Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2017.50.2.216

Ecological Characteristics of Periphyton Community in a Small Mountain Stream (Buso) Inflowing Thermal Wastewater Effluent, Korea  

Jeon, Gyeonghye (Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University)
Kim, Nan-Young (Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University)
Hwang, Soon-Jin (Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University)
Shin, Jae-Ki (Office for Southern Region Management of the Nakdong River, Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water))
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment / v.50, no.2, 2017 , pp. 216-237 More about this Journal
Abstract
Thermal effluent of the hot spring has long been a field of interest in the relationship between temperature gradient and freshwater algae in geology, limnology and aquatic ecology throughout the world. On the other hand, many artificial hot springs have been developed in Korea, but the research on them has not been still active. This study was performed every month from December 2015 to September 2016, to elucidate the spatiotemporal effects of thermal wastewater effluent (TWE) on the ecosystem of benthic algal assemblage in four stations(BSU (upstream), HSW (hot spring wastewater outlet), BSD1~2 (downstream)) of the upstream reach of the Buso Stream, a tributary located in the Hantan River basin. During the survey, the influencing distance of temperature on TWE was <1.0 km, and it was the main source of N P nutrients at the same time. The effects of TWE were dominant at low temperature and dry season (December~March), but it was weak at high temperature and wet season (July~September), reflecting some seasonal characteristics. Under these circumstances, the attached algal communities were identified to 59 genera and 143 species. Of these, the major phylum included 21 genera 83 species of diatoms(58.0%), 9 genera 21 species of blue-green algae (14.7%) and 25 genera 32 species of green algae (22.4%), respectively. The spatiotemporal distribution of them was closely related to water temperature ($5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$) and current ($0.2m\;s^{-1}$ and $0.8m\;s^{-1}$). In the basic environment maintaining a high water temperature throughout the year round, the flora favoring high affinity to $PO_4$ in the water body or preferring stream habitat of abundant $NO_3-PO_4$ was dominant. As a result, when compared with the outcomes of previous algal ecology studies conducted in Korea, the Buso Stream was evaluated as a serious polluted state due to persistent excess nutrient supply and high thermal pollution throughout the year round by TWE. It can be regarded as a dynamic ecosystem in which homogeneity (Summer~Autumn) and heterogeneity (Winter~Spring) are repeated between upstream and downstream.
Keywords
eutrophication; hot-spring wastewater; periphyton; stream; thermal pollution; water quality;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 14  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Murdock, J.N. 2002. Early Periphyton Accumulation and Composition in a Wastewater Effluent Dominated Stream: Effects of Season, Distance from Discharge, and Flow Regime. Master's Thessis, Texas A&M University. USA.
2 Nikulina, T.V. and J.P. Kociolek. 2011. Diatoms from hot springs from Kuril and Sakhlin Islands (far east, Russia). In: The Diatom World (Seckbach, J. and J.P. Kociolek, eds.). Springer, New York, USA. pp. 333-363.
3 Owen, R.B., R.W. Renaut and B. Jones. 2008. Geothermal diatoms: a comparative study of floras in hot spring systems of Iceland, New Zealand, and Kenya. Hydrobiologia 61: 175-192.
4 Rump, H.H. and H. Krist. 1988. Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Water, Wastewater and Soil. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Publication, New York, USA. 190p.
5 Seo, Y.C., D.H. Kim and Y.K. Shin. 2010. Physicochemical characteristics and dynamics of the periphyton communities in the downstream watershed of the Doam-dam. Korean Journal of Society for Environmental Analysis 13: 116-124. (in Korean)
6 Shin, G.A. 2007. Chemical Characteristics and Periphyton Distribution in the Nakdong River. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. 60p. (in Korean)
7 Ter Braak, C.J.F. 1987. Ordination. In: Data analysis in community and landscape ecology (Jongnam, R.H.G., C.J.F. ter Braak, O.F.R. Van Tongeren, eds.). Pudoc. Wageningen. pp. 91-173.
8 Stock, M.S. and A.K. Ward. 1991. Blue-green algal mats in a small stream. Journal of Phycology 27: 692-698.   DOI
9 Stockner, J.G. 1968. Algal growth and primary productivity in a thermal stream. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25: 2037-2058.   DOI
10 Ter Braak, C.J.F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167-1179.   DOI
11 United State of Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Clean Water Act NPDES Permitting Determinations for the Thermal Discharge and Cooling Water Intake Structures at Merrimack Station in Bow, New Hampshire. EPA-New England, USA. 358p.
