• Title/Summary/Keyword: 온도 조절기

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Growth characteristic of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) based on Pulse Width modulation of artificial light sources with UV-A. (UV광원을 포함한 인공광원의 펄스폭 변조에 따른 적치마 상추의 생육특성)

  • Kwak, Su-Ji;Kwak, Eun-Ji;Lee, Hyun-Hee;Lee, Seung-Ki;Han, Jae-Woong;Jeon, Myung-Jin;Kim, Woong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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    • 2017.04a
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    • pp.123-123
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    • 2017
  • 식물공장 내 작물의 생육은 제공되는 인공광원의 광원 및 광질에 영향을 받으며, 광흡수 파장에 따라 다르다. 또한 광합성에 효과적인 형태의 빛의 계속적인 빛의 조사보다는 광 펄스를 조절하여 공급하여 준다면 더욱더 효과적인 생육 환경을 제공해 줄 수 있다. 식물의 최적 생장을 위해 특정 파장대의 빛을 선택적으로 조사할 수 있는 LED특성을 사용하여 UV광원을 포함한 인공광원의 펄스폭 변조에 따른 적치마 상추의 생육특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 광환경은 Red(660 nm), Blue(450 nm), UV(395 nm) LED를 8:1:1 비율로 광량 $160{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 주파수 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5.0 kHz로 조사하여 주었으며, 온도 $20{\sim}23^{\circ}C$, 습도 50~60%, $CO_2$농도 1,000 ppm으로 조성하여 주었다. 아시아종묘 적치마상추를 파종 후 18일 째 되는날 정식, 정식 후 14일 28일 째 되는날 SPAD, 지상부 지하부의 생체중 및 건물중, 엽폭, 엽장을 측정하였으며, 측정한 엽폭과 엽장을 이용하여 엽형지수 산출, 지상부 지하부 생체중 값을 이용하여 S/R율을 산출하였다. SPAD 측정결과 생육시기가 증가할수록 SPAD함량은 감소하였으며, 1.25와 2.5 kHz에서 생육 시기 증가에 대한 SPAD함량 감소가 컸고, 3.75와 5.0 kHz의 경우 SPAD함량의 감소량은 작았다. 지상부 생체중은 3.75 kHz에서 121.51 g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈으며, 2.5, 1.75, 5.0 kHz 순으로 높은 값을 나타났다. 지하부 생체중의 경우 3.75 kHz에서 31.31 g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈으며 2.5, 5.0, 1.25 kHz 순으로 높게 나타났다. 엽형지수는 생육 시기가 증가에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 1.75, 2.5, 5.0, 3.75 kHz 순으로 크게 나타났다. 지상부 건물중 측정결과는 지상부 생체중 결과와, 지하부 건물중의 측정결과는 지하부 생체중 결과와 동일하였다. S/R율은 1.75 kHz를 제외하고 생육시기가 증가할수록 S/R율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 주파수가 높아질수록 S/R율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 엽형지수는 엽폭/엽장으로 엽형지수를 산출한 결과로 값이 작을수록 엽폭이 넓은 형태를 의미하며, 생체중값이 가장 크게 나타났던 3.75 kHz에서 엽형지수의 값이 가장 낮게 나타났으며 3.75 kHz를 제외하고 주파수가 높을수록 엽형지수의 값이 낮게 나타났다. 이에 주파수에 따른 적상추의 생육은 3.75 kHz에서 가장 좋은 것으로 판단할 수 있었다.

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The Structural and Electrical Properties of Li doped ZnO Thin Films (Li이 도핑된 ZnO 박막의 구조적 및 전기적 특성)

  • You, Gyeon-Gue;Kwon, Dae-Hyuk;Jun, Choon-Bae;Kim, Jeong-Gyoo;Park, Ki-Cheol
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.146-152
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    • 2000
  • Lithium doped zinc oxide(ZnO:Li) films are prepared by rf magnetron sputtering on Corning 7059 glass substrate using specifically designed ZnO targets containing different amount of $Li_2CO_3$ powder as the Li doping source. The structural properties of the Li doped ZnO films are investigated by XRD, SEM and AFM. The electrical properties of the ZnO:Li films are measured for various deposition conditions, such as the substrate temperature, $O_2$/Ar gas ratio and rf power. The effects of the $Li_2CO_3$ content in target and the deposition conditions on the structural and electrical properties were studied. When ZnO:Li films were sputtered at the substrate temperature of $200^{\circ}C$, $O_2$/Ar gas ratio of 100% and rf power of 100W with a target containing less than 1wt% content of $Li_2CO_3$, showed good surface morphology, strong c-axis orientation and high resistivity of more than $10^8{\Omega}cm$.

