• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.76-82
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• 2006

Fenton's reaction are difficult to apply in the field due to the low pH requirements for the reaction and the loss of reactivity caused by the precipitation of iron (II) at neutral pH. Moreover, Fenton-like reactions using iron mineral instead of injection of iron ion as a catalyst are operated to get high removal result at low pH. Because hydroxyl radical can generate at the surface of iron mineral, there are competition with a lot of hydroxide at around neutral pH. On the other side, to operate Fenton's reaction series at neutral pH, modified Fenton reaction is suggested. The complexes, composed by iron ions (ferrous ion or ferric ion)-chelating agent, could be acted as a catalyst and presented in the solution at neutral pH. However, modified Fenton reaction requires a lot of hydrogen peroxide. Accordingly, the purpose of this experiment was to effectively combine Fenton-like reaction and modified Fenton reaction for extending application of Fenton's reaction. i.e., injecting chelating agents in Fenton-like reaction at around neutral pH is increasing the concentration of dissolved iron ion and highly promoting the oxidation effect. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was used as a probe compound for comparing reaction efficiencies in this study. If the concentration of dissolved iron ion in combined Fenton process were existed more than 0.1 mM, the total TNT removal were increased. Magnetite-NTA system showed the best TNT removal (76%) and Magnetite-EDTA system indicated about 56% of TNT removal. The results of these experiments proved more promoted 40-60% of TNT removal than Fenton-like reaction's.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2010

Removal and mineralization of dissolved uranium by bacteria in KURT (KAERI Underground Research Tunnel), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) was investigated. Two different bacteria, IRB (iron-reducing bacteria) and SRB (sulfate-reducing bacteria) was used, and minerals formed by these bacteria were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared to uranyl ions, ferric ions were preferentially reduced by IRB, showing that there is no significant reduction and removal of uranium. However, uranium concentration considerably decreased by addition of Mn(II). Results show that a sulfide mineral such as mackinawite (FeS) is formed by SRB respiration through combination of Fe(II) and S without manganese sulfide formation. In the presence of Mn(II), however, uranium is removed effectively, suggesting that the sorption and incorporation of uranium could be affected by Mn(II) onto the sulide minerals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.173-175
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• 2001

흡착에 필요한 최적의 세라믹 볼의 소성온도는 93$0^{\circ}C$가 가장 적당하다. 공업용수 중에 용존되어 있는 유기물 및 유해성분이 제거(COD나 $BOD_{5}$)가 가능하다. Fe와 Pb의 중 금속 제거의 경우 Pb의 경우가 제거 효율이 더 크며, 이에 따른 mechanism으로 이온교환이온이 Pb의 경우 2가 양이온이기에 더욱 효율이 크고 Fe의 경우는 수화하여 구조적인 붕괴를 일으키며, 2가와 3가의 공존하므로 Pb보다 제거율이 낮다. Fe와 Pb 중금속수를 1시간 동안 제거하여 Freundlich형 등온식에 따른 계산 결과 5,10ppm에서 1/n의 수치가 2 이상을 넘지 않고 있고, 500, 1000ppm의 경우는 등온이온교환으로 할 때 1/n의 수치가 2에 근접하므로 분말의 경우에 비해 제거율이 낮지는 않다. 그러므로 경제적 이점과 재활용면에서 볼의 사용이 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 장치의 용기에 비례하여 볼 때 볼의 양은 600g이 가장 적당한 양이다. 등온교환의 경우 Apatite(HAp)를 이용한 분말의 제거율 보다 약간 낮으나 분말의 경우 사용 후 취급이 용이하지 않고 2차적 오염이 예상되므로 세라믹 볼의 경우 환경친화성재료로 여러 가지의 수처라 공정에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.29-45
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• 2007

