• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.303-325
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• 2015

The latest slogan put forth by the international space community is the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space activities. The security of outer space activities, in particular, would be defined as the secure state from space-based threats. The latter comprises passive threats (such as collision with other satellites and space debris) and aggressive threats (such as electromagnetic interference, arms race on the earth or in outer space, and military attacks). Has outer space been used for military purposes in practice? If so, does international law regulate the military space activities it? The use of outer space for military purposes is referred to as space militarization and space weaponisation. Satellites has been used in Gulf War, Kosovo War, and Afghan War, recently, and research and development on space weapons are under way. Since only the placement of weapons of mass destruction on orbit around the earth is prohibited in accordance with 1967 Outer Space Treaty, it may be asked whether other weapons may be placed on orbit. It will be necessary to analyze the stance of on the above question, by studying UN space-related treaties including UN Charter. New international space norms represented by PPWT, ICoC, and UN GGE Report are at the center of progressive development of international law. In conclusion, the author will signpost the various points on international norms to be codified on the use of outer space for military purposes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.261-284
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• 2018

The current international legal system does not provide a safeguard against the militarization and the weaponization of outer space. Although the term "peaceful use of outer space" in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty(OST) appears in official government statements or in multilateral space treaties, it is still without an authoritative definition in reviewing national practices. The ambiguous ban on weapons in Article IV of the OST allows countries to loophole on the deployment of other weapons other than nuclear weapons. Meanwhile "Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT)" to Conference on Disarmament (CD) commissioned by the UN General Assembly's Special Session jointly submitted by China and Russia in 2008 and later revised in 2014, attempting to define and prohibit the proliferation of weapons in outer space and provided definitions of prohibited weapons, are opposed by the US on the grounds that currently there is no arms race in outer space. Some experts support a hard law approach in which binding laws aimed at ultimately creating integrated and binding legal instruments in all aspects of the use of outer space should be adopted to regulate the military use of space. However as a temporary measure the soft law guidelines should be developed for the non liquiet, a situation where there is no applicable law. The soft law could be used to create support for the declaration of the treaties and to create international customary law. For example, the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space that regulates the activities of the state in the exploration and use of the universe, and the 1992 Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space will illustrated. While substantial portions of the former was codified later in the 1967 OST, the latter which, although written in somewhat mandatory terms, have been consistently complied with by states, have arguably become part of customary international law. On November 12, 1974, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the development of international law may be reflected inter alia, by declarations and resolutions of the General Assembly which may to that extent be taken into consideration by the International Court of Justice.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.1 s.167
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• pp.36-41
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• 1993

한반도의 미래전쟁 수행 전력면에서 볼 때, 우리의 군사력은 인력 위주에서 필연적으로 무기 중심의 기술집약형으로 변화되어저야만 합니다. 또한 우리를 둘러싸고 있는 대주변국간의 미래 전장도, 신기술을 동반한 첨단정밀 유도무기, 전자전 능력 및 우주공간의 안보 영역화를 이룩해야 합니다. 이러한 미래전장에서 빼놓을수 없는 분야가 항공 기본전력 등 항공.우주 기술을 동반한 전력입니다

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.19
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• pp.50-53
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• 1994

다른 분야도 그렇지만 항공기 분야는 더욱 첨단 기술화하는 과정에서 그 개발비는 이제 아무리 부자나라라고 하더라도 한 나라에서 다 부담하기는 힘겨울 정도이다. 또 첨단기술을 구사한 무기에 이르러서는 더욱 그렇다. 이런 사정으로 부품등의 공급에 의한 상호보완도 하고 운용의 효율화와 경비도 분담하기 위해 공동개발이 유행처럼 되고 있다. 그 속사정을 드려다 보면 국제간 공동개발이란 그렇게 쉽게 단순한 것만도 아니다. 그런 의미에서 군사용을 비롯한 각종 항공 우주분야의 국제공동 개발의 내용을 살펴 보기로 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.247-276
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• 2017

