• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

The embryonic and postembryonic developments of Nezara antennata Scott were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, ${\phi}\;10cm{\times}4cm$), B (Cylindrical, ${\phi}\;14.5cm{\times}2.8cm$), C (Rectangle, $6.5L{\times}6.5cmW{\times}10cmH$), D (Cylindrical, ${\phi}$ 9cm in bottom & ${\phi}$ 11.5 cm in $upper{\times}10.8cm$) and E (Cylindrical, ${\phi}\;15cm{\times}7.5cm$) containing soybean and peanut seeds as food, and sponge soaked with water under laboratory condition of $24^{\circ}C$ and 15L : 9D. Hatchability ranged from 93 to 97%. Nymphal duration was shortest of 6 days in the 1st instar and longest of 10 days in the 5th instar. The nymphal duration was 38 to 39 days observed in the rearing cages. Emergence rate was in the range from 53 to 62% with highest in A and B cages. Adult longevity was 65 to 75 days for male, and 67 to 74 days for female, and was longest in the B cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in the range from 51 to 56 without significant difference in the rearing cages, and was the most in the B cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of N. antennata for 1 generation was within 25 to 33 times, and was highest in the B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of N. antennata under laboratory condition.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

Heavy metals resulted from the increase of human industrial activity are introduced into the environment through rainfall and wastewater, and have harmful effects on inhabitants. In this study, we investigated biological responses such as survival rate, growth rate, emergence rate and sex ratio, and morphological effects of mentum deformity in Chironomus plumosus, an indicator organism to evaluate pollutions on aquatic ecosystem. The survival rate of C. plumosus showed time- and dose-dependent decrease after chromium and copper exposures. Growth rate decreased at $4^{th}$ day after chromium exposure and significantly reduced at exposure to relatively high concentration (copper $1000mg\;L^{-1}$) for all exposure times. In addition, we observed that the emergence rate by exposure to copper $1000mg\;L^{-1}$ was significantly lower than that of the control group. The imbalance of sex ratios showed at relatively low concentrations (chromium 10 and $50mg\;L^{-1}$) with the high proportion of female and at the relative high concentration (copper $1000mg\;L^{-1}$) with the high proportion of male. Furthermore, the morphological mentum deformities of C. plumosus observed in the exposed group according to chromium and copper exposure. These results suggest that the heavy metal exposure in environment may influence biosynthetic and morphological stresses of benthic invertebrate C. plumosus, and aquatic midge C. plumosus are potential indicators for toxicity assessment of heavy metals such as chromium and copper.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1988

The behavior and circadian rhythm of emergence, copulation and oviposition in the Oriental tobacco budworm (Heliothis assulta Guenee) were studied to obtain the following results. More than three quarters of adults emerged within 3 hours after the light-off. It took about 33 min for an adult to expand and tan its wings after emergence. Adult male showed a sequential pattern of mating behavior, such as antennal movement, wing elevation and vibration, exten¬sion of hairpencils, and tapping of female ovipositor leading to a copulation. However, adult female revealed a rather simple behavior, such as protraction and retraction of her terminal abdomen and vibration of wings. All of the mating took place during the early part of the scotophase, with the peak from 1 hr to 2 hrs after the light-off. But the mating peak in virgin females tended to advance with age. Adult females showed the highest rate of mating among 24 hr-olds and the rate declined with age. The rate of first matings in males gave a very similar pattern to that of females. The duration of copulation was $77\pm$14min. Oviposition occurred throughout the entire scotophase, with the peak during the first 2 hrs. The most nu¬mber of eggs deposited daily was seen on the 3rd day after the mating. Mating rate, number of eggs laid and longevity we~e compared under different sex ratio. Unmated adults lived longer than mated adults.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.4 s.41
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• pp.153-160
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• 1979

