical hazards were detected, but their levels were lower than the regulation limit. These results demonstrate that potential hazards on harvesting stage of tomato fam were exposed. Therefore, proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination, while physical and chemical hazards were in appropriate levels based on GAP criteria.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-266
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• 2005

Licorice Extract and Erythritol, food additives used in korea, are widely used in foods as sweetener. Its application for use in food is regulated by the standard and specification for food additives but official analytical method far determination of these sweetener in food has not been established. Accordingly, we has been carried out to set up analytical method of the glycyrrhizic acid in several foods by the way of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography glycyrrhizic acid is qualitative anaylsis technique consists of clean-up with a sep-pak $C_{18}$ cartridge, separation of the sweeteners by Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using 1-butanol:4Nammonia solution:ethanol (50:20:10) as mobile solvent. Also, the quantitative analysis for glycyrrhizic acid, was performed using Capcell prk $C_{18}$ column at wavelength 254nm and DW:Acetonitrile (62:38 (pH2.5)) as mobile phase. and we has been carried out to set up analytical method of the erythritol in several foods by the way of high performance liquid chromatography. erythritol is qualitative anaylsis technique consists of clean-up with a DW and hexane. The quantitative analysis for erythritol, was performed using Asahipak NH2P-50 column, Rl and DW:Acetonitrile (25:75) as mobile phase. The glycyrrhizic acid results determined as glycyrrhizic acid in 105 items were as follows; N.D$\∼$48.7ppm for 18 items in soy sauce, N.D$\∼$5.3ppm for 12 items in sauce, N.D$\∼$988.93ppm for 15 items in health food, N.D$\∼$180.7ppm for 26 items in beverages, N.D$\∼$2.6ppm for 8 items in alcoholic beverages repectively and ND for 63 items in the ethers. The erythritol results determined as erythritol in 52 items were as follows; N.D$\∼$155.6ppm for 13 items in gm, N.D$\∼$398.1ppm for 12 items in health foods repectively and ND for 45 items in the others.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2011

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and vitamins to compare the measured values of minerals, vitamins with labeled values of them in food labeling and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values in 437 specimen with minerals and vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. Content of calcium and sodium in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) and vitamins were determined using by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The measured values of calcium were ranged 80.3~142.6% of the labeled values in 21 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. In case of sodium, measured values were investigated 33.9~48.5% of the labeled values in 21 sports beverages. The measured values of vitamin C, vitamin $B_2$ and niacin were ranged 99.7~2003.6, 81.1~336.7, 90.7~393.2% of the labeled values in vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas, 57, 12, 11 samples. To support achievement of the accurate nutrition label, there must be program and initiatives for better understanding and guidances on food labelling and nutrition for food manufacture.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was first to analyze the utilization of dental examination through questionnaire to develop a diagnostic reference level of patient doses for dental radiography in korea. 77 dental institutions were classified into three groups: A group for the dental hospitals of the college of dentistry (11 institutions), B group for dental hospitals (30 institutions) and C group for dental clinics (36 institutions). The results were as follows : The mean numbers of unit chairs and medical staffs were 140.2, 15.3 and 5.8 sets, 112.6, 7.3 and 1.7 dentists, 3.1, 0.5 and no one radiologic technologists, and 19.7, 12.5 and 3.3 dental hygienists in A, B and C groups, respectively. The mean numbers of dental X-ray equipments were 14.64, 3.21 and 2.19 in A, B and C groups, respectively. Intraoral dental X-ray unit was used the most, the following equipments were panoramic, cephalometric, and cone-beam CT units. The most used X-ray imaging system was also digital system (above 50%) in all three groups. Insight dental film (Kodak, USA) having high sensitivity was routinely used for periapical radiography. The automatic processor was not used in many dental institutions, but the film-holding device was used in many dental institutions. The utilization rates of PACS in A, B and C groups were 90.9%, 83.3% and 16.7% respectively, and the PACS software program was used the most PiView STAR (Infinitt, Korea). The annual mean number of radiographic cases in one dental institution in 2008 for A group was 6.8 times and 21.2 times more than those for B and C groups, and periapical and panoramic radiographs were taken mostly. Tube voltage (kVp) and tube current (mA) for periapical radiography were similar in all three groups, but exposure time in C group was 12.0 times and 3.5 times longer than those in B and C groups. The amount of radiation exposure in C group, in which dental hygienists take dental radiographs, was more than those in other groups. The exposure parameters for panoramic radiography were similar in all three groups. In conclusion, the exposure parameters in dental radiography should be determined with reference level, not past experiences. Use of automatic processor and film-holding devices reduces the radiation exposure in film system. The quality assurance of dental equipments are necessary for the reduction of the patient dose and the improvement of X-ray image quality.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2017

