• Korean Security Journal
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• no.39
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• pp.7-35
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• 2014

The objective of this research is to find out what the Korean traditional changing of SooMunJang and the United Kingdom's ceremony of changing the guard suggests us by performing comparative analysis as well as research of the United Kingdom Household Division's history of transition, organization, and their missions since 1660. The Royal Household is a constitutional monarchy and served by the Household Division for 350 years as a symbol of the United Kingdom. The Household Division is a regular army that is affiliated to British Army. The Guards Division consists of two cavalry regiments and five infantry regiments along with the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery. The Household Division not only escorts the king, guards royal palace, and attends a official function, but also dispatched to a combat area as the most elite troops. Similarities in aspect of king escort, palace guard, and succession of tradition were found from the comparison between Korean and the United Kingdom's changing of the guard. On the other hand, fundamental purpose and objective, process of forming a tourist attraction, organization were distinctive. While the Household Division and the Royal Household became a worldwide symbol of the United Kingdom, Korean changing of SooMunJang is insufficient to represent Korean traditional royal guard custom and just reenacting historical tradition to emphasize the succession of tradition and to develop tourism. Therefore, this research is suggesting methods to improve the cultural contents of distinctive Korean traditional royal guard and escort of royal family.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.21
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• pp.35-52
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• 2009

The guard system in the last period of the Joseon Dynasty, established at the time of the struggle of invading world powers and the loss of the Dynasty rights, was strengthened to protect the Royal family and the Dynasty from the attacks of foreign powers. While investigating both the military system and the guard system from the beginning of King Gojong's direct royal governing to the time of Japanese annexation of Korea, we realize that the Joseon Dynasty not only lost the support of the public but also had little power to cope with the aggression of foreign countries. The reformation and strengthening by Daewongun, King Gojong's father, was made in preparation for King Gojong's direct royal rule. Nevertheless, the intervention of foreign countries in the domestic affairs of the Joseon Dynasty got worse. As opposed to their intervention, Queen Minbi had engaged in politics, which resulted in murderous attempts on her. The Joseon Dynasty had tried to reform and intensify the guard system. New names such as Muwiso, Chingunyeong, and Siwidai, had been given respectively. Such reformation and intensification had little effect because of two successive victories at the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War of Japan. Japan occupied the Joseon Dynasty by force after all. The guard system of Daehan-jeguk(the Empire of Korea) was eventually incapacitated; an army in the cause of justice was raised instead. However, The state of things and the guard system at that incapacitated period gives a good lesson for the establishment of a modern guard system at the present day.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.16
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• pp.229-241
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• 2008

he guarding system of the "Choson" era is completed by the Gyeongguk-daejeon(an administrative canon) at the kings "Sejong" and "Yejong", and it is supplemented at the King "Seongjong". "Geum-gun" is composed of "Naegeum-wi", "Gyeombok-sa", "Wirim-wi" and "Jeongro-wi" in the period before the Japanese Aggression of Korea in 1952, and in the period after the aggression war, the organization of the "Geum-gun" is changed repeatedly according to circumstances in the period after the aggression. They("Geum-gun") devote themselves to the protection of kings and the capital defense in the first period of the "Choson" era. The most important change of the "Geum-gun" is the practice of five military units system, three military units of them, "Hunryeon-dogam", "Eoyeong-cheong" and "Geumwi-yeong", take charge of the guard of kings and the capital defense, and "Chongyung-cheong" and "Sueo-cheong" take charge of the defense of the outer areas of the capital region with key positions located at "Namhan-sanseong" and "Bukhan-sanseong"(mountain fortress Walls). The function of the "Geum-gun" is extended through the aggressions, therefore the number of soldiers is increased greatly. The guarding system for the country and its royal family is frequently changed according to the improvement of the people's position with themselves-awakening and their understanding of realities. The reorganization of the "Geum-gun" including "Howi-cheong", "Geumgun-cheong", "Sukwi-so" and "Jangyong-yeong" is unavoidable to strengthen the royal rights that are weaken by deposing the king "Injo". The standing of the existing organizations is changed many times with financial problems. The enthronement of the king "Jeongjo" is a great epoch in the change of the guarding system.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.139-176
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• 2013