The present experiments were carried out to reduce the population density of adult pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensi,s UCHIDA et INOUYE, by means of spray the sticky agent C-4, on the ground, herbacious plantation and foliar leaf of pine trees at Sanbonli,. Anyang, Kyungido. And also the 3 periods of treatment, such as before 2 weeks( I ), before 1 week (II) from the peak emergence period and peak emergence period (III) were applied. The experimental results obtained were as follows. (1) The formula of selected sticky agent C-4 was $70\%$ of castor oil, $25\%$ of damar resin and $5\%$ of carnauba wax, and it showed the best both on stickiness and duration, and lower phytotoxicity to the host plant. (2) The reduction of population densities of the adult PGM were $68\%$ and 78f: in the G-I and G-II treatment plot respectively, which compared to control, on the ground spray. (3) And the reduction of population densities were $63\%$ and about $90\%$ in the P-I and P-II plot respectively when the agent was sprayed on the herbacious plantation. (4) The rates of gall formation were $32.8\%,\;40.8\%\;and\;59.4\%$ in the spray plots of F-I, F-II, and F-III respectively, and there was no significant difference among the upper, middle and lower parts of the treated host plant in the rates of gall formation. (5) The effective stage of sticky agent application were considered as before one week from the peak emergence period in tile all types of treatment.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.473-477
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• 2021

An artificial diet containing wheat germ, soybean, corn, yeast, sucrose, casein, cholesterol, 𝛽-sitosterol, and dry Miscanthus sacchariflorus stem powder was developed for rearing Chilo suppressalis (Crambidae) larvae. Neonate larvae were individually raised on the diet till adult emergence at 25℃ and 15:9 h light:dark photoperiod. In the results, the pupation and the emergence rates were 82.2% and 98.6%, respectively. The mean developmental periods of female and male larvae were 34.6 days and 31.0 days, respectively, whereas the pupal periods of female and male were 8.9 days and 9.7 days, respectively. Those periods were significantly different between genders. The mean pupal weights of female and male were 75.0 mg and 57.0 mg, respectively, with significant difference.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.203-208
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the seasonal occurrence of Green Rice Leafhopper(GLH), Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler population in the field at Jinju in $1977{\sim}1978$. GLH density was observed by suction catcher (D-Vac, 33cm in diameter) for overwintering population and by direct visual counting for paddy field population. GLH overwintered mainly as 4th-instar nymph in the levee and moved to the foxtail growing in the paddy with development after winter. The mean emergence date of adults, of the overwintered generation was on April 8 in 1977 and March 30 in 1978, and that of 1st generation was on June 11 in 1977 and June 10 in 1978. Adults of overwintered generation oviposited in foxtail from late April to early May. GLH occurred two generations in the paddy field and the population size in the paddy field was not greatly changed in two years.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2012

This study compared the Aphelinus varipes and Aphelinus asychis in terms of how they parasitized the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Host-feeding, parasitism, emergence, the proportion of females and development time were all studied at 15, 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ in controlled climate cabinets. When A. gossypii were provided for the two aphid parasitoids, the number of aphids killed by host-feeding for A. varipes (5.4 and 9.7 aphids) at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ was higher than those for A. asychis (2.0 and 2.9 aphids). At $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, the parasitized A. gossypii were higher in A. varipes (11.1 and 21 aphids) than in A. asychis (7 and 12.3 aphids). The emergence rate was also significantly different between A. varipes (83.3%) and A. asychis (69.4%). The proportion of females was higher for A. asychis (75.2 and 73.9%) than for A. varipes (19.5 and 48.6%) at $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. No significant differences were found in development time between the two parasitoids. When M. persicae were provided for the two parasitoid species, the host-feeding number and the emergence rate of two parasitoids were not different at all four temperatures. The M. persicae were more highly parasitized by A. varipes (12.1 and 17.1 aphids) than by A. asychis (6.1, 10 aphids) at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. The proportion of females for A. varipes (65.3 and 90.0%) was higher than that for A. asychis (34.4 and 78.8%) at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. The development time from oviposition to the adult emergence of A. varipes (19.9 d) was significantly longer than that of A. asychis (16.5 d) at $20^{\circ}C$. Development times decreased with increasing temperature for both in two parasitoid species.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