12 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2000. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Rivers and Streams. Report No. EPA-822-B-00-002, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, USA. pp. 17-28.
13 Vijver, B.V. de and C. Cocquyt. 2009. Four new diatom species from La Calear hot spring in the Peruvian Andes (Colca Canyon). Diatom Research 24: 209-223.   DOI
14 Ward, D.M. 1978. Thermophilic methanogenesis in a hot-spring algal-bacterial mat (71 to $30^{\circ}C$). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35: 1019-1026.
15 Patrick, R. and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of the United States. Volume 1. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 688p.
16 Park, K.W. 2011. Seasonal Variations of Water Environments and Community of Benthic Diatoms in Streams Crossing over Byeonsan-Bando and Seonunsan Parklands in Jeollabukdo, Korea. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Yeongnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea. 81p. (in Korean)
17 Park, M., J. Lee, S. Jung, C.K. Park, K. Chang and B. Kim. 2012. Effects of sand supply and artificial floods on periphyton in the downstream of a dam (Yangyang Dam, Korea). Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 28: 418-425. (in Korean)
18 Park, S.H. and J.H. Lee. 2007. Environmental studies in the lower part of the Han River IX. Succession of epilithic diatoms on the artificial substrate and factor analysis. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 25: 16-26. (in Korean)
19 Mizuno, T. 1964. Illustrations of the Freshwater Plankton of Japan. Hoikusa Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. 351p. (in Japanese)
20 Patrick, R. and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of the United States. Volume 2. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 213p.
21 Shin, M.S., B.C. Kim, J.K. Kim, M.S. Park, S.M. Jung, C.W. Jang, Y.K. Shin and Y.J. Bae. 2008. Seasonal variations of water quality and periphyton in the Cheonggyecheon. Korean Journal of Limnology 41: 1-10. (in Korean)
22 Shin, J.K. and K.J. Cho. 1998. Primary production of epilithic algae in the Taechong Stream. Korean Journal of Limnology 31: 294-302. (in Korean)
23 Shin, J.K., M.K. Kim, C.K. Kang, S.J. Hwang and M.H. Chung. 2003. Freshwater ecosystem (Mulkol) and periphytic algal biomass in the Tok Island, Korea. Korean Journal of Limnology 36: 463-466. (in Korean)
24 Shin, J.K., Y. Cho, Y. Kim, B.G. Kang and S.J. Hwang. 2016. Explanation of foaming mechanism and experimental application of foam reduction techniques in the treated wastewater outlet of wastewater treatment plant connected to a tidal river, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 49: 187-196. (in Korean)   DOI
25 Sompong, U., P.R. Hawkins, C. Besley and Y. Peerapornpisal. 2005. The distribution of cyanobacteria across physical and chemical gradients in hot springs in northern Thailand. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 52: 365-376.   DOI
26 Song, M.A. 2013. Taxonomic Studies and Community Analysis on Order Chlorococcales (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae) in Hongcheon-River, Korea. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea. 138p. (in Korean)
27 Stevenson, R.J., M.L. Bothwell and R.L. Lowe. 1996. Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystem. Academic press, California, USA. 753p.
28 Yoon, S.A., K.A. You, J.H. Park, B.H. Kim and S.J. Hwang. 2011. Effect of highly concentrated turbid water on the water quality and periphytic diatom community in artificial channel. Korean Journal of Limnology 44: 75-84. (in Korean)
29 Zivic, I., M. Zivic, D. Milosevic, K. Bjelanovic, S. Stanojlovic, R. Daljevic and Z. Markovic. 2013. The effects of geothermal water inflow on longitudinal changes in benthic macroinvertebrate community composition of a temperate stream. Journal of Thermal Biology 38: 255-263.   DOI
30 SPSS. 1998. $SYSTAT{(R)}$ 8.0 Statistics. SPSS Inc. Chigaco, USA. 1,086p.
31 Watanbe, T. and Asai, K. 1990. Numerical simulation using diatom assemblage of organic pollution in streams and lakes. Review of Inquiry and Research 52: 99-139.
32 Waring, G.A. 1965. Thermal Springs of the United States and Other Countries of the World: A Summary. Geological survey professional paper 492, Washington, USA. 383p.
