• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2010

We used melt polymerization method to prepare a series of aromatic liquid crystals (LCs) based on aromatic ester and amide units with the reactive methyl-maleimide end group, and then the resulting thermally cross-linked LCs to produce LC thermoset films by means of solution casting and the followed heat treatment. The synthesized LCs and LCTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) with a hot stage. All of the LCs prepared by melt polymerization method formed smectic mesophases. The thermal properties of the LC and LCT films were strongly affected by the mesogen units in the main chain structures. The thermal expansion coefficients of samples were in the range of 27.72~50.95 ppm/$^{\circ}C$.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2017

Sandwich panels which are having the both sides are bonded with a heat insulating material with an iron plate are used as factories, warehouse structures as advantages of convenience in construction at economic efficiency of material cost. However, in a panel structure constructed by continuous joining of sandwich panels, a joint portion where a panel and a panel are connected is generated. The joint part is a part which is easily vulnerable to fire because flames easily flow into the melting and deformation of the iron plate during fire. The flames flowing into the panel induce diffusion of fire by rapid burning, causing damage of human life and property. In this research, we developed a flame spread prevention plate to prevent spreading of sandwich panel. This is an improvement of the workability by the anti-spreading construction method of the existing previous research, it can be applied independently to the connecting part where the panel and the panel are coupled, designed to prevent inflow and spreading of flame did. The actual fire test of the test method of KS F ISO 13784-1 of the sandwich panel specimen was conducted and the burning behavior corresponding to the presence or absence of application of the flame spread prevention plate was grasped at the panel connection part and its effect was measured. Inserting a fire spreading plate into the test result panel connecting part is measured by delaying the flashover, prevention of collapse of the specimen, and temperature rise of the opening, effectively improving the fire safety of the panel structure It was confirmed as a method that can be secured. It is judged that panel structure will contribute to ensuring fire safety by applying the fire spread prevention construction method of various methods ensuring the workability and economy of panel connection vulnerable to fire.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2017

If a hydrogen explosion occurs in a containment building, its multiplex defense wall may be destroyed and a large amount of radioactive material may be released. The hydrogen occurred interacting with melting fuel rods must be effectively controlled and removed. however, the countermeasures for reducing explosion risk are difficult to carry out, due owing to the various variety of accident scenarios causes and the irregularity of hydrogen distribution and behavior. In this study, We examine the guide structures while considering the ambient flows, in order to improve the efficiency of PAR the widely used Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner(PAR). We simulate the fluid behavior and the hydrogen reduction rate were simulated when a guide is attached to the two-step catalyst PAR. For an upward flow, the consisting of a height of 150mm, a gap of 0mm, and a performs $60^{\circ}$ showed the best. In contrast, for a sideways flow, a consisting of the height of 150mm, a gap of 100mm, and a performs $60^{\circ}$ showed the best in the case of side ward flow. for a downward flow, a consisting of the height of 50mm and a directly attached guide produce the best in the case of down ward flow results.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.148-165
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• 2015

Iron was one of the most influential factors for formation and development of ancient countries. The diffusion of ironware had increased agricultural productivity and brought about military technical revolution. Needless to say, the rise and fall of the countries depended on the possession of stable iron production. Raw materials and fuels are the key factors for mass production of iron and a transportation route is essential to supply the goods. Jungwon area satisfies the three factors. There are many iron manufacture sites such as Jincheon Seokjang-ri Gusan-ri, and Chunju Chilgeum-dong Tangeumdae earthen ramparts in the Jungwon area. In order to study the ancient iron manufacture technique, reconstitution experiment was carried out using restored furnace which was made based on the Jincheon Seokjang-ri B-23 furnace. Some notable results were identified with the experiment as in the followings. Firstly, a roasting process has a connection with the decrease of hardness of the iron ore. Secondly, melting of the blast pipe as well as the formation of product within the furnace had a crucial effect on the cessation of the experiment. Thirdly, reduced iron in various locations within the furnace prove that there was enough reducing environment during the working. Not only melting point but also properties of iron can vary depending on the carbon contents. For the reason, formation of approximate environment in which iron can react to the chalcoal is the most important factor in terms of iron manufacture.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

