• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.60-67
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• 1999

299 chemical analyses are used to study the characteristics of mineral and thermal waters in South Korea. Even though the concentration of chemical components in thermal waters are generally very low, mineral waters having components more than 1,000 ppm of dissolved total solid(TDS) are reached up to 19% total analyses data, In Germany, Japan or some other countries, mineral and thermal waters are detined not only by water temperature, but also by chemical components. The principle of Law in Japan in also almost same with the German regulations. However, the Law for thermal spring In Korea permit thermal water to be qualifiled only by water temperature. For including chemical characters into the regulations or Law of thermal spring, the limit values of TDS and other 9 micro components related to mineral and thermal waters was selected through this study.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.501-504
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• 2007

선구조 밀도에 따른 지열류량 분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 선구조의 빈도 및 연장에 의한 선구조 밀도 분포도를 각각 작성하고, 측정 위치별 지열류량 값과 비교 분석하였다. 두드러진 단층의 발달과 많은 온천이 분포하는 경상분지 남부를 연구 대상지역으로 하였으며, 음영기복도 및 위성영상으로 부터 1km 이상되는 1337개의 선구조를 추출하였고, 빈도및 길이에 따른 선구조 분포 밀도도를 작성하였다. 연구 지역 내 51개의 지열류량 자료를 이용하여 측정위치별 선구조 밀도 값을 획득하고 지열류량 값과의 상관성을 파악하기 위하여 선형회귀 분석을 실시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.115-118
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate the noble gas isotope and the hydrochemical characteristics of hot springs in the Chungcheong area in Korea. This study was carried. out by the financial support of Korea-Japan joint research program of KOSEF, Noble gases are very useful tracers to investigate volatile elements circulation, because of their unique isotopic compositions in various reservoirs of the Earth. Isotopic ratios of noble gases has been carried out for If hot-spring samples from Daejon and its near areas in Korea last January 2004. Helium isotope ratio gave the evidence that helium gas of different origins(air-crust mixing origin, crust-origin and mantle-origin) is supplied into hot-spring waters in Korea. We found the distinct relationship between temperature of hot springs and helium gas origin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.382-385
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• 2002

부산 금정산 일대의 평균 수리전도도는 1E-6m/sec ~ 1E--8m/sec차수의 범위로 시험공별로 차이를 보이고 있다. 이 지역에서 지표면의 해발고도(X)에 따른 지하수위(Y)의 상관식 Y =1.00024*X - 3.26725 으로부터 지하수위를 추정하였다. 이 지역에 내린 총 강수량은 함양지역(24,524,131$m^2$)에 연평균강수량(1477.5mm)를 곱한 값(36,234,404㎥/yr)이고, 총 함양량은 기저유출량까지 합한 양(9,073,254㎥/yr)이다 증발산량은 강수량의 약 49%이므로 17,754,858㎥/yr이다. 온천수 사용량은 2,500㎥/day이고, 산성마을의 지하수 사용량은 1,000㎥/day으로 보면, 인위적인 양수량은 1,095,000㎥/yr(강수량의 3%)가 된다. 3차원 지하수유동 모델링 소프트웨어인 GMS package의 MODFLOW를 사용하여 분석한 결과, 금정터널 예정 구간(9.99km)에서의 최대 유출량은 99,200㎥/day이다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.161-176
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• 1995

Leisure motivation is an important concept in the study of leisure behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine visitors' motivations for hot spring resorts in Korea. The data were collected by questionnaires survey in three hot spring resorts in 1994:Suanbo, Paikam, and Chuksan. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: The eight motivation factors extracted by factor analysis such as; 1)"intellectual needs", 2)'escaping everyday life', 3)'closing nature', 4)'recognition or status', 5)'interaction with others', 6)'health', 7)'family vacation', 8)'hot spring bathing'. The three resorts showed significant deferences in the motivation of visitors. Visitors of Suanbo have high motivation for 'intellectual needs', 'interaction with others', and 'thealth', and visitors of Chuksan for 'closing nature', 'family vacation', and 'hot spring bathing'. This study has proved first, psychological(pushing) factors are more important than pulling factors of resorts, second, in pulling factors, natural sceneries were more important than medicinal properties of the hot springs. And this study found several important implications for predicting visitors' demand in hot spring resorts.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2000

299 chemical analyses are used to study the characteristics of mineral and thermal waters in South Korea. Even though the concentration of chemical components in thermal waters are generally very low, mineral waters having components more than 1,000 ppm of dissolved total solid(TDS) are reached up to 1975 of total analyses data, In Germany, Japan or some other countries, mineral and thermal waters are defined not only by water temperature, but also by chemical components. The principle of Law in Japan is also almost same with the German regulations. However, the Law for thermal spring In Korea permit thermal water to be qualifiled only by water temperature. For including chemical characters into the regulations or Law of thermal spring, the limit values of TDS and other 9 micro components related to mineral and thermal waters was selected through this study.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.216-237
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• 2017