33 Warnaars, T.A., M. Hondzo and M.E. Power. 2007. Abiotic controls on periphyton accrual and metabolism in streams: Scaling by dimensionless numbers. Water Resources Research 43: W08425 1-13.
34 Watanabe, T., T. Ohtsuka, A. Tuji and A. Houki. 2005. Picture Book and Ecology of the Freshwater Diatoms. Uchidarokakuho, Tokyo, Japan. 666p. (in Japanese)
35 Wiegert, R.G. and P.C. Fraleigh. 1972. Ecology of Yellowstone thermal effluent systems: Net primary production and species diversity of a successional blue-green algal mat. Limnology and Oceanography 17: 215-228.   DOI
36 Wilcock, B., B. Biggs, R. Death, C. Hickey, S. Larned and J. Quinn. 2007. Limiting nutrients for controlling undesirable periphyton growth. NIWA Client Report: HAM2007-006. National Istitute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand. 38p.
37 Wilde, E.W. and L.J. Tilly. 1981. Structural characteristics of algal communities in thermally altered artificial streams. Hydrobiologia 76: 57-63.   DOI
38 Winston, W.E. and R.E. Criss. 2002. Geochemical variations during flash flooding, Meramec River basin, May 2000. Journal of Hydrology 265: 149-163.   DOI
39 Allan, J.D. and M.M. Castillo. 2007. Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. 2nd (ed.) Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 436p.
40 Yoon, S.A. 2010. Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Benthic Diatom Communities in Natural and Artificial Streams. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. 118p. (in Korean)
41 American Public Health Association APHA., American Water Works Association AWWA and Water Pollution Control Federation WEF. (APHA). 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd (ed.). American Public Health Association, Washington DC., USA.
42 Baik, Y.K. 1979. An Ecological Study on the Attached Algae in the Mangyung River and Tributaries. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea. 30p. (in Korean)
43 Brock, T.D. 1967a. Life of high temperature. Science 158: 1012-1019.   DOI
44 Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers. USEPA, Washington, USA. 340p.
45 Biggs, B.J.F. 1996. Patterns of benthic algae in streams. In: Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems (Stevenson, R.J., M. Bothwell and R.L. Lowe, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. California, USA. pp. 31-55.
46 Biggs, B.J.F. 2000. Eutrophication of streams and rivers: dissolved nutrient-chlorophyll relationships for benthic algae. Journal of North American Benthological Society 19: 17-31.   DOI
47 Choi, H.S. and C.M. Yu. 1998. A study on the epilithic algae in a stream drained from hot springs. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Society 24: 131-136. (in Korean)
48 Dodds, W.K. and V.H. Smith. 2016. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in streams. Inland Waters 6: 155-164.   DOI
49 Brock, T.D. 1970. High temperature systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1: 191-220.   DOI
50 Cho, K.J. 1994. The studies on periphytic microalgae using artificial substrates for microalgae harvest. Korean Journal of Limnology 27: 47-57. (in Korean)
51 Choi, M.K., S.T. Park, B.H. Kim, D.B. Lee and K.B. Lee. 1997. Influence of spa sewage on the water quality and soil chemical properties in the near stream. Wonkwang Journal of Environmental Science 6: 57-64. (in Korean)
52 Her, E., T.S. Jeon, I.H. Cho and D.K. Park. 1998. Water quality impact assesment of the hot-spring wastewater in the hotspring resorts of Jungwon: The state of water quality in Dal-Chun River receiving the Suanbo spring wastewater. Korea Journal of Konkuk Environmental Science 9: 191-202. (in Korean)
53 Dodds, W.K., J.R. Jones and E.B. Welch. 1998. Suggested classification of stream trophic state: Distributions of temperate stream types by chlorophyll, total nitrogen, and phosphorus. Water Research 32: 1455-1462.   DOI
54 Environment Canada (ENCA). 2014. Guidance Document: Environmental Effects Assessment of Freshwater Thermal Discharge. Environmental Protection Operation Division, Environment Canada. Ontario, Canada. 115p.