The protection of space asset has been new major cause of space militarization. For such purpose, it has been officially announced that a policy of deterring and denying any adversaries from accessing the outer space. Space militarization is to be conversed into a new concept of space weaponization. The USA has announced its policy of space weaponization, while China and Russia have not revealed their plan or policy. Latter States, however, have proposed a draft treaty limiting the deployment of warfare in the outer space. The terms of the Outer Space Treaty, reflecting three significant United Nations General Assembly resolutions from the 1960s, support the position that ground rules must be observed in the exploration and the use of outer space, particularly in the absence of specific space law rules. Yet the combination (and culmination) of these two approaches to the legal regulation of outer space-specific rules as and when agreed by the international community and the translation of principles developed for terrestrial regulation to outer space-still leaves much room for uncertainty and exploitation for military and strategic purposes. As space weaponization may contribute to deterring the use of weapon, it may be not against the UN Charter Article 2(4). If space weaponization might generate the space debris such that the outer space is no more available for exploration and use, it is against the proportionality principle and discrimination principle enshrined in the laws of the war. But, if the limitation upon the kind and use of space weaponization is agreed among the States, then the space weaponization may not be against the laws of the war, and be considered permissible within the rationale of limited war.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.58
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• pp.60-63
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• 1997

일찍이 항공기는 물론 최신 무기분야와 우주개발에 있어서 미·소 양국이 패권을 다투는 각축전 사이에서 유럽은 그들의 자존심을 지키는 독자적인 개발을 계속해 왔다. 그런 의미에서 1980년대에 세계적으로 본격화 하기 시작한 전투기 개발에 있어 유럽 각국의 차세대 전투기 개발계획은 여러 가지 문제에 직면하면서도 꾸준한 노력을 계속해 미국이나 러시아에 뒤지지 않을만한 훌륭한 기종을 만들어 냈다. 그것이 오늘날 볼 수 있는 스웨덴의 그리펜, 프랑스의 라팔, 영국, 독일, 이탈리아, 스페인 공동의 유로파이터 2000등 세가지 기종은 유럽이 자랑하는 기종들이며 타의 추종을 불허하면서 세계 시장을 두고 러시아, 미국과 조용한 경쟁을 벌이고 있다. 이러한 유럽의 세가지 최신형 전투기의 최근 동향을 알아보기 위해 본고를 준비했다.

• Aerospace Industry
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• s.107
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• pp.68-69
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• 2010

기뢰(機雷, naval mine) 또는 수뢰((水雷)는 수중에 설치되어 함선이 접근 또는 접촉했을 때, 자동 또는 원격 조작에 의해 폭발하는 수중 병기다. 저렴하고 단순하지만 가장 현대적이고 강력한 해군조차도 겁내하는 해중무기다. 적상선 및 잠수함 공격에 효과적인 무기로 미국 남북전쟁을 기점으로 대량 사용되었다. 기뢰의 다양화, 지능화에 따라 적의 기뢰를 찾아 파괴하는 소해임무도 함께 강조되고 있다. 함정의 안전한 해상작전을 위해서는 반드시 따라야 하는 대기뢰전, 특히 헬기를 이용한 '공중 대기뢰전(Airborne Mine countermeasures)'은 현대 해군의 필수다. 세계 주요 소해헬기와 관련 기술에 대해 소개한다.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.10 s.176
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• pp.50-59
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• 1993

조선기술은 최근 첨단기술로 일컬어지는 컴퓨터기술, 정보통신 및 항공우주공학의 눈부신 발달에 힘입어 선박 설계기술의 향상은 물론 생산의 자동화, 운항 자동화를 통한 고신뢰도의 선박 출현을 눈 앞에 두고 있습니다 이러한 조선 기술의 발달은 군함의 고속화와 고성능화를 촉진시키게 되었으며, 특히 군함에서 필수적인 은밀성, 정숙성 까지도 크게 향상시켰고, 이와 함께 군함의 각종 무기 체계, 지휘 및 정보시스템의 정밀화를 가능케 하였습니다

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.76-82
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• 2005

Cable fairings of guided missiles are generally used for protection of electric cables under aerodynamic heating and mechanical loading. The stress distributions between a cable fairing and missile main body along a cable fairing are necessary for its design. In this paper, a method for bonding stress and strength analysis of a cable fairing has been investigated and its computer program developed. Tensile and three-point bending tests of generally used bonding materials were also conducted to supply basic material properties for design of cable fairings.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.56-61
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• 2023

Recently, advancement of AI-enabled autonomous MUM-T combat system and industrial revitalization are rapidly emerging as global issues. However, the Defense Business Act of the Ministry of National Defense in Korea is judged to be somewhat insufficient compared to NATO leading countries in advancement of operation part of a weapon system as MUM-T is centered on a weapon system's own device. We established the concept of AI-enabled autonomous MUM-T to strengthen international competitiveness of complex combat systems such as future global UGV, UAV, and UMS. In addition, NATO and US-centered autonomy, interoperability, and data standardization-based defense AI MUM-T top-level platform construction and operation plan, establishment of a national defense innovation committee such as the National Science and Technology Advisory Council, review and advisory function reinforcement, and additional governance measures are proposed.