Biogeochemical characteristics involving redox processes in groundwater from a riverine alluvial aquifer was investigated using multi-level monitoring wells (up to 30m in depth). Anaerobic conditions were predominant and high Fe ($14{\sim}37mg/L$) and Mn ($1{\sim}4mg/L$) concentrations were observed at 10 to 20 m in depth. Below 20 m depth, dissolved sulfide was detected. Presumably, these high Fe and Mn concentrations were derived from the reduction of Fe- and Mn-oxides because dissolved oxygen and nitrate were nearly absent and Fe and Mn contents were considerable in the sediments. The depth range of high Mn concentration is wider than that of high Fe concentration. Dissolved organics may be derived from the upper layers. Sulfate reduction is more active than Fe and Mn reduction below 20 m in depth. Disparity of calculated redox potential from the various redox couples indicates that redox states are in disequilibrium condition in groundwater. Carbonate minerals such as siderite and rhodochrosite may control the dissolved concentrations of Fe(II) and Mn(II), and iron sulfide minerals control for Fe(II) where sulfide is detected because these minerals are near saturation from the calculation of solubility equilibria.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.561-564
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• 2003

강변여과수 개발 예정지역인 함안군 칠서지역의 수질특성을 알아보기 위해 2003년 4월과 2003년 8월 2회에 걸쳐 강변여과수 양수정, 관측정, 주변지역 지하수 및 낙동강 원수 등 총 38개의 물시료를 채수하여 분석하였다. 용존 이온 분석 결과 연구 지역 지하수의 경우는 Ca-HCO$_3$ 유형 또는 Ca-Cl 유형에 속하며, 조사 지점에 따라 충적층 및 암반 지하수의 특징이 확연히 구분되었다. 조사된 지하수의 경우, 질산성질소와 철, 망간의 농도가 다른 성분에 비해 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 그 외의 중금속의 오염은 미미한 것으로 나타난다. 낙동강 원수의 경우 질산성 질소, 철, 망간은 지하수에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났으나, 조류의 영향으로 매우 높은 pH 값을 보여주었다. 채수된 전체 시료의 분석 결과, 질산성질소(39.1%), 철(13%), 망간(39.1%)이 주로 먹는 물 수질기준을 초과하는 항목으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.228-228
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• 2018

강변여과는 지하수 인공함양 방식 중 유도함양(induced recharge) 또는 간접함양 방식에 속한다. 이는 하천 및 강변 부근에 집수시설을 설치한 후, 미고결층 대수층(unconsolidated aquifer)의 자연 오염 저감능을 이용하여 지표수를 간접 취수하는 방식으로 수질이 불량한 지표수가 대수층을 관류하면서 희석, 화학적 이온 교환 및 반응, 흡착, 생물막(biofilm; 미생물에 의한 자연저감), 여과 등을 통하여 수질이 개선된다. 강변여과수내의 용존 농도가 높은 철과 망간은 수처리 비용증가, 용수관정 및 시설물의 수명단축을 초래한다. 따라서 강변여과 지역의 미고결 대수층에서 효과적인 철과 망간 동시 제거(vyredox)를 위해 에어서징(air surging)과 블록 서징(block surging)을 실시하기 위해서 실내 물탱크 모델(water tank model)에서 에어서징에 따른 공기 순환 우물시스템을 관찰하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 현장시험(Test bed)에 적용하였다. 미고결 대층수층에서의 철 망간은 음용수 기준치(각각 0.3 mg/L)를 초과하고 있으며, 강변여과 취수 개발 및 이용을 제한하는 요인이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서 사용된 에어서징과 블록서지 기술은 자갈층 및 미고결 대수층에 충진된 슬라임 및 폐색(clogging)을 제거함과 동시에 관정 주변의 대수층의 투수성 개선과 산화환경으로 치환되며, 대수층에 잔존하는 철/망간의 산화물들을 관정내로 빼낼 수 있는 방법이다. 따라서 서징에 따른 폐색 제거효율을 검토한 결과에서 철 망간 이온농도 저감효과와 관정 주변의 수리전도도(hydraulic conductivity) 및 저류계수(coefficient of storage)가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 강변여과에 의한 폐색은 미고결층내 공기주입 및 블록서지를 통하여 철/망간 이온농도 저감 및 수리특성 개선 효과에 유용한 것으로 평가된다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.196-203
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• 2004

