• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.303-325
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• 2015

The latest slogan put forth by the international space community is the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space activities. The security of outer space activities, in particular, would be defined as the secure state from space-based threats. The latter comprises passive threats (such as collision with other satellites and space debris) and aggressive threats (such as electromagnetic interference, arms race on the earth or in outer space, and military attacks). Has outer space been used for military purposes in practice? If so, does international law regulate the military space activities it? The use of outer space for military purposes is referred to as space militarization and space weaponisation. Satellites has been used in Gulf War, Kosovo War, and Afghan War, recently, and research and development on space weapons are under way. Since only the placement of weapons of mass destruction on orbit around the earth is prohibited in accordance with 1967 Outer Space Treaty, it may be asked whether other weapons may be placed on orbit. It will be necessary to analyze the stance of on the above question, by studying UN space-related treaties including UN Charter. New international space norms represented by PPWT, ICoC, and UN GGE Report are at the center of progressive development of international law. In conclusion, the author will signpost the various points on international norms to be codified on the use of outer space for military purposes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.261-284
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• 2018

The current international legal system does not provide a safeguard against the militarization and the weaponization of outer space. Although the term "peaceful use of outer space" in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty(OST) appears in official government statements or in multilateral space treaties, it is still without an authoritative definition in reviewing national practices. The ambiguous ban on weapons in Article IV of the OST allows countries to loophole on the deployment of other weapons other than nuclear weapons. Meanwhile "Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT)" to Conference on Disarmament (CD) commissioned by the UN General Assembly's Special Session jointly submitted by China and Russia in 2008 and later revised in 2014, attempting to define and prohibit the proliferation of weapons in outer space and provided definitions of prohibited weapons, are opposed by the US on the grounds that currently there is no arms race in outer space. Some experts support a hard law approach in which binding laws aimed at ultimately creating integrated and binding legal instruments in all aspects of the use of outer space should be adopted to regulate the military use of space. However as a temporary measure the soft law guidelines should be developed for the non liquiet, a situation where there is no applicable law. The soft law could be used to create support for the declaration of the treaties and to create international customary law. For example, the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space that regulates the activities of the state in the exploration and use of the universe, and the 1992 Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space will illustrated. While substantial portions of the former was codified later in the 1967 OST, the latter which, although written in somewhat mandatory terms, have been consistently complied with by states, have arguably become part of customary international law. On November 12, 1974, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the development of international law may be reflected inter alia, by declarations and resolutions of the General Assembly which may to that extent be taken into consideration by the International Court of Justice.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.69
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• pp.30-33
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• 1999

지난 9월 13일부터 16일까지 대전 계룡대에서 공군창군 50주년을 기념하는 항공우주 무기체계 세미나 및 전시회가 개최되었다. 대한민국공군이 주최하고 한국항공우주산업진흥협회가 주관한 동 행사는 그동안 전자전세미나와 모의훈련체계세미나를 ''''97년부터 통합하여 개최하였고 금년에는 공군창설 50주년을 기념하여 기존의 "전자전/모의훈련분야"에 "교리" 및 "항공전략" 분야를 통합하여 개최한 것이다.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.75-86
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• 2023

The guided missiles and decoy systems that have been developed have been likened to a spear and shield. When a new attack system appears, another defense system is developed, and the attack system is once again upgraded to neutralize it. Now, due to the limitations of the decoy system, guided weapons have become the main force of both the defense and attack systems. Also, these systems have been expanded to use Space systems as a means of defending against a guided weapon system that is too fast for terrestrial-based systems. Induced weapon systems started at the sub-sonic level, and have become so important that their speeds have become super-sonic and hyper-sonic. The concept of Space has been included in the range of guided missiles, and satellite systems have become essential elements of guided missiles. Focusing on the correlation between the guided missile system and the satellite system, we analyze the characteristics of modern guided munitions and the direction of development of the guided weapons system.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.247-276
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• 2017