The atomic structures of silicate liquids at high pressure provide insights into the transport properties including thermal conductivities or elemental partitioning behavior between rocks and magmas in Earth's interior. Whereas the local electronic structure around silicon may vary with the arrangement of the nearby oxygens, the detailed nature of such relationship remains to be established. Here, we explored the atomic origin of the pressure-induced changes in the electronic structure around silicon by calculating the partial electronic density of states and L₃-edge X-ray absorption spectra of SiO₂ polymorphs. The result showed that the Si PDOS at the conduction band varies with the crystal structure and local atomic environments. Particularly, d-orbital showed the distinct features at 108 and 130 eV upon the changes in the coordination number of Si. Calculated Si XAS spectra showed features due to the s,d-orbitals at the conduction band and varied similarly with those observed in s,d-orbitals upon changes in the crystal structures. The calculated Si XAS spectrum for α-quartz was analogous to the experimental Si XRS spectrum for SiO₂ glass, implying the overall similarities in the local atomic environments around the Si. The edge energies at the center of gravity of XAS spectra were closely related to the Si-O distance, thus showing the systematic changes upon densification. Current results suggest that the Si L_2,3-edge XRS, sensitive probe of the Si-O distance, would be useful in unveiling the densification mechanism of silicate glasses and melts at high pressure.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2004

Microparticles of an inclusion complex between itraconazole and 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (HP-${\beta}$-CD) were prepared using an environmentally-benign supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process. In order to evaluate the degree of complexation, the thermal behavior of solid micro particulate complexes was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The experimental results obatined for the solubility and dissolution rate of the microparticulate inclusion complexes in a buffer solution of pH 1.2 showed that the complexation of itraconazole with HP-${\beta}$-CD results in a significant increase in the solubility and dissolution rate of itraconazole. For the microparticulate itraconazole/Hp-${\beta}$-CD inclusion complexes prepared by the SAS process, about 80% of itraconazole was found to dissolve in the buffer solution. Our experimental results confirmed that the SAS process is a promising method for the preparation of microparticles of water-insoluble drug/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2007

Glass-ceramics were fabricated by heat-treating a glass at $700^{\circ}C$/10hr which was obtained by melting a glass frit mixed with $40{\sim}80 wt%$ EAF dust at $1300^{\circ}C$/1hr. Dependence of crystal phase and bonding state change upon a compositional change and heat treatment condition were studied and the results was connected to the toxic characterization leaching procedure (TCLP) test data to investigate a chemical durability of the specimens. Increasing dust in a glass shifted the peak around $1000cm^{-1}$ to the lower frequency which was composed of two vibration peaks for the nonbridging oxygen at $960cm^{-1}$ and the bridging oxygen at $1050{\sim}1060cm^{-1}$. Also, the $B_2O_3$ structure of boroxol ring changed to a tetrhedral-, trigonal- and di-borate with dust addition. The Fe-O peaks in the glass-ceramics were observed which is consitent with XRD results of spinel formation. The surface of glass after TCLP test was severely cracked while there was no cracks on a glass-ceramics after TCLP test so the chemical durability of the glass-ceramics is superior than that of glass. The leaching concentration of Fe for the glass-ceramics containing EAF dust 80 wt% is 1/15 times lower than that of glass. The Zn leaching concentration fur the glass-ceramics containing dust < 70 wt% was higher than that of glass but its trend was reversed for the specimen of dust content > 80 wt% which could be concluded as correlated with occurrence of willemite phase.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.4039-4045
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• 2014

The crystallization behavior of irradiated polypropylene (PP) and the blend is an important parameter for polymer processing. Blends of PP/low density polyethylene (LDPE) with different LDPE contents were prepared by melt mixing in a twin screw extruder. The effect of the LDPE content on the irradiation effectiveness of the PP/LDPE blend with trimethylolpropane-trimetacrylate (TMPTMA) as a crosslinking co-agent was investigated in conjunction with the LDPE loading in the blend. The non-isothermal crystallization and crystal structure were measured by DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and polarized optical microscopy (POM). A decrease in the melting temperature of PP was observed due to irradiation, which may be due to the PP chain scissioning effect of irradiation. The Ozawa component n represents a rod shaped, disc shaped and sphere-shaped geometry of the crystal if the value corresponds to 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Based on Ozawa analysis, the values of n were 3.8 and 2.3 for the pure PP and PP blends with 30 wt% LDPE, respectively. The fact that the crystal geometry of PP changed from spherical to disc and rod shaped was confirmed by Ozawa analysis and POM. The ${\beta}$ form XRD peak of the PP/LDPE blend at $16.1^{\circ}$ disappeared after irradiation due to the crosslinking reaction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1881-1891
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• 2000