It is believed that the Koryo dynasty era is the period which has very special meaning with regard to the history of the VIP guard system. The guard system in the early Koryo dynasty time focused on the official protection for kings and their families with absolute royal authority. On the contrary, the guard system in the late Koryo dynasty time, especially military regime period, conducted providing private protection for military rulers and increasing their power. The official guard troops named 2Gun6Wii became just perfunctory organizations at that time. That is the reason why this study develops the discussion only about the guard system of the early Koryo time. The official VIP guard organizations under the government structure of the early Koryo period were Naegoonbu, Byeongbu and Joongchoowon. This study particularly reviewed the Joongchoowon with thorough research. In the meantime, the guard organizations under the military chart of the early Koryo period were 2Gun6Wii, Gonghakgoon, Geonryonggun and so on. 2Gun consisted of ungyanggun and yonghogun. They were the royal bodyguards. This study especially tried to review the substance of the Gonghakgoon, Geonryonggun with different point of view from other theories. The Gumowwii, one of 6 Wii, conducted many official duties such as royal palace protection, capital city Gaesung defence, area patrols, criminal apprehension and disturbance prevention. It also accomplished crowd control and convoy mission at the streets to respond emergency cases while carrying out VIP protection roles for kings and Chinese diplomats. Many bibliographies verified that the Chunwoowii was the royal bodyguards which helped kings during state ceremonies and grand meetings held by kings. Consequentially, it is true that this study discovered, analyzed and evaluated various references and research materials related with the guard system. It is meaningful that this study newly reviewed the organizations and functions of the guard system as one structure.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.34
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• pp.233-258
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• 2013

In the early days of the Goryeo Dynasty, the royal guard was comprised of the central regular army in the 2-gun-6-wi system, and Nasungeomgun was in charge of the security inside the palace. However, the military system became disorganized during the period of military rule and the royal guard had to rely on military subjects. The military officials suppressed the civil ministers centering on Jungbang, the guarding organization close to the King to incapacitate the royal authority and control the state affairs. When the rule of the three leaders of the military rule became short-lived and Dae-seung Gyeong is raised to the ruler, he organized a do-or-die squad comprised of a hundred and more people for his personal safety, and this became the first dobang. Dobang was disassembled after Dae-seung Gyeong died of disease, but under the rule of Chung-heon Choe, Dae-seung Gyeong's dobang was revived and reinforced into 'Yukbeon Dobang' to provide the ruler with personal protection and intensify the ruling system, and it was quite a large organization with more refined system. Yukbeon Dobang was expanded and reinforced into Naeoedobang under the rule of Woo Choe, the son of Chung-heon Choe, and it was enhanced even more into Dobang Samsipyukbeon System under the rule of the grandson, Hang Choe. Dobang can be considered as the guard organization in modern sense, and it collected information and surveyed the area where guarding is required and house troops that belonged to Naedobang eliminated the risks that may follow afterwards to make assurance doubly sure for guarding. The Choe's regime established Mabyeolcho as a private guard organization in addition to dobang, and this formed the cavalry and infantry units with dobang. Yabyeolcho organized by Woo Choe in the reign of King Gojong was divided into Joabyeolcho and Ubyeolcho, and later Sineuigun was integrated with them to form Sambyeolcho. Originally, Yabyeolcho was established under the rule of Woo Choe to prevent crime in the evening, but after Sineuigun was organized with the ones who were captured by Mongolian army but escaped, in other words when Sambyeolcho was organized, the organization displayed much broader influence by covering military and police affairs as well as punishment and imprisonment. The guarding organization during the Period of Military Rule in the Goryeo Dynasty did not have strict distinction between official guard and personal guard. The private guard in modern days which is the equivalent of personal guard is characterized by its commerciality, however, house troops and the members of dobang did not seem to pursued profit. The guard organization during the period of military rule started from dobang which was organized for personal safety but gradually developed publicness through the participation of civil ministers and expansion, and later it played the pivotal role for social security serving official purpose up to the level where the distinction between official and private activities was blurred during the period of Sambyeolcho.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.28
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• pp.131-152
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• 2011