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Change of Chemical and Microbial Properties during Fermentation of Cotton Waste for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation (느타리 재배용 폐면 발효 중의 화학성 및 미생물 상의 변화)

  • Jhune, Chang-Sung;Jang, Kap-Yeul;Cho, Soo-Muk;Oh, Se-Jong;Park, Jung-Sik;Weon, Hang-Yeon
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.105-111
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    • 2004
  • The changes of microflora and chemical characteristics during fermentation process of cotton waste for oyster mushroom cultivation were investigated with 5 l bench-scale reactors placed in an incubator at different temperatures ($40,\;50\;and\;60^{\circ}C$). Cotton waste was wetted to 70% moisture, and air flow rates to the substrate were 50, 100 and 300 cc/min. In processing of composting, the mesophilic bacterial population decreased sharply but thermophilic bacterial population increased. In case of fungi, both mesophilic and thermophilic population decreased. The daily $CO_2$ evolution showed little difference in all treatments, while $NH_3$ dropped sharply after 3 days. The desirable composting temperature and air flow based on the mycelial growth of oyster mushroom were $50^{\circ}C$ and 100 cc/min, respectively.

Analytical and experimental study on the quality improvement of 2 cavity injection-molded LCD frame (2 캐비티 LCD 사출품의 품질향상에 관한 해석 및 실험적 연구)

  • Son, Jae-Hwan;Jang, Eun-Sil;Han, Chang-Woo;Son, Jae-Yong;Lee, Young-Moon
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.13 no.9
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    • pp.3815-3821
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    • 2012
  • The LCD frame is an important part which supports the BLU of medium/large sized TFT-LCD. To produce it efficiently, it is necessary to achieve the molding process improvement from 1 cavity to 2 cavity system. Because 2 cavity mold is compact and its hot-runner zone is broadened, it is difficult to control the temperature on the mold. In this study, injection molding analysis on the frame in 2 cavity process with FEA(Finite Element Analysis) software is carried out to estimate its quality. The calculated injection molding pressures and maximum deflection in 1 and 2 cavity processes are 41.13 MPa and 1.62 mm, 40.49 MPa and 1.66 mm respectively. The measured maximum flexure load and surface roughness of the left and right frame of 2 cavities are 209 N and 0.08 ${\mu}m$, 193 N and 0.10 ${\mu}m$ while those in 1 cavity are 140 N and 0.13 ${\mu}m$. Thermal image shows that the maximum standard deviation of the temperature on left and right side of 2 cavity mold is $1.23^{\circ}C$. The simulation and measurement results show that the quality of the frame in 2 cavity injection molding process as a whole is not worse than that of 1 cavity system. But maximum flexure loads of the frame in 2 cavity process are far greater than that in 1 cavity process.

Development of Direct DME Synthesis Process (DME 직접 합성공정 기술개발)

  • Mo, Yong-Gi;Cho, Won-Jun;Baek, Young-Soon
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.41-45
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    • 2010
  • The physical properties of DME(Dimethyl Ether) are very similar to LPG and well-mixed. As cetane number of DME is similar to diesel fuel that can replace diesel fuel and alternative energy. DME is a clean energy source that can be manufactured from various raw materials such as natural gas, CBM(Coal Bed Methane) and biomass. DME has no carbon-carbon bond in its molecular structure and its combustion essentially generates no soot as well as no SOx. The development of DME process in KOGAS have 4 section. First, syngas section can be manufactured various syngas ratio. This completes the tri-reforming process for the synthesis gas ratio of approximately 4.0 to 1.0 range can be adjusted. Second, $CO_2$ is removed from the $CO_2$ removal section of about 92~99%, so the maximum concentration of $CO_2$ entering the DME synthesis reactor should not exceed 8%. Third, in the DME synthesis section, if the temperature of DME reactor increases, the activity of DME catalyst increased. but for the long-term activity is desirable to maintain the proper temperature. Finally, the purity of DME in the DME purification section is over 99.6%.

