• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.2 s.42
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• pp.222-230
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• 1993

Industrial glues, known as 'Bonds' in Korea, contain many kinds of organic solvents, and glue sniffing of youths became one of the social problems in Korea. Mixed exposures to solvents by glue sniffing may induce chronic toxicities different from those by exposures to solvents of single component. To test effects of the glue sniffing on weight gain or central nervous system, two groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air(control group) or vapors of the glues to narcotic status(exposed group), and weight check, tail flick test, hot plate test, rotarod treadmill test were done on the 14th,24th, 36th, 45th, 53rd, 86th, 102nd, 117th, 134th and 151st days after the first exposure. On the 188th day, their brains were excised and examined by a pathologist. Weight gain, controlled against time change, showed significant difference between the groups, but response times in tail flick test, hot plate tests, and rotarod treadmill test didn't. In pathological examination with blind method, no macroscopic or microscopic differences were found between the two groups. These results suggests that organic lesion in central nervous system may not ensue glue sniffing, but, before firm conclusion, more studies in various exposure conditions should be followed.

• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2018

Purpose: Few reports have described the prognostic factors affecting the occurrence of subsequent unprovoked seizure in patients who present with febrile seizure (FS) after 6 years of age. We investigated the prognostic factors affecting the development of unprovoked seizures after FS among patients from Jeju Island. Methods: We included patients who developed FS after 6 years of age, who presented to our outpatient clinic between January, 2011 and June, 2017. Clinical data were obtained through chart reviews and phone call interviews. We used logistic regression analysis to analyze the risk factors associated with the occurrence of subsequent unprovoked seizure. Results: Of the 895 patients who presented to our hospital due to their febrile seizure, 83 developed FS after 6 years of age. Among them, 3 patients were prescribed antiepileptic drugs before the onset of the unprovoked seizure, and 4 patients developed an unprovoked seizure before 6 years of age. Thus, overall, 76 patients were included in the study. 51 patients developed first FS before 6 years of age. In the remaining patients, the first FS developed after 6 years of age. The mean observational period since the last outpatient follow-up visit was 3.2 years (median 3.04 years, range: 1.42-4.71 years). Among them, 21% developed an unprovoked seizure. Logistic regression analysis showed that electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities served as an independent risk factor for a subsequent unprovoked seizure. Conclusion: EEG is the proper diagnostic tool to predict the risk of a subsequent unprovoked seizure in patients with FS after 6 years of age.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2007

Background : The causes of chest pain vary but the leading cause of chest pain is ischemic heart disease. Mortality from ischemic chest pain has increased more than two fold over the last ten years. The purpose of this study was to determine the data necessary for rapid treatment of patients with signs and symptoms of ischemic chest pain in the emergency department (ED). Materials and Methods : We interviewed 170 patients who had ischemic chest pain in the emergency department of Yeungnam University Hospital over 6 months with a protocol developed for the evaluation. The protocol used included gender, age, arriving time, prior hospital visits, methods of transportation to the hospital, past medical history, final diagnosis, and outcome information from follow up. Results : Among 170 patients, there were 118 men (69.4%) and the mean age was 63 years. The patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were 106 (62.4%) and with angina pectoris (AP) were 64 (37.6%). The patients who had visited another hospital were 68.8%, twice the number that came directly to this hospital (p<0.05). The ratio of patients who visited another hospital were higher for the AMI (75.5%) than the AP (59.4%) patients (p<0.05). The median time spent deciding whether to go to hospital was 521 minutes and for transportation was 40 minutes. With regard to patients that visited another hospital first, the median time spent at the other hospital was 40 minutes. The total median time spent before arriving at our hospital was 600 minutes (p>0.05). The patients who had a total time delay of over 6 hours was similar 54.8% in the AMI group and 57.9% in the AP group (p>0.05). As a result, only 12.2% of the patients with an AMI received thrombolytics, and 48.8% of them had a simultaneous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the emergency department 8.5% of the patients with an AMI died. Conclusion : Timing is an extremely important factor for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Most patients arrive at the hospital after a long time lapse from the onset of chest pain. In addition, most patients present to a different hospital before they arrive at the final hospital for treatment. Therefore, important time is lost and opportunities for treatment with thrombolytics and/or PCI are diminished leading to poor outcomes for many patients in the ED. The emergency room treatment must improve for the identification and treatment of ischemic heart disease so that patients can present earlier and treatment can be started as soon as they present to an emergency room.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2003

