• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.425-450
• /
• 2006

The index of energy intensity(energy/GDP) has been a primary policy concern since it can clarify industry sectors which use energy intensively and generate $CO_2$ emission heavily. Although energy intensity index may be suitable for estimating $CO_2$ emission from an isolated industry sector, we need an index for induced $CO_2$ emission since industrial activities are interconnected in terms of input and output. By employing Environmental Input-Output Table 2000, this paper analyses the flow of energy demand and pollutants after first estimating an induced $CO_2$ emissions from various industrial sectors and economic activities. The paper reports higher induced $CO_2$ emissions from industry sectors with larger energy intensity since they produces goods or services retaining relatively considerable environmental load. Furthermore, it is shown that environmental load and $CO_2$ emissions in overall economy are likely increasing when the products of energy intensive industrial sector is used as inputs for less intensive sectors' production process. The result suggests we need consistent policy efforts to reduce energy intensity to lower $CO_2$ emissions.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.82-90
• /
• 2008

The generation amounts of manure and urine were total 4.57kg/head/d of 1.49kg manure/head/d and 3.08kg urine/head/d with consideration of 3 seasons and live weight. The finalized mean unit load generation of filth were estimated at BOD 199.5g/head/d, CODCr 413.5g/head/d, T-N 27.8g/head/d, T-P 5.3g/head/d with consideration of seasons and the type of stalls. The unit load generation of manure and urine from korean cow were analyzed as 10.9kg/head/day and 3.3kg/head/day, respectively. The unit load generation of manure from milch cow was analyzed to be 24.6L/head/day which was similar to the report of MOE(2006). The urine generation, 10.5L/head/day, was higher than the results from MOA(2000) and NIAR(2000), but was lower than the results from MOE(2006), NIER(1986) and KIST(1990). The unit load generation from egg layers estimated by discharged amount and concentration analysis increases in due to the difference of planting head numbers, feed stuffs and manure disposal. In case of deer unit load generation by herbivora were calculated to be higher than data from existing references because of the gap between weight per livestock and the generation amounts of manure and urine.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.1-31
• /
• 2011

By employing Environmental Input-Output Table 2005, which has 76 intermediate sector and 21 energy sources, this paper analyses the flow of energy demand and $CO_2$ after estimating an induced $CO_2$ emissions from 76 industrial sectors. Index of $CO_2$ intensity($CO_2/GDP$) and other index of $CO_2$ intensity($CO_2/calory$) showed that final demand sector uses more high calory energy source. Intermediate sector used less environmental friendly energy source and emit more $CO_2$ at same calory. Industries those has high induced $CO_2$ emissions are Thermal Power($32.587CO_2-g/Won$), Cement($10.370CO_2-g/Won$), Road Transportation($7.255CO_2-g/Won$), Cokes and Other Coal Products($5.791CO_2-g/Won$), Steam and Hot water supply, Sewage, Sanitary services($4.575CO_2-g/Won$). It is shown that industry such as Iron and Steel which has low $CO_2$ intensity, high backward linkage effect and high forward linkage effect makes high induced $CO_2$ emissions. Environmental load and $CO_2$ emissions in overall economy will decrease when not high $CO_2$ intensity industry but also low $CO_2$ intensity industry makes lower $CO_2$ intensity.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.66-73
• /
• 2008

In this study, the characterization of minor livestock's excretions in terms of unit load generation and discharge was conducted by investigation and analysis of urine, manure and wastewater from stall of fowl, duck, horse, deer, goat and sheep. The results are summarized as follows: The unit load generation of fowl estimated by discharged amount and concentration analysis increases in egg layers due to the difference of planting head numbers, feed stuffs and manure disposal. In case of deer unit load generation by herbivora were calculated to be higher than data from existing references because of the gap between weight per livestock and the generation amounts of manure and urine. In case of sheep unit load generation by urine were analyzed two times higher than by manure but unit load generation by manure were reported higher than by urine in references, so large differences between this and previous study resulted.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.9
• /
• pp.765-774
• /
• 2009

Fiber Dyeing and Finishing facility has been recognized as an important pollution source due to its consumption of large volumes of water and chemicals. Unit mass discharge for the conventional water quality parameters such as flowrate, SS, $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn},\;COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP were estimated. To represent the respective industries, three companies were carefully selected based on its manufacturing goods, flowrate and location at various unit operations and processes. More than 90% of decrease in unit mass estimation between influent and effluent of BOD was observed. But the values themselves were similar to those of Fiber Manufacturing facility due to the high loadings of organic matter. Biodegradability of influent was almost three times higher than that of effluent. Unit mass discharge estimations of unit process (estimated in this study) based on space, products and raw material were similar to those of composite process (estimated by National Institute of Environmental Research), while big difference was observed in the other factors. Unit mass discharge factors calculated in this study can be used as the reference for the estimation of water pollution loading costs in Nakdong river basin. For the effective water pollution control and management, it is essential to characterize the various types of water quality parameters from the effluents of individual industrial wastewater treatment plants.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.427-434
• /
• 2017