Development and life table statistics of indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Hiibner)on brown rice (Sativa oryzae L., var 'Ilpum' ) were tested under five different temperatures (17, 20, 25,28 and 3 2 f 0.5"C). The developmental response of females to the temperature was not significantlydifferent from that of males. In the tested temperature range, developmental period and life span of adultmoth decreased as the temperature increased and ranged from 149.9f30.4 to 38.1 k5.6 days and from19.4f 5.1 to 6.9k2.0 days at 17$^{\circ}$C and 32"C, respectively. Emergence rate increased with the increaseof temperature and ranged from 13.0f 6.2% at 17$^{\circ}$C to 49.2f 25.9% at 32$^{\circ}$C. However, hatching ratecurve in relation to the temperature was dome shape with the peak of 73.8 k5.37~a t 25"C, suggesting thathatching is inhibited by high temperature above that temperature. As the temperature increased, femalesconcentrated their oviposition on the second day after emergence. In the temperature range of 17 SIM 25"C, the number of eggs laid per female were not related to the temperature and ranged from 133.4f 37.6to 154.3k57.4. But the number of eggs laid per female decreased at 32$^{\circ}$C which suggests closerelationship with hatching ability. The net reproduction rate was highest at 28$^{\circ}$C and followed by those at25$^{\circ}$C and 20$^{\circ}$C. However intrinsic rate of natural increase of the moth population on brown rice wasestimated to be highest at 32$^{\circ}$C (0.065 per day), probably due to the short developmental period, highemergence rate and the concentrated oviposition of females on earlier days of the emergence.ition of females on earlier days of the emergence.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigated the distribution, ecological character and life cycle of Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens, to determine effects of BSF on composing ability to the livestock feces. The distribution of BSF was defined in all parts of the country in Korea. Its main habitat was found to be areas near cattle sheds, feces sheds, living waste dump grounds, and food waste dump grounds. Excellent species of the bio-conversion using the livestock feces were selected out of two kinds of solider flies(Hermetia illucens and Ptecticus tenebrifer). And effects of BSF on composing ability to the livestock feces were pig feces 0.5 g, cattle feces 0.43 g and chicken feces 0.3 g per a larvae of BSF. In the examination of the ability of BSF to decompose food waste, volume of the livestock feces decreased by weight pig feces 77, cattle feces 83.62 and chicken feces 80%. Observed characteristics of BSF larvae and pupae stage were by developmental stage may be summarized as follows: size and length of larvae and pupae of BSF were higher than in pig feces and mixed sawdust treatments. In order to develop artificial indoor rearing techniques, The pupation and emergence rate were not visible the difference but important factor of the mating and egg-laying was a sun light. And it was visible the difference in mating ratio. Mating rate of H. illucens by seasonal change was the highest from May to July. Mating mostly occurred between 10 : 00 and 12 : 00 during which light intensity is high. As the egg-laying medium for artificial egg collection, calf feed and food waste were most effective. The ratio of egg-laying medium is waste food : sawdust(1 : 1) in volume. For egg-laying materials, flower foam and wood with holes were used; holes sized 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, 7 ~ 10 mm in depth were most preferred for egg-laying.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2001

Development and reproduction of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci(B biotype) were investigated under different temperatures and host plants. Developmental periods from egg to pre-adult of whiteflies measured under four constant temperatures: they were 86.2 days at $15^{\circ}C$ and 17.0 days at $30^{\circ}C$. Lower threshold temperature and total effective temperature for the development of egg and nymph, and for the complete development (egg to emergence) were $10.1,\;11.6,\;11.1^{\circ}C$ and 110.3, 204.7, 317.3 degree days, respectively. The hatching and emergence rates were 87.0% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 76.7% at $20^{\circ}C$, which were higher than the results of other temperatures. The adult longevity was 23.6 and 14.0 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The highest average fecundity per female was 103.3 at $25^{\circ}C$. But there were no significant differences among the temperatures. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase($r_{m}$) was 0.196 at $30^{\circ}C$ and the highest net reproduction rate ($R_{o}$) was 97.33 at $25^{\circ}C$. Developmental periods from egg to pre-adult of whiteflies were 21.2 on the tomato, 28.1 on red pepper, 22.2 on eggplant and 25.5 days on poinsetia. The hatching was highest (90.3%) on red paper and emergence rate was highest (89.6%) on eggplant. The longest longevity of adult female was 26.5 days on eggplant, and the average fecundity per female was greater on tomato and eggplant than on other host plants. The intrinsic rate of natural increase($r_{m}$) was the highest on tomato as 0.165 and the net reproduction rate ($R_{o}$) was the highest on eggplant as 106.1. As a result, the optimum range of temperature for the growth of B. tabaci was between $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, and the optimum host plant were tomato and eggplant among the plants tested.