• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.211-223
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• 1993

바닥마감재료가 다른 여름철의 찬바닥이 인체피부온도 및 온열적 쾌적감에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여, 주위벽 및 천장의 온도를 기온과 거의 같게 한 항온실을 이용해서 바닥에 앉은 자세, 의자에 앉은 자세, 서 있는 자세별로 검토했다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 평균피부온도는 기온이 낮고 수온이 낮을수록 낮았다. Carpet 마감재료는 서 있는 자세, 바닥에 앉은 자세의 평균피부온도가 낮고 의자에 앉은 자세가 높았다. Cork 마감재료가 Carpet, Flooring 마감재료에 비해 평균피부온도가 낮았다. (2) 온냉감평가는 흑구온도가 낮게 되면$\ulcorner$중성이다$\lrcorner$혹은$\ulcorner$서늘하다$\lrcorner$쪽으로 평가하고, Cork, Carpet, Flooring 마감재료의 순으로 $\ulcorner$서늘하다$\lrcorner$쪽으로 평가 하였다. (3) 쾌적감평가는 바닥에 앉은 자세와 서 있는 자세가 의자에 앉은 자세보다 쾌적한 것으로 평가하였다. 마감재료는 Cork, Flooring, Carpet 순으로 쾌적하다고 평가 하였다. (4) 바닥마감재료에 대한 평가는 바닥에 앉은 자세의 경우, Carpet 마감재료는$\ulcorner$차가운$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$습기찬$\lrcorner$의 평가점수가 높고, Cork 마감재료는$\ulcorner$평활한$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$차가운$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$감촉이 좋은$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$딱딱한$\lrcorner$의 평가점수가 높고, Flooring 마감재료는$\ulcorner$평활한$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$탄력성이 없는$\lrcorner$$\ulcorner$딱딱한$\lrcorner$의 평가점수가 높았다.$\ulcorner$따듯한$\lrcorner$-$\ulcorner$차가운$\lrcorner$의 평가는 바닥온도의 영향을 받아서, Cork, Flooring 마감재료가 Carpet 마감재료보다$\ulcorner$차가운$\lrcorner$의 높은 점수평가를 하였다. (5) Carpet 마감재료는 평균피부온도가 34$^{\circ}C$를 넘어도$\ulcorner$약간 시원하다$\lrcorner$는 평가이고, 서 있는 자세와 의자에 앉은 자세가 바닥에 앉는 자세보다 쾌적하다고 평가한다. Cork 마감재료는 3자세 모두 평균피부온도 33~34$^{\circ}C$의 사이에서 가장 쾌적하다. Flooring 마감재료는 온열적중성, 쾌적감의 중성의 평가가 많다. 이상의결과를 종합하면, 찬바닥이 인체에 미치는 영향은 바닥마감재료로는 Cork, Flooring이 보다 좋은 평가를 하였음으로, 여름철 바닥마감재료로서는 Cork, Flooring 마감재료가 바람직하다고 생각된다. 자세별로는 서 있는 자세는 바닥에 앉은 자세와 거의 같은 경향을 보이고, 의자에 앉은 자세는 바닥에 앉은 자세와 서 있는 자세 만큼 영향을 받지 않았다. 이후 실험결과를 중심으로 찬바닥의 경우, 보다 쾌적한 온열환경범위를 제안하려고 한다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2009

In this study, the basic data were collected for improving the amenity of indoor environment of a super yacht and the performance of indoor environment was analyzed by utilizing measured data during summer period. Through the results of examination, the following conclusions are drawn. 1) It is estimated that, in case of closing the door of Saloon connected with outside, there is little inflow of exhaust gas, but when the door is open, the indoor-air might be polluted so fast. Therefore, it is necessary to make a counter plan about the method of ventilation and amount of ventilation to keep the indoor aerial environment agreeable. 2) It is urgent to conceive countermeasure against engine noise because the noise level of all rooms exceeds 60dB, which is regulation of noise for protecting crew established in ship's classification, during the sailing. 3) State cabin and Guest cabin are super cooled by operating air conditioner exceeding agreeableness extent and it is needed to prevent them.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.7 no.3 s.25
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• pp.109-118
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to make suggestions for considerable factors about planning of the cooling and heating system of domed stadiums. Planning of the thermal environment of large enclosure is needed the accumulation of the data base based on continuous research and experience. Therefore this paper shows and analyzes the typology of the reeling and heating system of Japanese domed stadiums. And the results of this study purpose a basic data for planning of the cooling and heating system to make comfortable indoor thermal environment of large enclosures.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.42 no.4 s.142
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• pp.402-410
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• 2005