Purpose : The urinary mass screening program for the detection of urinary abnormalities in school aged population has been performed in Seoul since 1981. Nation-wide urinary mass screening program was also performed since 1998. The aim of this study was to analyze the cause and nature of isolated proteinuria detected by chance on the urinary mass screening test in Busan and Kyungsangnam-do Province Methods : The medical records of 44 cases of isolated proteinuria detected by chance on the urinary mass screening test in Busan and Kyungsangnam-do Province, and evaluated for urinary abnormalities at the pediatrics outpatients renal clinics of Busan Paik Hospital from April 2002 to August 2003 were reviewed prospectively. Results : The cause and incidence of isolated proteinuria were as follows; transient proteinuria 4 cases(9.1%), orthostatic proteinuria 36 cases(81.8%) and persistent proteinuria 4 cases (9.1%). The total protein amount of the 24 hour urine were $121.0{\pm}136.4\;mg$ in transient proteinuria, $179.1{\pm}130.0\;mg$ in orthostatic proteinuria and $1532.8{\pm}982.5\;mg$ in persistent proteinuria. In the orthostatic proteinuria group, the total protein amount of the 24 hour urine was in the range of 40-616 mg. Spot urine protein/creatinine ratio(PCR) were $0.10{\pm}0.01$ in transient proteinuria, $0.61{\pm}0.61$ in orthostatic proteinuria and $4.35{\pm}4.04$ in persistent proteinuria. In the orthostatic proteinuria group, spot me PCR was in the range of 0.09-2.32. Renal biopsy was peformed in 4 children of the persisitent proteinuria group. They showed minimal change in 1 case, membranoproliferatiye glomerulonephritis in 2 cases and secondary renal amyloidosis in 1 case. Conclusion : The majority of isolated proteinuria which was detected by chance on school urinary mass screening were transient or orthostatic proteinuria. Even though the incidence of persistent proteinuria was much lower, it is necessary to take care of these children regularly and continuously, because persistent proteinuria itself is a useful marker of the progressive renal problems.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.436-445
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• 2008

Stroke is a serious disease despite recent improvements in the medical treatments available. Thirty-six stroke patients were interviewed as case and 36 non-stroke patients were interviewed as controls between February 2005 and August 2005 at Daegu S Medical Center. Information regarding the subjects' food habits was collected using the recall method from 5 years before the onset of stroke. Using interview techniques, we investigated how dietary habits and attitude influence nutrient intake. These results were analyzed by the $X^2$, Student's t-test and Chi-square test using the SPSS 12.0 program. This case-control study was performed to demonstrate the relationships among general quality factors (BMI, WHR, and family history of stroke) and lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise and alcohol drinking). The results were as follows. Analysis of the percentage of nutrient intake in terms of meal pattern showed that WHR was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Hypertension and diabetes were the most common preceding diseases associated with the risk of stroke. The frequencies of smoking, alcohol consumption (p<0.001) and exercise (p<0.05) were higher in the cases than in the controls. Thus, the findings of this study are consistent with those of previous studies and suggest that people should be advised to control hypertension, smoking, alcohol drinking and obesity in order to prevent the occurrence of stroke as these factors are major risk factors for stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 1998