Thermal effluent of the hot spring has long been a field of interest in the relationship between temperature gradient and freshwater algae in geology, limnology and aquatic ecology throughout the world. On the other hand, many artificial hot springs have been developed in Korea, but the research on them has not been still active. This study was performed every month from December 2015 to September 2016, to elucidate the spatiotemporal effects of thermal wastewater effluent (TWE) on the ecosystem of benthic algal assemblage in four stations(BSU (upstream), HSW (hot spring wastewater outlet), BSD1~2 (downstream)) of the upstream reach of the Buso Stream, a tributary located in the Hantan River basin. During the survey, the influencing distance of temperature on TWE was <1.0 km, and it was the main source of N P nutrients at the same time. The effects of TWE were dominant at low temperature and dry season (December~March), but it was weak at high temperature and wet season (July~September), reflecting some seasonal characteristics. Under these circumstances, the attached algal communities were identified to 59 genera and 143 species. Of these, the major phylum included 21 genera 83 species of diatoms(58.0%), 9 genera 21 species of blue-green algae (14.7%) and 25 genera 32 species of green algae (22.4%), respectively. The spatiotemporal distribution of them was closely related to water temperature ($5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$) and current ($0.2m\;s^{-1}$ and $0.8m\;s^{-1}$). In the basic environment maintaining a high water temperature throughout the year round, the flora favoring high affinity to $PO_4$ in the water body or preferring stream habitat of abundant $NO_3-PO_4$ was dominant. As a result, when compared with the outcomes of previous algal ecology studies conducted in Korea, the Buso Stream was evaluated as a serious polluted state due to persistent excess nutrient supply and high thermal pollution throughout the year round by TWE. It can be regarded as a dynamic ecosystem in which homogeneity (Summer~Autumn) and heterogeneity (Winter~Spring) are repeated between upstream and downstream.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.238-253
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• 2017

The sewage and wastewater (SAW) are a well-known major source of eutrophication and greentide in freshwaters and also a potential source of thermal pollution; however, there were few approaches to thermal effluent of SAW in Korea. This study was performed to understand the behavioral dynamics of the thermal effluents and their effects on the water quality of the connected streams during winter season, considering domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and hot spring wastewater from December 2015 to February 2016. Sampling stations were selected the upstream, the outlet of SAW, and the downstream in each connected stream, and the water temperature change was monitored toward the downstream from the discharging point of SAW. The temperature effect and its range of SAW on the stream were dependent not only on the effluent temperature and quantity but also on the local air temperature, water temperature and stream discharge. The SAW effects on the stream water temperature were observed with temperature increase by $2.1{\sim}5.8^{\circ}C$ in the range of 1.0 to 5.5 km downstream. Temperature effect was the greatest in the hot spring wastewater despite of small amount of effluent. The SAW was not only related to temperature but also to the increase of organic matter and nutrients in the connected stream. The industrial wastewater effluent was discharged with high concentration of nitrogen, while the hot spring wastewater was high in both phosphorus and nitrogen. The difference between these cases was due to with and without chemical T-P treatment in the industrial and the hot spring wastewater, respectively. The chlorophyll-a content of the attached algae was high at the outlet of SAW and the downstream reach, mostly in eutrophic level. These ecological results were presumably due to the high water temperature and phosphorus concentration in the stream brought by the thermal effluents of SAW. These results suggest that high temperature of the SAW needs to be emphasized when evaluating its effects on the stream water quality (water temperature, fertility) through a systematized spatial and temporal investigation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.1 s.72
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• pp.43-62
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• 2004

Conventionally the estimation method of the origin-destination Matrix has been developed by implementing the expansion of sampled data obtained from roadside interview and household travel survey. In the survey process, the bigger the sample size is, the higher the level of limitation, due to taking time for an error test for a cost and a time. Estimating the O-D matrix from observed traffic count data has been applied as methods of over-coming this limitation, and a gradient model is known as one of the most popular techniques. However, in case of the gradient model, although it may be capable of minimizing the error between the observed and estimated traffic volumes, a prior O-D matrix structure cannot maintained exactly. That is to say, unwanted changes may be occurred. For this reason, this study adopts a conjugate gradient algorithm to take into account two factors: estimation of the O-D matrix from the conjugate gradient algorithm while reflecting the prior O-D matrix structure maintained. This development of the O-D matrix estimation model is to minimize the error between observed and estimated traffic volumes. This study validates the model using the simple network, and then applies it to a large scale network. There are several findings through the tests. First, as the consequence of consistency, it is apparent that the upper level of this model plays a key role by the internal relationship with lower level. Secondly, as the respect of estimation precision, the estimation error is lied within the tolerance interval. Furthermore, the structure of the estimated O-D matrix has not changed too much, and even still has conserved some attributes.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1193-1207
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• 2013

Increase of impervious area caused by overdevelopment has led to increase of runoff and then the problem of flooding and NPS were brought up. In addition, as decrease of base flow made groundwater level to decline, a stream that dries up is issued. low impact development (LID) method which is possible to mimic hydrological water cycle, minimize the effect of development, and improve water cycle structure is proposed as an alternative. As introduction of LID in domestic increases, the study on small watershed is in process mainly. Also, analysis of property of hydrological runoff and load on midsize watershed, like sewage treatment district, is required, the study on it is still insufficient. So, area applying LID practices from watershed of Dongrae stream is pinpointed and made the ratio and then expand it to watershed of Oncheon stream. Among low impact development practices, Green Roof, Porous Pavement, and Bio- retention are selected for the application considering domestic situations and simulated with SWMM-LID model of each watershed and improvement of water cycle and reduction of non-point pollution loads was analysed. Improvement of water cycle and reduction of non-point pollution loads were analyzed including the property of rainfall and soil over long term simulation. The model was executed according to scenario based on combination of LID as changing conductivity in accordance with soil type of the watershed. Also, this study evaluated area of LID application that meets the efficiency of conventional management as a criteria for area of LID practices applying to sewer treatment district by comparing the efficiency of LID application with that of conventional method.