The generation of construction waste can be divided into a decommissioning phase and a new construction phase, and most of the waste is generated at the decommissioning stage. However, recently, domestic new construction construction has expanded to 150 trillion yards per year, so construction work is increasing rapidly. Especially, as the size of the construction work with much waste of construction waste exceeds 100 trillion, the management of the amount of construction waste in the new construction site is required. Unlike the dismantling work site, the new construction site can separate waste generated by each property, and relatively low foreign matter content is generated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the amount of construction waste generated by new construction sites and to calculate the unit amount of construction waste based on this. In addition, since the existing unit cost is centered on concrete and mixed waste, we set the basic unit by setting synthetic resin, waste wood, and waste board as additional items. The basic unit survey was carried out to investigate the wastes according to the characteristics of each construction period. As a result of the survey, the new construction site showed that most wastes were discharged in the first 30% and after 70% of the process, and the ratio of mixed construction waste was as high as 45%. As a result of this study, it was found that about twice as much waste was produced as compared with the conventional standard product.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.141-141
• /
• 2012

비점오염물질은 강우 시 유출되기 때문에 일간, 계절 간 유출량 변화가 대단히 크게 나타나며, 기후, 지형, 토지이용, 토양 등과 지역적인 특성과 유역 형상에 따라 변화되므로 비점오염원 유출량에 대한 정량화를 위해서는 강우지속시간동안 정확한 수질과 유량에 대한 측정 자료가 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비점오염물질에 대해 현장 모니터링 및 현장 실측 관련 기존 연구자료 수집을 통해 중분류 토지피복분류별 원단위를 산정하였다. 또한 특정 유역에 중분류 토지피복 분류별 산정된 원단위를 적용하여 유역기반의 비점오염부하량을 산정 하였다. 대상 유역에 해당하는 하천 말단에서의 실측 자료를 활용하여 유역모형을 구축하고, 강우를 입력 자료로 하여 비점오염 물질별 부하량을 모의 산정하였다. 유역모형으로 HSPF(Hydrologic Simulation Program - Fortran)을 실제 대상유역에 적용하였고, 이에 따른 모의 결과를 실측치와 비교하여 부하량을 산정하였다. 이렇게 모의 산정된 부하량은 실측자료를 기반으로 산정된 원단위의 적용에 따른 부하량과 비교 검토하여 유역에 대한 비점오염원 부하량 산정 시 모형의 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에 적용된 대상유역은 동천유역으로 병성천의 주요 지류로서 유역의 상단에 위치하고 있다. 중분류 토지피복 중 공업지역, 교통지역, 과수원재배지, 비닐하우스재배지, 기타재배지에 대해서는 2008년부터 2010년까지 모니터링을 실시하였고, 이외의 중분류 토지피복에 대한 결과는 수계별 현재까지 진행되고 있는 환경기초조사사업 중 '주요 비점오염원 유출 장기 모니터링'사업의 자료를 활용하였다. 동천유역의 비점오염원 발생부하량을 산정한 결과, BOD 부하량은 대지의 경우 391.4 kg/day로서 중분류 군으로 구분한 결과에 비해 높게 산정되었다. T-N, T-P 발생부하량도 토지피복군이 대분류에서 중분류로 변화됨에 따라 부하량의 차이가 발생 하였다. 또한 동천유역에 대해 구축된 HSPF 모형의 적합도를 시기별 4개의 Case로 구분하여 평가해 보았는데 그 결과, 모형 모의치의 실측치에 대한 적합도가 높게 평가 되었다. 현재 특정 지역에 편중되어 조사되고 있는 중분류 토지피복을 조사 기관간의 교차 조사를 통해 지역적 제한성을 낮추고, 중분류에 속하는 세부피복지점을 확대하여 모니터링 지점의 다양성을 확보하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이와 동시에 한시적인 조사가 아닌, 장기간에 걸쳐 연구가 진행 될 경우 원단위에 대한 현재의 불확실성 및 제한성을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단되므로, 이러한 기초 자료 확보에 대한 장기적인 투자와 노력이 수반될 시 우리나라에 대표적으로 적용할 수 있는 비점오염원 원단위가 산정될 것으로 생각되며, 이러한 기틀이 마련되어야 비점오염원에 대한 적절한 유역관리방안을 수립할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.1317-1322
• /
• 2005