Objectives and Methods：This study investigated clinical characteristics, treatment modality, outcome of 57 children and adolescent inpatients(male 53, female 4) who were diagnosed as pervasive developmental disorder(PDD) by DSM-Ⅳ criteria recent five years. Results：1) The mean age at admission was $96{\pm}28.2$ months, and the mean age at which they first visited treatment facility was $52{\pm}26.6$ months. The mean hospitalization period was $43.7{\pm}31.3$ days. 2) Diagnosis：Twenty-seven(47.4%) of subjects met DSM-Ⅳ criteria for PDD NOS. Fifteen (26.3%) met for autistic disorder, nine(15.8%) met for Asperger's syndrome, and two(3.5%) met for childhood disintegrative disorder. 3) Comorbid diagnosis：The most common comorbid dignosis was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(23.8%). 4) IQ test：IQ test for twenty-eight subjects was possible. The Average of the subjects was $70{\pm}27.5$. Fifteen(53.6%) of the subjects were approximate or under 70. 5) Neurology Abnormality：EEG findings of eleven(21.2%) subjects were abnormal, brain CT or MRI findings of eight subjects(21.6%) were abnormal. 6) Family Hx：Depressive disorder were found in Eight mothers(14%). Familial loading was found in twenty families(35.1%), and familial loading of PDD was found in three(5.3%). Conclusion：The most important thing for the management of PDD is early detection and early treatment. To do so, multidisciplinary team approach should be emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 1998

Objective：Present study investigated the relationship between mothers' self-perception and perception of children's problems. Method：Subjects were 63 children, mothers, who visited child & adolescent psychiatric clinic. Their mothers completed Minnesota Mulpiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) & Korean Personality Inventory for Children(KPI-C). Correlation between validity scales of mothers' MMPI and validity scales of KPI-C was analysed, and then we divided subjects into two group(High & Low Group) according to the MMPI validity scales, and compared KPI-C's validity scales by student t-test. Result：There were significant positive correlation(r=.30) between K scale of MMPI and L scale of KPI-C, significant negative correlation(r=-.32) F scale of MMPI and L scale of KPI-C. The Means of T scores did show significant difference according to MMPI F, K scales in KPI-C L scale, to MMPI L scale in KPI-C F scale. Conclusion：These results indicated that defensive mothers tend to perceive her child's problems more defensively. However mothers who exaggerate their problem more severely, do not exaggerate their children's problem. Therefore, these result suggested that we should be careful not to underestimate children's problem whose mother elevated in K scale of MMPI.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.245-252
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• 1999