This paper deals with the natural occurrence of total aflatoxins ($B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, and $G_2$) in commercial herbs for food and medicine. To monitor aflatoxins in commercial herbs for food and medicine not included in the specifications of Food Code, a total of 62 samples of 6 different herbs (Bombycis Corpus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Menthae Herba, Nelumbinis Semen, Polygalae Radix, Zizyphi Semen) were collected from Yangnyeong market in Seoul, Korea. The samples were treated by the immunoaffinity column clean-up method and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line post column photochemical derivatization (PHRED) and fluorescence detection (FLD). The analytical method for aflatoxins was validated by accuracy, precision and detection limits. The method showed recovery values in the 86.9~114.0% range and the values of percent coefficient of variaton (CV%) in the 0.9~9.8% range. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) in herb were ranged from 0.020 to $0.363{\mu}g/kg$ and from 0.059 to $1.101{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Of 62 samples analyzed, 6 semens (the original form of 2 Nelumbinis Semen and 2 Zizyphi Semen, the powder of 1 Nelumbinis Semen and 1 Zizyphi Semen) were aflatoxin positive. Aflatoxins $B_1$ or $B_2$ were detected in all positive samples, and the presence of aflatoxins $G_1$ and $G_2$ were not detected. The amount of total aflatoxins ($B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, and $G_2$) in the powder and original form of Nelumbinis Semen and Zizyphi Semen were observed around $ND{\sim}21.8{\mu}g/kg$, which is not regulated presently in Korea. The 56 samples presented levels below the limits of detection and quantitation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2019

Validamycin A is an aminoglycoside fungicide produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus that inhibits trehalase. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for detecting validamycin A in agricultural samples to establish MRL values for use in Korea. The validamycin A residues in samples were extracted using methanol/water (50/50, v/v) and purified with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges. The analyte was quantified and confirmed by liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Matrix-matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges (0.005~0.5 ng) into a blank extract with $R^2$ > 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.005 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. For validation validamycin A, recovery studies were carried out three different concentration levels (LOQ, $LOQ{\times}10$, $LOQ{\times}50$, n = 5) with five replicates at each level. The average recovery range was from 72.5~118.3%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 10.3%. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) and the NIFDS (National Institute of Food and Drug Safety) guideline (2016). Therefore, the proposed analytical method is accurate, effective and sensitive for validamycin A determination in agricultural commodities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1447-1456
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare perception of school foodservice facilities and utilities in dietitians and school nutrition teachers in the Gyeongnam area between schools that improved foodservice facilities and utilities versus those who did not. From July 23 to Aug 31, 2012, 391 questionnaires were distributed, and 289 questionnaires were obtained. A total of 275 questionnaires were used for the final analysis, excluding improper ones. The results of this study were as follows. First, among 275 schools, 90 schools (32.7%) improved school foodservice facilities and utilities while 175 schools (67.3%) did not. Second, schools with improved facilities had a more well-equipped receiving room (P<0.01), preparation room (P<0.001), dishwashing room (P<0.001), storage room for supplies (P<0.001), rest-room for school foodservice employees (P<0.05), locker room (P<0.01), shower room (P<0.001), laundry room (P<0.001), boiler room (P<0.05), and room for serving cart (P<0.05) than schools with no improvement. Third, total perception score of school foodservice facilities area from schools with improved facilities (1.71) was significantly higher than that (1.60) of school without improvement (P<0.001). Fourth, total satisfaction (3.32) of school foodservice facilities and utilities in school with improved facilities was significantly higher than that (2.62) of schools without improvement (P<0.01). Fifth, schools with improved facilities had a better equipped of floor (P<0.05), entrance (P<0.001), drain (P<0.001), water supply (P<0.01), lighting (P<0.001), hand washing (P<0.001), foodservice management room (P<0.001), locker room (P<0.001), rest-room and shower room (P<0.001), and preparation room (P<0.001) than schools without improvement. However, there was no significant difference in terms of walls and ceilings, windows, ventilation, and storage. In conclusion, school foodservice facilities and utilities improvement should conducted as soon as possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1895-1904
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• 2015

Foodborne illness associated with food service establishments is an important food safety issue in Korea. In this study, foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and hygiene indicator organisms [total viable cell counts (TVC), coliforms] were analyzed for food and environmental samples from foodservice establishments at schools in Gyeonggi province. Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of detected foodborne pathogens were also characterized. A total of 179 samples, including food (n=66), utensil (n=68), and environmental samples (n=45), were collected from eight food service establishments at schools in Gyeonggi province. Average contamination levels of TVC for foods (including raw materials) and environmental samples were 4.7 and 4.0 log CFU/g, respectively. Average contamination levels of coliforms were 2.7 and 4.0 log CFU/g for foods and environmental swab samples, respectively. B. cereus contamination was detected in food samples with an average of 2.1 log CFU/g. E. coli was detected only in raw materials, and S. aureus was positive in raw materials as well as environmental swab samples. Other foodborne pathogens were not detected in all samples. The entire B. cereus isolates possessed at least one of the diarrheal toxin genes (hblACD, nheABC, entFM, and cytK enterotoxin gene). However, ces gene encoding emetic toxin was not detected in B. cereus isolates. S. aureus isolates (n=16) contained at least one or more of the tested enterotoxin genes, except for tst gene. For E. coli and S. aureus, 92.7% and 37.5% of the isolates were susceptible against 16 and 19 antimicrobials, respectively. The analyzed microbial hazards could provide useful information for quantitative microbial risk assessment and food safety management system to control foodborne illness outbreaks in food service establishments.