To understand the geochemical processes in the Han River Estuary, distributions and behaviors of nutrients, dissolved organic matters, and uranium were investigated and analyzed during estuarine tidal mixing in June 2000 and February 2001. The distribution of inorganic nutrients showed very dynamic distributional patterns implying an apparent nitrification process and a concave non-conservative mixing along the salinity gradient. Dissolved organic carbon was high in the upstream region and decreased sharply in the low salinity region of around 5 psu. The 3-D fluorescence characteristic of dissolved organic matter showed two distinct fluorophores in the study area. Biomacromolecules originated mainly from the indigenous biochemical processes and geomacromolecules from terrestrial humic materials. In the study area, the distribution of geomacromolecule showed a concave non-conservative property along the salinity gradient presumably due to the flocculation and removal processes in the estuary. Meanwhile, distribution of the dissolved uranium, mainly in the form of stable uranium carbonate complex, also showed a concave non-conservative property along the salinity gradient in the Han River Estuary. From this study, the removal rate of dissolved uranium in the Han River Estuary was estimated to be about 7.1 ton per year.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2009

In this study, sodium dedocyl sulfate (SDS), which was anionic surfactant, was added for forming micelles to remove ferrous ions that could be contained with a small amount in industrial water. Then aggregates were formed by adsorption or binding of ferrous ions on the surface of micelles, and then rejected by ceramic membranes to remove ferrous ions. Ferrous concentration was fixed at 1mM and SDS was changed as $0{\sim}10mM$ to investigate the effect of the anionic surfactant. As a result, rejection rate of ferrous was the highest to 88.97% at 6mM. And we used ELS (Electrophoretic Light Scattering Spectrometer) to investigate particle size distribution of micellar aggregates depending on SDS concentration. Then distribution of large aggregates was the highest at 6mM. And we investigated effects of $N_2$-back-flushing time (BT) during periodic $N_2$-back-flushing on ceramic membranes. Finally optimal $N_2$-BT for NCMT-723l (pore size $0.10{\mu}m$) membrane was 20 sec.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2013

The study area is located on the western coastal region of Korea, partly had been reclaimed lands. Groundwaters of the coastal area show lower Eh and DO values (Eh: 0.57 V ${\rightarrow}$ 0.13 V, DO; 9.7 mg/l ${\rightarrow}$ 1.3 mg/l), and higher Fe concentrations (> 20 mg/l) than those of the inner land (< 0.3 mg/l), indicating that the redox condition of groundwater changes from oxic into suboxic/anoxic conditions as it flows from the inland toward the coastal area. In addition, Fe speciation of groundwater from the coastal area demonstrates that the most dissolved Fe exist as $Fe^{2+}$, reflecting that groundwater is under the anoxic condition to sufficiently occur Fe reduction. According to the result of Fe extraction with the sediment samples from three wells (A, B, C), the sediments provide enough $Fe^{3+}$ to occur the Fe reduction in the groundwater. Integrated all results of the groundwater and sediment, we infer that the Fe reduction to occur in groundwater is associated with the reclamation processes of the study area.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.190-194
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• 2009

In this study sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which was anionic surfactant, was added for forming micelles to remove iron ion that could be contained with small amount in industrial water. Then aggregates binding between iron ions and micelles were rejected by a ceramic microfiltration membrane. As result of SDS concentration effect on removal rates of iron and SDS in modified iron solution, the removal rate of iron was the highest value of 92.26% and the removal rate of SDS was 61.10% a little higher than the result of calcium ion at 8 mM which was CMC (Critical micelle concentration) of SDS. As final resistance of membrane fouling $R_f$ increased the more at the higher SDS concentration, it showed the highest value at 4 mM and the lowest at 10 mM of SDS. The final permeate flux $J_{180}$ had the highest value and the largest total permeate volume could be finally acquired at SDS 10 mM. In case of CMC 8 mM, low $R_f$ was shown as same as that of 10 mM until 80 minutes of operation, and tended to increase dramatically to 120 minutes and increase slowly again until 180 minutes.