• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2007

Premenstural dysphoric disorder(PMDD) imposing 4-5% of women is possibly caused by an enhanced responsiveness to the changes of sex steroid hormones and the decrease of serotonin, melatonin and GABA. The common clinical features between PMDD and depression, seasonal affective disorder, panic disorder and anorexia nervosa suggest a relatedness between PMDD and each of them. The diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV-Tr for PMDD requires psychological symptoms, that commonly include irritability, anger, depression, mood swing, affect lability, tension, anxiety, fatigue and food craving. As of today, the best pharmacological treatment for PMDD is the selective serotonin reuptake inhibiter, and leuprolide, danazol, estradiol, spironolactone and bromocriptine are possible alternatives. Nonpharmacological treatments for patients with mild to moderate symptom severity are diet, exercise, light therapy, psychotherapy and keeping a diary.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the prevalence and functional impairment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and premenstrual syndrome(PMS) in young women. Methods : A total of 1063 female college students were recruited from two urban areas(Seoul and Suwon) of Korea. Questionnaires for sociodemographic data and risk factors of PMDD, attitude about menstruation, and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool(PSST) were applied. Results : The prevalence of severe moderate to severe PMS and PMDD were 16.9% and 11.7%, respectively. There were differences in the alcohol and coffee consumption, severity of menstrual cramp, and family history of PMS among the moderate to severe PMS, PMDD, and no/mild PMS groups. Although some participants did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for PMDD, they showed significant functional impairment. Participants with negative attitude about menstruation reported premenstrual symptoms more frequently than those with positive or ambivalent attitude about menstruation. Conclusion : These results suggest that PMS and PMDD were prevalent and associated with functional impairment in young females. Some participants reported significant functional impairments although they did not meet the full DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PMDD. Negative attitude about menstruation was associated with more premenstrual symptoms experiences.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.769-769
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• 2000

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature ($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety ($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity ($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.546-559
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• 2020

This study examined the effects of manipulative therapy interventions applied to alleviate menstrual discomfort caused by premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea. To identify all relevant articles, a search of the articles published from inception up to May 31, 2018 revealed 1,808 studies in eleven databases. Two researchers independently evaluated the quality assessment of theses for 30 studies (31 reports) that satisfied the inclusion criteria using RoB (Ris of Bias) and RoBANS (Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies). The data were analyzed by meta-analysis. The effect sizes of the intervention applied to alleviate PMS were -1.20 (95% confidence intervals (CI): -1.55 to -0.86) for foot reflexology, -0.44 (95% CI: -0.68 to -0.20) for auricular acupressure therapy, and -0.56 (95% CI: -0.80 to -0.32) for acupressure therapy. The effect sizes of the intervention applied to alleviate dysmenorrhea were -0.64 (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.20) for foot reflexology, -1.09 (95% CI: -1.46 to -0.71) for auricular acupressure therapy, and -0.75 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.50) for acupressure therapy, -0.68 (95% CI: -1.08 to -0.27) for massage. This study suggests that the manipulative therapy is effective in alleviating the menstrual discomfort caused by dysmenorrhea and PMS.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identity the relationship between PMS and menstrual attitudes. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analysed using the SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.414, p=.018), major(F=2.755, P=.004), menarche age(F=5.910, p=.003), pain(F=7.886, p=.000), family history(F=5.366, p=.005). 3) Menstrual attitudes was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.315, p=.020), major(F=3.813, P=.000), religion(F=6.313, p=.000), interval of menstruation(F=2.834, p=.016), pain(F=3.059, p=.048), family history(F=3.062, p=.048). 4) Menstrual attitudes and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.112, p=.002). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and menstrual attitudes. For further research, it is recommended to identity major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acupuncture therapy on the premenstrual syndrome. Methods : Volunteers of twenty subjects were employed using DRSP questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups including active-acupuncture treatment group, placebo acupuncture treatment group. In the control group, subjects were needled at $SI_5$, $ST_{40}$ points and in the acupuncture group, subjects were stimulated at two basic points, $SP_6$ and $CV_6$, and several points were inserted additionally depending the symptoms including $LR_2$, $LR_3$, $SP_10$, $LI_4$, and $ST_3$. A total of 13 acupuncture sessions were performed for each patient depending on the individual menstruation cycle over 8 weeks. Concentration of blood progesterone was examined and Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI) was taken before and after acupuncture treatment.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.86-86
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• 2000

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was to identify factors associated with premenstrual syndromes based on women's subjective assessment and investigate problems related to menstruation in female college students. Methods: The data was collected by questionnaires from 558 nursing students in a university in Gyeonggi, Korea. The data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS 21.0 program, using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple response and multiple logistic regression. Results: The problems related to menstruation included irregular menstrual cycle, severe dysmenorrhea, no menstruation, abnormal uterine bleeding, and menorrhagia. Influential factors on premenstrual syndrome revealed dysmenorrhea (${\beta}=.467$, p<.001), perceived stress status (very high) (${\beta}=.155$, p<.001), perceived stress status (high) (${\beta}=.119$. p=.002), perceived health status (very poor) (${\beta}=.102$, p=.006), and smoking (${\beta}=.087$, p=.016) in female college students. Conclusion: The findings suggest that active management and intervention regarding menstruation disorders and premenstrual syndrome are required.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which effect clinical nurses' exhaustion. Methods: This research was conducted targeting 140 clinical nurses. Data were collected from 18 September to 30 September 2015. Data were analyzed using the program SPSS/WIN 18.0. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression analysis were used. Results: Burnout was significantly different by age (F=7.99, p=.001), marital status (t=8.69, p=.004), department area (F=7.65, p<.001), frequency of night work in a month (F=7.65, p=<.001), and clinical career (F=3.68, p=.028). There was positive correlations between menstrual attitudes of participants and premenstrual syndrome (r=34, p<.001), menstrual attitudes and stress (r=.40, p<.001), and menstrual attitudes and burnout (r=.16, p=.031). There were positive correlations between premenstrual syndrome and stress (r=.46, p<.001), between premenstrual syndrome and burnout (r=.35, p<.001), and between stress and burnout (r=.36, p<.001). Factors influencing burnout were premenstrual syndrome (${\beta}=.335$) and age (${\beta}=.216$), with an explanatory power of 18.0%. Conclusion: There is a need to develop and apply program for reducing clinical nurses' pre-menstrual syndrome. In addition, policies are needed to allow for menstruation leave, thereby making it legal.