Jangyongyoung was a royal guard in the King Jeongjo Period. The guard was established after the inauguration of King Jeongjo to protect the king and strengthen the royal authority. In terms of security study, it has high value in that it gives insights to the development of security system and its achievements and new role of supporting king's cultural events. Jangyongyoung was a formal guard established to achieve king's political reform. After the King Injo restoration, there sprouted many security guards, including Howicheong, Eoyounggun, and Gemgun. Those were all makeshift systems. But Jangyongyoung grew as a standing and futurist system as it went through some different names, Sukwiso, Jangyongwi, and finally Jangyongyoung. It served to protect the legitimacy of King's succession, to strengthen royal authority, and to bring stability to people's lives. Jangyongyoung had an efficient organization and operation. It also had the characteristics of modern security, integration, professionalism and size. In Jangyongyoung, military training and security were not separate. They protected king from dangers and guarded king's bed, and they trained themselves to deal with unforeseen occurrences. By doing so, they could support king's many activities, including visit to royal tombs, touring of Hwaseong Fortress, and watching military training. Jangyongyoung not only served as a military guard but also it had a cultural function. They made it possible that king and people met in the king's procession. Jangyongyoung supported Jeongjo's political reform, and as a royal guard it enhanced the authority of royal family and exemplified a new security guard by supporting king's cultural events where king, servants and people could become one.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.413-429
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• 2007

The Guard over the royal household in the "Goryeo" era was the same as if was over the President or Ruler of a nation today. In those days, a king represented a nation and any threat to the safety of a king could bring the destruction of a nation and the dispersion of the people. by reviewing the change of the 2-Gun 6-Wi system of the era, it can be, summed up as follow, Ther will be suggestions. The Guard might focus on a king's personal safety in the wake of the system of the Silla and Taebong dynasties until the establishment of the Goryeo Dynasty's unique political system. "Goryeo" rebuilt the royal palace in Gyeonyeong-gun to take the shape of unified country after its accomplishment of unification of the late three countries, Then it was afraid of the rebellion and uprising of local powerful clans, The country put them under control and organized the local army with them in the era of Kings, Seongjong, through the kings, Seongjong and Gwangjong. The army system of "Goryeo" consisted of 2-Gun and 6-Wi, and 2-Gun placed above the 6-Wi played the role of the Royal guards, and among the organizations a certain army under the specific name of "Gyeonyong-gun" guarded the kings in the nearest position. An aristocratic culture enjoyed its golden age in the period of stability of the aristocracy of "Goryeo", but afterward in the confusion of the aristocratic disruption and incompatible confrontation the country lost its control, and faced military rebellions by treating civil officials well and ill-treating military officials The safety of kings become unstable with the grasping political power by the military officials, and "Dobang" was established in the era of Choi's family to grasp political power. In the era of Choi Woo, he gathered his men and organized his familys army with them and managed the personnel administration with the civil officials of "Jeongbang and Seobang under his command. Such a fact shows the similarity to today's task of guarding. Considering the facts that "Sambyeolcho, the military ground of the military-men-rule, was at the center of the struggling against Mongolia and that even after the fall of the military regime, they rebelled and fought against Mongolia to the end, we came to know that the nationalism in the era of the military era was great. In the transition of external situations from "Myeong" to "Won"(Chinese dynasties), the conflict between the old "Won"-friendly power and the new "Myeong"-friendly power caused the weakness of the power to guard the royal household, and "Goryeo" at last gave way to the newly rising "Joseon" led by Lee, Seong Gye who won the people's confidence.