Cenosphere particles of different fly ash formed at the pulverized coal power plant were hollow sphere or filled with small particles inside solid particles. And size was relatively larger than other fly ash particles as well as specific gravity was small to suspend in the water. In this paper, it was demonstrated to contain a variety of morphological particle type, and the physical and chemical properties related to the cenosphere and fly ash particles. Furthermore it was estimated the possibility to reuse the cenosphere particles on the base of cenosphere properties. Cenosphere formation resulted from melting of mineral inclusion in coal, and then gas generation inside the molten droplet. As the aluminosilicate particle was progressively heated, a molten surface layer developed around the solid core. Further heating leaded to cause the formation of fine particles at the core. The mass median diameter(MMD) of cenosphere particles was $123.11{\mu}m$ and the range of size distribution was $100{\sim}200{\mu}m$ with single modal. It was represented that specific density was $0.67g/cm^3$ fineness was $1135g/cm^3$. The chemical components of cenosphere were similar to other fly ash including $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, but the amount of the chemical component was different respectively. In the case of fly ash, $SiO_2$ concentration was 54.75%, and $Al_2O_3$ concentration was 21.96%, so this two components was found in 76.71% of the total concentration. But in the case of cenosphere, it was represented that $SiO_2$ concentration was 59.17% and $Al_2O_3$ concentration was 30.16%, so this two components was found in 89.33% of the total concentration. Glassy component formed by the aluminosilicate was high in the cenosphere, so that it was suitable to use insulating heat material.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.130-130
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• 2017

Au 합금 도금층은 내마모성 및 내식성이 우수하고 접촉저항이 낮기 때문에, 커넥터, 인쇄회로기판 등과 같은 전자부품의 접속단자부에 널리 적용되고 있다. 각 부품들을 효과적으로 전기적 신호를 통해 연결하기 위해서는 낮은 접촉저항이 요구되며, 이러한 Au 합금 도금층의 접촉저항은 합금 원소의 종류 및 함량, 용융 솔더와 전자부품을 고정시키는 표면실장공정에서 받는 theremal aging의 온도와 시간에 따라 변화된다. 현재 전자부품용 커넥터에 실시되고 있는 금 합금도금은 Au-0.3wt%Co합금, Au-0.2wt%Ni합금도금이 대부분 적용되고 있으며, 높은 순도(금 함유량 99.7wt%이상)로 인하여 금 사용량을 절감하기 어려운 실정이다. Sn은 Au와 높은 고용률을 갖는 합금을 형성하는 장점을 갖고 있기에 금 사용량 절감에 큰 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Sn을 합금 원소로 사용하여 높은 Sn함량을 갖는 Au 합금 도금층을 제작하고, 무연솔더의 융점보다 더 높은 온도인 533K에서 thermal aging을 실시하여, Sn함량별로 thermal aging에 따른 접촉저항과 솔더퍼짐성의 변화를 기존의 Co, Ni합금과 비교 조사하였다. 또한, 표면분석을 통하여 Au-Sn합금 도금층의 접촉저항이 변화하는 요인에 대해서도 고찰하였다. 표면적 $0.2dm^2$의 순수 동 시편 위에 약 $2{\mu}m$두께의 Ni도금을 실시한 후 Sn 함량을 다르게 준비한 도금 용액(Au 6g/L, Sn 1~8g/L)을 사용하여 Au-Sn합금 도금을 실시하였다. Au-Sn합금 도금층은 전류밀도 0.5ASD, 온도 $40^{\circ}C$에서 약 $0.1{\mu}m$두께가 되도록 도금하였으며, 두께는 형광X선 도금두께측정기로 측정하였다. 금 합금 도금층 내의 Sn함량은 Ti시편 위에 도금한 Au-Sn합금층을 왕수에 용해시킨 다음, ICP를 사용하여 분석하였다. Au-Sn합금 도금층의 접촉저항은 준비된 시편을 533K에서 1분 30초, 3분, 6분 간 열처리한 후, 5회 접촉저항을 측정하여 그 평균값으로 하중에 따른 금 합금 도금층의 접촉저항을 비교하였다. 솔더링성은 솔더볼을 합금 표면에 솔더페이스트를 이용하여 붙인 뒤 533K에서 30초간 열처리하고, 열처리 후 솔더볼의 높이 변화를 측정해 열처리 전 솔더볼의 높이에 비해 퍼진정도를 측정하였다. 또한, 도금층 내의 Sn함량에 따라서 접촉저항이 변화하는 요인을 분석하기 위해서 X선 광전자 분광기를 이용하여 도금층 표면의 정량 분석 및 화학적 결합상태를 분석하였다. ICP분석결과 Au-Sn합금층 내의 Sn함량은 도금용액의 조성별로 9~12wt% Sn 합금층이 형성된 것을 알 수 있었고 기존의 Au-Ni, Au-Co 합금층과 비교해 합금함량이 크게 증가된 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 접촉저항 측정 결과, 기존의 Au-Ni, Au-Co합금층의 접촉저항과 비교했을 때 Au-Sn합금층의 접촉저항이 더 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 솔더퍼짐성 측정 결과 기존의 Au-Ni, Au-Co합금층과 비교해 솔더퍼짐성이 우수한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 전자부품용 접점재료에 합금함량이 높은 Au-Sn합금층을 적용시키면 더 우수한 커넥터의 성능을 얻을 수 있을 뿐 아니라 경제적으로 큰 절약 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.