This paper focused on the analysis of the thermal comfort conditions in 1,000 ton class patrol ship's cabins through the evaluation of PMV(predicted mean vote) and PPD(predicted percentage of dissatisfied). Different areas have different clothing and activity in the ship. Therefore, any area may be thermally uncomfortable in case of air conditioning with equal temperature, relative humidity and relative air velocity. PMV or PPD-DCAC (demand controlled air conditioning) system is a new design that the whole cabins are maintainable with the ideal thermal comfort condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.24-34
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to create a database of information on fabric factors(i.e., fabric insulation, fabric weight, clothing weight, fabric thickness, air permeability, and water vapor resistance) of clothing used for insulations, to compare them according to clothing types, and to estimate thermal resistance of clothing using these factors. A total of 25 kinds of clothing were selected(9 types for suits, 6 types of jacket, 5 types for shirts, and 5 types for trousers). The results of this study were as follows; Thermal insulation of clothing showed the highest positive correlation(0.85, p>0.01) with thermal insulation of fabric and very high positive correlation with water vapor resistance, fabric thickness, fabric weight, and clothing weight, respectively, 0.77, 0.77, 0.73, 0.71(p>0.01). Fabric weight of jacket was higher than that of shirts and trousers. Air permeability of shirts was the highest of clothing types. Clothing insulation of jacket was higher than that of shirts and trousers and its fabric insulation was also the highest of clothing types. Regression analysis showed that fabric thickness, water vapor resistance, and fabric weight would be useful factors for estimating the thermal resistance of clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.52-61
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pergola's shading on the thermal comfort index in the summer. The 3 type of pergolas($4m{\times}4m{\times}h2.7m$) which were screened overhead(I)/overhead west(II)/overhead west north(III) plane with reed blind for summer shading and winter wind break, were constructed on the 4th floor rooftop. Thereafter the meteorological variables(air temperature, humidity, radiation, and wind speed) of pergola I, III and rooftop were measured from 14 to 16 August 2013(1st experiment), those of pergola I, II and rooftop were measured from 26 to 28 August 2013(2nd experiment). The effects of pergola's shading on the radiation environment and mean radiant temperature($T_{mrt}$), standard effective temperature($SET^*$) were as follows. The maximum 1 h mean values of differences ${\Delta}$ of the sums of shortwave radiant flux densities absorbed by the human body (${\Delta}K_{abs,max}$) between pergola I, III and nearby sunny rooftop were $-119W/m^2$, $-158W/m^2$, those between pergola I, II and rooftop were $-145W/m^2$, $-159W/m^2$. The maximum 1 h mean values of differences ${\Delta}$ of the sums of long wave radiant flux densities absorbed by the human body (${\Delta}L_{abs,max}$) between pergola I, III and nearby sunny rooftop, were $-15W/m^2$, $-17W/m^2$, those between pergola I, II and nearby rooftop, were $-8W/m^2$, $-7W/m^2$. The response of the direction dependent long wave radiant flux densities $L_1$ on the pergola's shading turned out to be distinctly weaker as compared to shortwave radiant flux densities $K_1$. The pergola's shading leads to a lowering of $T_{mrt}$ and $SET^*$. The peak values of $T_{mrt}$ absorbed by the human body were decreased $16^{\circ}C$ and $21.4^{\circ}C$ under pergola I and III as compared to that of nearby rooftop in the 1st experiment. Those were decreased $18.8^{\circ}C$ and $20.8^{\circ}C$ under pergola I and II as compared to that of nearby rooftop in the 2nd experiment. The peak values of $SET^*$ absorbed by the human body were decreased $2.9^{\circ}C$ and $2.6^{\circ}C$ under pergola I and III as compared to that of nearby rooftop in the 1st experiment. Those were decreased $3.5^{\circ}C$ and $2.6^{\circ}C$ under pergola I and II as compared to that of nearby rooftop in the 2nd experiment. The relative $SET^*$ decrease in pergola II, III compared to nearby sunny rooftop $SET^*$ were lower than that in pergola I, revealing the influence of the wind speed. Therefore it is essential to design pergola to maximize wind speed and minimize solar radiation to achieve comfort in the hot summer. The $SET^*$ under pergola I, III were exceeded $28.7^{\circ}C$ and $30.4^{\circ}C$ which were the upper limit of thermal comfort and tolerable zone during all most daytimes in the 1st experiment(maximum air temperature $37.5^{\circ}C$). The $SET^*$ under pergola I was exceeded $28.7^{\circ}C$ which was the upper limit of thermal comfort zone at 13h, that under pergola II was exceeded $28.7^{\circ}C$ from 8h to 14h, meanwhile the $SET^*$ under pergola I, II were within thermal tolerable zone during most daytimes in the 2nd experiment(maximum air temperature $34.4^{\circ}C$). Therefore to ensure the thermal comfort of pergola for summer hottest days, pergola should be shaded with not only reed blind but also climbing and shade plants. $T_{mrt}$ and $SET^*$ were suitable index for the evaluation of pergola's shading effects and outdoors.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.721-731
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• 1998

