• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 1980

The relative viscosities and osmotic coefficients of solutions of urea, 1,3-dimethyl-urea(DMU), acetamide(AA), and propionamide (PA) in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO), water, methanol, and in ethanol have been measured at 25 and $45^{\circ}$C by viscometry and osmometry. Viscosity increment in nonaqueous solutions decreased with increasing of the partial molal volumes of the solutes, but in aqueous solution the result was inversed. Viscosity increment of aqueous solution was smaller than that of aqueous DMU solution, but that of nonaqueous urea solution was larger than that of DMU. Amides, however, showed similar viscosity increment in any solvent.Osmotic coefficients of aqueous solution of urea were larger than those of DMU. In the nonaqueous solutions urea exhibited larger deviation from Raoult's law than DMU. The results indicated that urea molecules break water-structure in water, self-associate in DMSO, and showed larger solute-solvent interaction in alcohols than DMU. It can be also confirmed that amides break alcohol structure to a greater extent than any other solutes.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.401-411
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• 2014

In order to enhance the Au Ag leach rate, a mechanochemical activation process and a mixed thiourea-thiocyanate solution has been applied to Au concentrate. To achieve mechanochemical activation, the Au concentrate was mechanically ground using a dry and a wet process. The results of a particle size distribution analysis and an XRD analysis, average particle size and crystallite size were much smaller in the dry-sample than in the concentrate sample. As well the size was smaller in the wet-sample than in the dry-sample. In SEM and XRD analysis, the amorphization effect was observed in the wet-sample due to mechanochemical activation. Au Ag leaching experiments were carried out with a thiourea solution, a thiocyanate solution and a mixed thiourea-thiocyanate solution. The Au Ag leach rate was much greater in the dry-ground-sample than in the concentrate sample, and the leach rate was greater in the wet-ground-sample than in the dry-sample. The Au Ag leach rate was much greater in the thiocyanate solution than in the thiourea solution, and the leaching rate was much greater in the mixed thiourea-thiocyanate solution than in the thiocyanate solution. Up to a 99% leach rate for Au Ag were only achieved in the wet-sample using the mixed thiourea-thiocyanate leaching solution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.236-239
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• 1995

50 kW$_{th}$ 용량의 기체연료버너에서 암모니아 기체와 요소용액을 이용한 선택적 무촉매 환원법 (SNCR;Selective Non-catalytic Reduction) 으로 질소산화물 (NOx) 저감에 관하여 연구하였다. 암모니아는 요소요액보다 더 낮은 반응온도에서 더 높은 효율을 보여주지만 경제성과 암모니아의 부식성 및 맹독성으로 인하여 취급하기에 곤란한 점이 있다. 반면에 요소용액은 적절한 액상첨가제와 기상첨가제를 사용하여 넓은 반응온도범위에서 높은 효율을 얻을 수 있으며 공정상의 조업비를 절감할 수 있다. 본 실험에서는 액상 첨가제인 $CH_3$OH 와 $C_2$H$_{5}$OH 을 사용하여 5$0^{\circ}C$ 정도의 최적반응온도 감소를 얻었으며 LPG 와 합성가스(CH$_4$:CO:H$_2$:$CO_2$=1:4:4:2) 틀 기상 첨가제로 사용하여 높은 질소산화물 저감 효율을 관찰하였다.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1998

This experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fertilizer for herbicides phytotoxicity of rice(Oryza sativa L. japonica cv Dongjin). The shoot and root growth of rice were inhibited more by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuronethyl+molinate than bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate application in nitrogen or nitrogen mixed solution. In phosphate or phosphate mixed solution, rice growth were inhibited more by bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate than pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate application. In solution mixed with nitrogen and phosphate or fertilizer three elements, rice shoots were more. inhibited by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate treatments, roots were inhibited more relatively by bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate treatments. In all fertilizer solutions, rice plant heights were reduced by dimepiperate and molinate applications, but root growth was reduced only by nitrogen and phosphate mixed solution. Rice growth in sulfonylurea or their mixed herbicide application were more inhibited in high :nitrogen concentration arid by phosphate exclusion than by nitrogen exclusion culture.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.374-379
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• 1976

Apparent molal volumes of urea, 1,3-dimethylurea (DMU), and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea(TMU) in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO) and in methanol have been measured at low concentration by the density measurements at $25^{\circ}C$. It is confirmed that urea molecules in the dilute DMSO solution self-associate to a greater extent than in the concentrated solution, while DMU and TMU molecules in DMSO solutions interact with the solvent molecules. In addition, the molecules of the three solutes also interact predominatingly with methanol molecules.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.190.1-190.1
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• 2016