The protection of space asset has been new major cause of space militarization. For such purpose, it has been officially announced that a policy of deterring and denying any adversaries from accessing the outer space. Space militarization is to be conversed into a new concept of space weaponization. The USA has announced its policy of space weaponization, while China and Russia have not revealed their plan or policy. Latter States, however, have proposed a draft treaty limiting the deployment of warfare in the outer space. The terms of the Outer Space Treaty, reflecting three significant United Nations General Assembly resolutions from the 1960s, support the position that ground rules must be observed in the exploration and the use of outer space, particularly in the absence of specific space law rules. Yet the combination (and culmination) of these two approaches to the legal regulation of outer space-specific rules as and when agreed by the international community and the translation of principles developed for terrestrial regulation to outer space-still leaves much room for uncertainty and exploitation for military and strategic purposes. As space weaponization may contribute to deterring the use of weapon, it may be not against the UN Charter Article 2(4). If space weaponization might generate the space debris such that the outer space is no more available for exploration and use, it is against the proportionality principle and discrimination principle enshrined in the laws of the war. But, if the limitation upon the kind and use of space weaponization is agreed among the States, then the space weaponization may not be against the laws of the war, and be considered permissible within the rationale of limited war.

• Aerospace Industry
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• s.96
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• pp.12-21
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• 2007

제6회 "한국 항공우주 및 방위산업 전시회 2007"이 오는 10월 16일부터 21일까지 6일간 서울공항(경기도 성남 소재)에서 국내외 인사 및 민∙관∙군 주요 관계자들이 참가한 가운데 개최된다. 이번 행사는 항공우주무기체계는 물론 지∙해상 미래 최첨단 무기체계까지 함께 전시돼 급변하는 미래 안보환경에 대응하기 위한 세계 각국의 첨단 군사장비 및 방위산업 기술의 현재와 미래를 직접 확인하고 살펴볼 수 있는 기회가 될 것으로 보인다.

• Aerospace Industry
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• v.63
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• pp.44-47
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• 1998

지난 봄. 이라크의 사담 후세인 대통령이 UN의 대량파괴무기 유무확인을 위한 대통령궁 사찰을 거부한 사건을 계기로 일촉즉발의 위기 직전까지 갔으나 아난 UN사무총장의 바그다드 방문으로 사찰의 합의를 보게되어 다행히 제2의 걸프만 전쟁은 회피되었다. 이 위기에 대처하기 위하여 중동방면에 집결했던 미국 해.공군의 신무기가운데 어떤 것이 있었는지 그 대강을 외지의 전하는 바를 통해 살펴 보기로 한다.

• Aerospace Industry
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• s.105
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• pp.50-51
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• 2009

보스니아 내전 지역을 정찰비행 중이던 미 해군 F/A-18F 슈퍼 호넷을 향해 갑자기 지대공 미사일 공격이 가해진다. 조종사는 미사일의 추적을 뿌리치기 위해 모든 방어 장비를 총 동원해 회피 기동을 펼치지만 결국 적진 한 복판에서 격추되고 만다. 지난 2002년 1월 개봉한 영화 에너미 라인스(Behind Enemy Lines) 초반에 등장하는 장면이다. 영화에서 묘사된 것과 같이 미사일은 피아를 불문하고 가장 강력한 공격무기이자 가장 대응하기 까다로운 무기다.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.1 s.167
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• pp.36-41
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• 1993

한반도의 미래전쟁 수행 전력면에서 볼 때, 우리의 군사력은 인력 위주에서 필연적으로 무기 중심의 기술집약형으로 변화되어저야만 합니다. 또한 우리를 둘러싸고 있는 대주변국간의 미래 전장도, 신기술을 동반한 첨단정밀 유도무기, 전자전 능력 및 우주공간의 안보 영역화를 이룩해야 합니다. 이러한 미래전장에서 빼놓을수 없는 분야가 항공 기본전력 등 항공.우주 기술을 동반한 전력입니다

• Aerospace Industry
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• s.104
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• pp.60-61
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• 2009

흔히 바늘구멍 공격(pin point attack)이라 불리는 초정밀 지상 공격 능력은 현대 공군의 실력을 가늠하는 척도로 평가된다. 특히 초정밀 유도무기체계의 등장은 현대 공군의 위상은 물론 현대전에서 공군의 역할과 중요성을 더욱 배가시키고 있다. 다양한 형태의 초정밀 유도무기체계가 등장해 전장에서 활약하고 있는 지금, 표적획득에서 공격까지의 정밀 폭격에 대해 알아본다.