Recently, many researchers are studying the relation between thermal environment and human comfort. The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data which are necessary to determine the thermal comfort sensation and physiological responses for men in winter indoor environment. From January to February 1998, subject experiment was 40 times proceeded under twenty different conditions of air temperature and relative humidity with early-twenty male university students. We examined subjective evaluation, Electrocardiogram(ECG), Electroencephalogram(EEG) of subjects. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : The comfort zone of people in winter was achieved at Standard new effective temperature($SET^*$) $ 25.2^{\circ}C$, PMV range was obtained by Fanger's statistical calculation was －0.27＜PMV＜＋0.62, TSV range obtained subjects vote was －0.76＜TSV＜＋0.36. The largest difference of skin temperature was found at the calf area as air temperature changes. vote rate of human body presented calflongrightarrowheadlongrightarrowforearmlongrightarrowchestlongrightarrowabdo men in turn. Heart rate was decreased at low $SET^*$ and heart rate was increased at high $SET^*$ But there was no change at EEG.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.404-409
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• 2005

This study is to investigate effects of thermal conditions on sleep. Five female university students participated in the sleep experiment. Three temperature levels (22, 26, and $30^{\circ}C$) were given, and relative humidity was maintained to $50\%$. When as subject arrived in the chamber at 9 o'clock in the evening, questionnaire was given to check physical and psychological conditions. After checking conditions, subjects went to bed till 07 : 30 in the morning. Body movement was checked during sleeping. After sleep in the chamber, questionnaire was given to the subject in order to check sleep quality. Subjects evaluated sleep quality by themselves by answering the time they fall asleep and wake up, frequency of wake during sleep, causes of each waking, and feeling after sleep. Sleep quality was rated with 7-point scale. At $30^{\circ}C$ condition, body movement was significantly higher than of other thermal conditions. The best sleep quality was obtained at the $26^{\circ}C$ condition, while the worst sleep was taken at the $30^{\circ}C$ condition.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.54-59
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• 2001

바낙 공기 급기(UFAD, underfloor air distribution)는 사무실과 상업 건물의 공조를 위하여 바닥 하부 공간을 사용하는 혁신적인 기술이다. 북미에서는 UFAD가 기존 천장 공기 급기 방식에 비하여 많은 장점을 지니므로 그 수요가 날로 증가하고 있다. 잘 설계된 UFAD 시스템은 다음과 같은 장점을 지닌다. - 건물의 용도 변경에 따픈 유연성이 우수하므로 건물의 생애 주기 비용을 감소시킨다. - 개별 쾌적성 제어가 가능하므로 온열 쾌적성, 거주자의 만족도 그리고 생산성을 향상시킨다. - 거주자주변에 직접 선선한 공기를 공급하므로 환기 효율, 실내 공기질 그리고 건강 상태를 향상시킨다. - 이코노마이저 운전, 온도 성층화 그리고 낮은 정합 운전에 의하여 에너지 비용을 감소시킨다. - 설비 공간이 축소되고 표준 철골 구조에서는 콘크리트 구조체 변경이 가능하므로 새 건축 공법에서는 충고를 감소시킬 수 있다. 1995년까지만 해도 UFAD는 파격적인 설계 기법이라고 여겨졌지만, 이제 설계자와 건축업자들은 2004년까지 신축되는 사무용 건축품의 35%는 바닥을 높인 기법이 적용되며 이 중 반 정도가 UFAD를 채택할 것이라고 예측하고 있다. 2000년 2억불이라고 추정되던 바닥을 높이는 건축의 시장 규모가 2004년에는 최소 10억불이 되리라고 예측된다. UFAD는 기본 연구에 의한 정립된 표준화된 설계 기법과 지침이 아직 마련되지 않았음에도 불구하고 현재 설계, 시공되고 있다. 이라한 경향은 펄수적인 연구가 수행되어 관련 업계가 지식과 경험을 충분히 쌓기 전까지는 계속될 전망이다. 본고는 시스템 설계와 운영의 주요한 특징, 기존 방식과 비교하여 지니고 있는 잠재적인 장점, 한계와 기술 개발의 필요성, UFAD 기술 개발을 위하여 계속적으로 요구되는 연구 분야 등을 서술함으로써 현재 UFAD 기술에 대한 평가를 한다.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

The principle of Korean Traditional Housing was to be harmonized with the nature with shapes according to regional climate and materials easily available from the region. These environmentally friendly characteristics protected indoor environment from climate changes. The characteristics of Korean traditional housing to control indoor environment would be very useful for contemporary housing in that current issues, improving housing amenity and wellbeing, had basic goals same with what Korean Traditional Housing had. Though it could be found characteristics of indoor thermal environment heated by Ondol Heating System, analyses of evaluation made by occupants of the rooms were insufficient because most of the studies had been focused on the measurement of indoor thermal factors. Thus, with an evaluation of occupants for the indoor thermal comfort and an estimation of discomfort derived from the result of vertical temperature distribution, it was studied whether the agreeable indoor range of rooms, of which was Jeonju Hanok Living Experience Center, heated by Ondol Heating System corresponded to the agreeable indoor range presented in references.