55 Ha, K., S.B. Park, H.W. Kim, J.S. Kim and G.J. Joo. 1997. Physicohemical characteristics and chlorophyll-a distrivution of the epilithon in headwater streams in Pusan and Kyongsangnam-do Province. Korean Journal of Limnology 30: 393-403. (in Korean)
56 Hirose, H.M., T. Akiyama, K. Imahori, H. Kasaki, S. Kumano, H. Kobayasi, E. Tajahashi, T. Tsumura, M. Hirano and T. Yamagishi. 1977. Illustrations of the Japanese Freshwater Algae, Uchidarokakuho Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. 933p. (in Japanese)
57 Jeon, G.H., H.S. Eum, J.H. Jung, S.J. Hwang and J.K. Shin. 2017. Effets of thermal wastewater effluent and hydrogen ion potential (pH) on water quality and periphyton biomass in a small stream (Buso) of Pocheon area, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 96-115. (in Korean)   DOI
58 Jeon, J.N., B.H. Kim and M.K. Choi. 2001. Effects of spa sewage on the water and soil quality and algal periphyton community in a small stream originated from hot spring. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Administration 7: 411-421. (in Korean)
59 Jung, Y.H. 1986. An Establishment of History of Korean Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press. Seoul, Korea. 404p. (in Korean)
60 Jung, M.H., H.J. Cho, J.H. Yun and H.Y. Lee. 2014. Epilithic diatom communities in streams of Jeju Island. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 32: 16-25. (in Korean)   DOI
61 Kil, B.S. and H.G. Yoo. 1999. Ecological study on aquatic plant communities in the stream of thermal wastewater. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 17: 139-146. (in Korean)
62 Kim, D.H. 2009. Physico-chemical Characteristics and Dynamics of the Periphyton Communities in the Upstream Watershed of South Han River. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. 90p. (in Korean)
63 Kim, H.J., H.S. Yoon, J.S. Kim, H.W. Kim and G.J. Joo. 1997. Effect of light and grazing on periphyton biomass development in a mountain stream. Korean Journal of Limnology 30: 385-392. (in Korean)
64 Kim, H.W., K. Ha and G.J. Joo. 1998. Evaluation of exposure times for periphyton biomass estimate using artificial substrata in headwater streams. Journal of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society 7: 112-115. (in Korean)
65 Kim, J.H. 2004a. One Hundred Years of Ecology in Korea. Seoul National University Press, Seoul, Korea. pp. 269-270. (in Korean)
66 Kim, Y.J. 2009. Biological Water Quality Assessment at Dal-Stream and Bokha-Stream of South-Han River based on DAIpo and TDI Using Epilithic Diatom. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea. 91p. (in Korean)
67 Kim, Y.J. 2001. An assessment of organic pollution using attached diatom assemblages in the Shinchon Stream. Korean Journal of Limnology 34: 199-205. (in Korean)
68 Kim, Y.J. 2004b. Temporal and spatial dynamics of an epilithic algal community in the Hantan River. Algae 19: 15-22. (in Korean)   DOI
69 Kim, Y.J. 2007b. Changes of epilithic diatom communities according to urbanization influence in the Pocheon and Youngpyeong Streams. Korean Journal of Limnology 40: 468-480. (in Korean)
70 Kim, Y.J. 2013. The Altitudinal Distribution of Low Temperature and Mountain Epilithic-Diatom Community in the Han-River System. Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea. 141p. (in Korean)
71 Lamberti, G.A. and V.H. Resh. 1983. Geothermal effects on stream benthos: separate influences of thermal and chemical components on periphyton and macroinvertebrates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 1995-2009.   DOI
72 Krammer, K. and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae Kritische Eraganzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema. In: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 2/4 (Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heying and D. Mollenhauer, eds.). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 437p. (in Germany)
73 Kullberg, R.G. 1971. Algal distribution in six thermal spring effluents. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 90: 412-434.   DOI
74 Kullberg, R.G. 1982. Algal succession in a hot spring community. The American Midland Naturalist 108: 224-244.   DOI
75 Lamberti, G.A. and V.H. Resh. 1985a. Comparability of introduced tiles and natural substrates for sampling lotic bacteria, algae and macro invertebrates. Freshwater Biology 15: 21-30.   DOI
76 Cox, A., E.L. Shock and J.R. Havig. 2011. The transition to microbial photosynthesis in hot spring ecosystems. Chemical Geology 280: 344-351.   DOI
77 Chung Y.T., M.K. Choi, B.H. Kim, I.S. Wui and J.B. Lee. 1996. Variation in attached algal immigration related with habitat characteristics of natural streams. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 14: 95-111. (in Korean)
78 Chung, J. 1981. A study on freshwater algae in Changnyeonggun around Bugok Hot Spring. In: Nature Conservation Research Report Vol. 3, The Korean Association for Conservation of Nature. Seoul, Korea. pp. 369-382. (in Korean)