하수관거 설계시나 단지개발사업, 그리고 하수관거정비사업과 같이 오수처리시설의 적정 규모 결정을 위해서는 정확한 상수사용량 및 오수발생량 원단위가 요구되지만 국내의 경우 이러한 원단위에 대한 기초자료 부족과 자료의 신빙성 결여로 인해 적정 원단위를 결정하는데 어려움이 있다. 이러한 관점에서 단지개발이 이루어지는 도시에서는 도시의 규모, 입지조건, 기후조건, 생활양식 등 다양한 요인들이 고려된 오수발생패턴 및 발생량 조사가 필요하며, 조사된 원단위는 오수처리시설의 적정 규모 결정뿐 아니라 침입수/유입수 분석 및 하수관거정비에 대한 성과예측에도 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재 단지개발 및 하수관거정비사업이 진행중인 하남시의 표본이 될 수 있는 대표구역을 선정하고 그 지역에서 조사지역을 세부적으로 분류하여 각 지역별 오수발생특성을 분석하였다. 대상지역인 하남시는 총면적의 $97\%$가 자연녹지 및 생산녹지이며, 나머지 $3\%$는 일반주거지역 및 일반 상업지역으로 나뉜다. 그리고 도시계획상 공장지역으로 편성된 부분이 없어 앞으로도 하남시 대부분의 면적이 녹지와 주거/상업지역으로 구성될 것이다. 이러한 하남시의 특성을 고려하여 조사지역은 공장지역을 제외한 일반주거지역, 밀집주거지역, 영업지역으로 분류하였으며 이렇게 분류된 지역은 각각 오수발생패턴 및 오수농도에 대한 조사를 실시하여 오수발생특성을 분석하였고, 조사지역별 인구수 조사와 연계하여 원단위 자료를 추출하였다. 이렇게 조사된 자료들을 통해 침입수/유입수 분석에 요구되는 오수전환율, 야간생활하수량 비율을 산정하였으며, 차후 단지개발 및 관거정비 후에 발생하는 오수 발생특성과 비교분석을 통하여 하남시 지역의 오수발생특성에 대한 신뢰성 있는 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. RMA2 모형을 이용하여 충주댐에서의 물의 흐름을 해석한 결과 옥순대교$\~$청풍대교 구간 사이에 댐 및 지형적 영향으로 인해 잘 발달된 와류가 하도 전체를 통하여 발생되고 있었고 이는 댐 부유물 정체현상이 나타나는 지점과 잘 일치하고 있었다.정함 후 감마분석에 의하여 구하였다. CF:CS 연령모델을 적용한 결과 깊이에 따른 supported $^{210}Pb$와 퇴적 속도는 0.91cm/year 인 것으로 산정 되었다.RS is a more advanced content-based image retrieval system than other systems which support only concepts or image features.방하는 것이 선계기준에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 밸브 개폐에 따른 수압 변화를 모의한 결과 밸브 개폐도를 적절히 유지하여 필요수량의 확보 및 누수방지대책에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.8R(mm)(r^2=0.84)$로 지수적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유거수량은 토성별로 양토를 1.0으로 기준할 때 사양토가 0.86으로 가장 작았고, 식양토 1.09, 식토 1.15로 평가되어 침투수에 비해 토성별 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이는 토성이 세립질일 수록 유거수의 저항이 작기 때문으로 생각된다. 경사에 따라서는 경사도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며 $10\% 경사일 때를 기준으로 $Ro(mm)=Ro_{10}{\times}0.797{\times}e^{-0.021s(\%)}$로 나타났다.천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러나 진단 즉시 직접 좌관상동맥-대동맥 이식술로 수술적 교정을 해줌으로써 좋은 성적을 기대할 수 있음을 보여주

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2006

In this study, the characterization of unit load generation and discharge from various type stall of piggery was conducted by investigation and analysis of contaminants loading from piggery urine, manure and wastewater. The results are summarized as follows: The unit load generation of filth increases as piggery grow older, but there was not large enough difference among those values of unit load evaluated for various stall types if mean values of each type of stall are considered. The generation amounts of manure and urine were total 4.57kg/head/d of 1.49kg manure/head/d and 3.08kg urine/head/d with consideration of 3 seasons and live weight. The finalized mean unit load generation of filth were estimated at BOD 199.5g/head/d, $COD_{cr}\;413.5g/head/d$, T-N 27.8g/head/d, T-P 5.3g/head/d with consideration of seasons and the type of stalls. The wastewater unit loads discharged from cement type stall were estimated at BOD 31.3g/head/d, $COD_{cr}\;95.6g/head/d$, T-N 8.9g/head/d, T-P가 3.1g/head/d. The sum of manure unit load generation considered with manure collection ratio(80%, 90%) and wastewater unit load was almost similar when compared to the unit load discharged from slurry type stall even though more or less difference were appeared according to each contaminants and parameters.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.403-409
• /
• 2014

Assessment of pollutant loads for livestock manure based on total organic carbon (TOC) is being required to apply TOC as an indicator in management of total maximum daily loads. In this study, TOC based unit loads of pig manure known as highly contributing to water pollution assessed. The concentration of pig manure, amount of manure production including cleaning water, and unit loads were investigated targeting 52 farms according to 4 major river basins, rearing form, farm scale, and piggery form. The manure production was highly generated in scraper type of piggery, in small scaled farm rearing sow, and in Han River basin and Nakdong River basin. The averaged manure production was 7.4 L/head/d in total river basins. Averaged concentrations were investigated as TOC 16,037 mg/L, BOD 10,559 mg/L, TN 4,145 mg/L, and TP 503 mg/L. Corresponding unit loads were assessed as TOC 117.1 g/head/d, BOD 77.1 g/head/d, TN 34.7 g/head/d, and TP 3.67 g/head/d.