봉공처리법은 다공성 알루미나를 제조 후에 내마모성의 증가, 침지된 염료의 봉인 등을 필요로 하여 이용하는 후처리 공정 중 하나이다. 상업적으로는 물 봉공처리나 니켈-아세트산 용액을 이용한 봉공처리를 주로 이용하지만 고온을 필요로 하거나 인체에 유독한 용액을 사용, 혹은 추가적인 봉공처리를 해주어야 한다는 단점들을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 독성이 적고 상온에서도 다공성 알루미나와 쉽게 반응할 수 있는 알루미늄 음이온 용액을 봉공처리에 이용하였다. 알루미늄 음이온 용액을 이용한 봉공처리는 알루미늄의 양극 산화를 진행한 이후에 알루미늄 음이온을 포함한 봉공처리제를 제조 후, 침지 처리하는 방식으로 봉공처리하였다. 봉공처리제의 pH 변화, 온도 변화, 침지 시간 등의 변수 요소에 따라서 최적화를 진행하였으며, 이 용액으로 봉공처리가 가능한지 주사 전자 현미경 분석을 통해 평가하였다. 이후 최적화된 조건과 기존에 상업적으로 사용하던 봉공처리법을 거친 후에 경도, 부식전위 검사, 내화학성 검사를 통해 성능의 변화를 확인하였으며 광전자 분광기를 통해 성분과 메카니즘을 예측하였다.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1997.06a
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• pp.159-174
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• 1997

삼투현상이란 반투막을 사이에 두소 저농도의 용매가 고농도의 용액으로 이동하는 현상으로 막양측 용매의 화학포텐셜이 같아지게 되면 용매의 이동은 정지되고 수두차 만큼의 삼투압차가 발생한다. 이 때 고농도 용액측에 삼투압차 이상의 압력을 가하게 되면 삼투현상과는 반대로 고농도 용액측의 용매가 저농도의 용액측으로 역류하는데 이를 역삼투현상이라 한다. 역삼투현상을 이용하여 물질을 분리하는 역삼투 공정은 막의 물리화학적 특성, 분리대상물질의 물리화학적 특성, 그리고 압력차를 추진력으로 하는 세가지 요소의 조합에 의해 행하여 진다. 역삼투는 분자크기에 따른 분리조작이 아니므로 정밀여과나 한외여과에서와 같은 유기물질의 침착현상이 적으며 결과적으로 막의 수명도 길어진다. 역삼투막은 용존염을 분리제거할 뿐만 아니라 분자량이 적은 유기물 및 Aromatic hydrocarbon 등의 분리조작에도 그 이용가능성이 고조되고 있다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2000

Using FT-IR and contact angle measurements it is observed that the chemical surface treatments on virgin carbon blacks lead to a change of the surface properties, including surface functionality and surface free energy It is found that the developments of surface functional groups on acidically and basically treated (ACB and BCB in this study, respectively) carbon blacks are largely correlated with the specific component of surface free energy of the carbon blacks. However, a significant advantage of compounding composites is gained by BCB or NCB (nonpolar chemical treatment) specimens, resulting in improving the hardness, elongation at break, and tensile strength. Particularly, it is seen that the tensile strength of the composites are greatly depended on the London dispersive component of surface free energy determined from the contact angle measurements. It is then concluded that the London dispersion component of carbon blacks plays an important role in an organic rubbers-based compounding composite system.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.630-638
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• 2009

A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model is developed and validated with on-site experiments for a urea-based SNCR(selective non-catalytic reduction) process to reduce the nitrogen oxides($NO_x$) in a municipal incinerator. The three-dimensional turbulent reacting flow CFD model having a seven global reaction mechanism under the condition of low CO concentration and 12% excess air and droplet evaporation is used for fluid dynamics simulation of the SNCR process installed in the incinerator. In this SNCR process, urea solution and atomizing air were injected into the secondary combustor, using one front nozzle and two side nozzles. The exit temperature($980^{\circ}C$) of simulation has the same value as in situ experiment one. The $NO_x$ reduction efficiencies of 57% and 59% are obtained from the experiment and CFD simulation, respectively at NSR=1.8(normalized stoichiometric ratio) for the equal flow rate ratio from the three nozzles. It is observed in the CFD simulations with varying the flowrate ratio of the three nozzles that the injection of a two times larger front nozzle flowrate than the side nozzle flowrate produces 8% higher $NO_x$ reduction efficiency than the injection of the equal ratio flowrate in each nozzle.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.16-23
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• 1981

This study has been carried out to make a comparative study for the adhesive control methods specifically developed for application to formaldehyde. The method for formaldehyde determination used in this report is the improved chromo tropic acid determination. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The soaking treatment in aqueous solution of urea wok the most scavenging effect on the formaldehyde release from a plywood sample glued with a urea formaldehyde adhesive, and other removal treatment such as resorcinol, albumine-, and hardener-treatment gave significant reduction too. 2. In glue shear strength of dry test, 2% of resorcinol treatment and soaking treatment showed the highest strength and all the other treatment met the standard, but in hot water soaking test, 2% of resorcinol treatment gave the best results, on the other hand, adding the hardener showed the lowest strength and failed in meeting the standard. 3. Air dried moisture content of all treated plywood met the standard which calls for 13% or bellow. 4. In this comparative study, we can make a strong combination each other or go into the details of one treatment for the best result through the more study.