79 Chung, J. 1993. Illustration of the Freshwater Algae of Korea. Academy publisher. Seoul, Korea. 496p. (in Korean)
80 Brock, T.D. 1967b. Relationship between standing crop and primary productivity along a hot spring thermal gradient. Ecology 48: 566-571.   DOI
81 Davis, L.S., J.P. Hoffmann and P.W. Cook. 1990. Seasonal succession of algal periphyton from a wastewater treatment facility. Journal of Phycology 26: 611-617.   DOI
82 Dodds, W.K. 2006. Eutrophication and trophic state in rivers and streams. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 671-680.   DOI
83 Kim, Y.J., K.A. Shin and O.M. Lee. 2009. Water quality assessed by DAIpo and TDI of Bokha stream and Dal Stream in South-Han River. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 27: 414-424. (in Korean)
84 Jeong, Y.T., Y.J. Mun, M.Y. Kim, M.K. Choi and B.S. Kil. 1999. Influences of thermal effluents on the epilithic algal community in small stream originating from the Seokjung hot spring. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 17: 345-358. (in Korean)
85 Kim, J.H. 2005. Atmospheric acidic deposition: state of acid rain in Korea and the World. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 28: 169-180. (in Korean)
86 Kim, K.H. 2007a. Hot Spring in Korea. Ewha Woman University Press. Seoul, Korea. 238p. (in Korean)
87 Kim, Y.J. and D.H. Won. 2011. Characteristics of epilithic diatom communities and physico-chemical habitats in the lake Imha Basin (Banbyeon stream, Kilan stream and Nakdong river). Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 29: 180-194. (in Korean)
88 Kim, Y.J. and H.S. Kim. 2006. Changes of epiphytic algal communities on reed at the Shiwha constructed wetland in the early years of the completion. Korean Journal of Limnology 39: 402-412. (in Korean)
89 Ko, H.A. 2003. The Structure of Periphyton Communities in the South Han River (Southern Part). M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. 65p. (in Korean)
90 Krammer, K. and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1986. Bacillariophyceae 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. In: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 2/1 (Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heying and D. Mollenhauer, eds.). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 876p. (in Germany)
91 Krammer, K. and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1988. Bacillariophyceae 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. In: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 2/2 (Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heying and D. Mollenhauer, eds.). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 596p. (in Germany)
92 Krammer, K. and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae 3. Teil: Cenrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 2/3 (Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heying and D. Mollenhauer, eds.). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 576p. (in Germany)
93 Lewis, M.A. 1986. Impact of a municipal wastewater effluent on water quality, periphyton, and invertebrates in the Little Miami River near Xenia, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) 86: 2-8.
94 Lamberti, G.A. and V.H. Resh. 1985b. Distribution of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates along a thermal gradient. Hydrobiologia 128: 13-21.   DOI
95 Lee, H.J. 2007. A Study on the Freshwater Algal Communities Change of River-Improvement in Chogang Stream. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea. 113p. (in Korean)
96 Lee, J.Y., J.M. Islam, M.S. Shin, S.M. Jung and B.C. Kim. 2010. The spatial and temporal variation of periphyton in the Inbuk Stream. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 26: 104-110. (in Korean)
97 Ministry of Environment (MOE). 2014. The Survey and Optimal Management Measures on the Effects of Aquatic Ecosystems by Thermal Effluents. Sejong, Korea. 170p. (in Korean)
98 Lim, B.R., D.Y. Jun, H.S. Yu, J.W. Cho, J.H. Hwang and K.H. Ahn. 2005. Improvement of drainage material for attached algae growth control in sedimentation basin. Journal of the Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 19: 193-199. (in Korean)
99 Lorenzen, C.J. 1967. Determination of chlorophyll and pheopigments: Spectrophotometeric equations. Limnology and Oceanography 12: 343-346.   DOI
100 McCune, B. and M.J. Mefford. 1999. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Version 4.0 MjM Software. Gleneden Beach. Oregon. USA.
101 Ministry of Environment (MOE). 2016. The Survey and Management Measures on the Effects of Aquatic Ecosystems by Thermal Effluents. Sejong, Korea. 404p. (in Korean)
102 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). 2012. National List Book of Rivers, Korea, 2011. KGE 11-1611492-000088-01. Seoul, Korea. 767p. (in Korean)