Purpose : The aim of this study is to determine the age-specific seropositivity and the level of measles specific IgG in adults and to evaluate herd immunity to measles in Korea, the measles specific IgG were measured from the sera of adults over ages of 20 in Korea. Methods : 156 sera were collected from 156 out-patients over ages 20, who had visited clinical laboratory from June to July in 1997 at Korea University Ansan Hospital. The histories of natural measles or vaccination were not undertaken. Measles specific IgG titers were measured using ELISA method($SIA^{TM}$ Measles IgG Kit Co. St. Louis. Mo). Results : The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1) The seropositivity of measles specific IgG in adults was 94.9%. And there were no significant differences in their age and gender. 2) The mean measles-specific IgG titer was $238{\pm}84AU/mL$. And there were no significant differences in age and gender, except significant lower in 4th decades than other age groups. And there were no significant correlations between age and measles specific IgG level. Conclusion : In conclusion, a seropositivity of in adults was 94.9% which was higher than that of adolescents(91.2% in previous study), and antibody level was similar with adolescents. The herd immunity of the adults were considered to enough for protecting the transmission of measles in the community. For the eradication of measles in Korea, more efforts will be required to increase the vaccine coverage rate in children and adolescents.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.239-250
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was obtaining data on the efficacy and safety of risperidone in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Method : Thirty one children and adolescents (males n=18, females n=13, age ranged from 5.4 to 17.3 years) treated with risperidone were selected among child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients of Seoul National University Hospital from January, 2001 to June, 2002, and charts for them were reviewed retrospectively. Results : The primary psychiatric disorders treated with risperidone were schizophrenia and other psychosis, bipolar I disorder with psychotic features, Tourette's disorder, autism spectrum disorders, mixed receptive and expressive language disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. twelve of these had comorbid mental retardation. Primary target symptoms of risperidone were psychotic symptoms (n=13 or $41.9\%$), behavioral symptoms (n=10 or $32.3\%$) including aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity, stereotypy nonresponsive to other psychiatric treatments, and chronic and severe tics (n=8, $25.8\%$). The efficacy of risperidone was measured by clinical global improvement (CGI) for target symptoms, $67.7\%$ of subjects showed moderate or marked improvements and its therapeutic effect appeared to be maintained during at least 7.5 months. Mean daily dosage of risperidone was $0.05{\pm}0.01mg/kg$, the group with psychotic symptoms had significantly higher mean daily dosage (0.07mg/kg) compared with other two groups (0.04mg/kg) with behavioral symptoms or tics. A variety of adverse events were reported in this study : weight gain (n=23) most commonly reported, extrapyramidal symptoms (n=15), autonomic symptoms (n=6), sedation (n=5) and symptoms related to hyperprolactinemia (n=2) etc. Although there was no drug change related to the adverse events of risperidone, and $90\%$ of subjects at their last visits were maintained on it, thus its tolerability appeared good. Conclusions Results suggest that risperidone may be relatively safe and effective drug in managing a wide variety of child and adolescent psychopathologies such as psychotic symptoms, behavioral symptoms including aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity and stereotypy nonresponsive to other psychiatric treatments, and chronic and severe tics. Controlled and long-term studies of efficacy and safety of risperidone treatment for children and adolescents are recommended in the future.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1999

Purpose : VUR is state where urine regurge from bladder to ureter and kidney. It is shown in about 1/3 of urinary tract infection patients and it is classified as grade I to V. We compared results from RI VCUG(Radiisotope voiding cystourethrography) and X-ray VCUG which used in diagnosing VUR in children, to evaluate which is better in diagnosing VUR in children. Methods : 41 Patients(19 males, 21 females), who visited Pediatric department, Soonchunhyang university Hospital from peroid of 1991. January to 1998. July for recurrent urinary tract infection or abnormalities in ultrasonogams, were enrolled in the study. The age ranged from 9 months to 17 years and mean age was 5 1/2 years. Both RI VCUG and X-ray VCUG were done and follow-up test of urine culture, renal ultrasonogram and RI VCUG were done every month, every 3 month and every 6 month, respectively to observe the disappearance of VUR and evaluated the prognosis. Results : 24 patients had taken RI VCUG and 17(70.1%) patients showed positive result. 22 patients had taken X-ray VCUG and 9(40.1%) patients showed findings of VUR. 17 patients had taken both tests and 14 patients showed positive result in RI VCUG and 6 of these patients also showed reflux in X-ray VCUG. 3 patients who showed negative in RI VCUG, showed negative also in X-ray VCUG. For prognosis, resolution and scar formation was shown in 8 patients each. Persistent VUR was shown in 6 patients and 2 of these patients VUR was corrected by operation, 1 patient showed decreased renal function, and 1 patient was not follwed up. 8 of 9 patients who showed findings of VUR on DMSA scan formed a scar and 8 patients who showed no findings of VUR didn't form a scar. Urine culture was positive in 17 of 19 patients with VUR. Positive rate in urine culture was higher than that of patients with no VUR who showed positivity in 15 of 21 patients for urine culture. E. coli was most common organism and the period free of UTI was 14 months in VUR patients and it was shorter compared to patients without VUR which was 26 months. Conclusion : In diagnosing VUR in children, the positive rate was higher in RI VCUG than X-ray VCUG. Therefore, in early diagnosis when VUR is suspicious but not shown in X-ray VCUG, RI VCUG should be done and it will help to make accurate diagnosis.