The effect of MgO content on highly active Ni-MgO-$Al_2O_3$ catalysts prepared by homogeneous precipitation method (균일용액침전법으로 제조한 MgO 함량에 따른 고활성 Ni-MgO-$Al_2O_3$ 촉매에 대한 연구)

  • Jung, Youshick;Rhee, Youngwoo;Koo, Keeyoung;Jung, Unho;Youn, Wanglai;Seo, Yongseog
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.155-155
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    • 2011
  • 용융탄산염 연료전지(MCFC)는 $650^{\circ}C$에서 작동하는 고온형 연료전지 시스템이다. 이 시스템은 천연가스 등을 개질하여 생산된 수소를 바로 전기로 생산할 수 있는 시스템으로 열효율이 높으며, 현재 대체 발전시스템으로 각광을 받고 있다. MCFC는 개질방식에 따라 내부개질 방식과 외부개질 방식이 있다. 내부개질 방식은 수소를 생산하는 개질기가 스택내부에 장착된 형식으로 천연가스를 스택내부에서 개질하여 바로 전기를 생산하는 방식이다. 이 내부개질반응에 사용되는 촉매로는 알루미나에 고함량 (약 50 wt.%)으로 담지된 니켈(Ni) 계열촉매이 주로 쓰이고 있다. 이 고함량으로 담지된 촉매는 대부분 높은 활성을 보인다. 비교적 낮은 온도 운전조건 (약 $580{\sim}620^{\circ}C$)을 가지는 MCFC 내부개질에 적용하기 위해서는 활성점인 니켈을 최대한 담지체에 고르게 분산 시켜야한다. 이를 위해서 MgO를 이용하여 촉매의 활성점을 높게 분산시키는 연구를 진행 하였다. 촉매를 제조하는 방법으로 요소(urea)를 이용한 균일용액침전법을 이용하였다. 니켈함량은 50 wt.%로 고정을 한 다음, MgO 양과 $Al_2O_3$ 양을 각각 0 ~ 45 wt.%와 5 ~ 50 wt.%로 조절하면서 촉매를 제조하여 그 특성들을 분석하였다. 물성을 비교하기 위해서, X-선 회절분석 (XRD) 및 TPR, 물리화학흡착 실험을 하였다. 촉매의 활성을 살펴보기 위해서, fresh 상태 및 피독 상태에서 메탄수증기 개질활성 실험을 실시하였다. MgO 함량이 없거나 적은 촉매에서는 높은 BET surface area와 작은 NiO, metallic Ni 결정 크기가 나타났다. 반면 MgO 함량이 높은 촉매에서 낮은 BET surface area와 비교적 큰 NiO, metallic Ni 결정 크기가 나타났다. 또한 XRD 분석에서 MgO 함량이 증가할 수 록 MgO 결정 피크가 명확히 나타났으며, $MgAl_2O_4$ 피크는 나타나지 않았다. TPR 분석에서 촉매들의 환원 피크를 측정한 결과, 저함량의 MgO를 포함한 촉매는 $700^{\circ}C$ 부근에 환원 피크가 관찰되었고 MgO가 고함량인 촉매는 환원 피크가 $400^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 관찰되었다. 촉매의 초기 fresh 상태에서의 활성은 고함량 MgO를 포함한 Ni-90M10A 샘플을 제외하고 모든 촉매가 거의 비슷하게 나타났다. 그러나 $K_2CO_3$ 피독 상태에서는 MgO 함량이 증가할 수 록 활성이 좋지 않았음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 MgO가 소량 포함된 촉매의 경우 fresh 상태에서는 우수한 물성과 활성을 보이지만, 피독상태에서는 MgO가 포함되지 않은 Ni-$Al_2O_3$ 촉매가 우수한 활성을 보였다.

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Development of 2-kW Class C Amplifier Using GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors for S-band Military Radars (S대역 군사 레이더용 2kW급 GaN HEMT 증폭기 개발)

  • Kim, Si-Ok;Choi, Gil-Wong;Yoo, Young-Geun;Lim, Byeong-Ok;Kim, Dong-Gil;Kim, Heung-Geun
    • The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.421-432
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    • 2020
  • This paper proposes a 2-kW solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) developed by employing power amplifier pallets designed using gallium-nitride high electron mobility transistors, which is used in S-band military radars and to replace existing traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA). The SSPA consists of a high-power amplifier module, which combines eight power amplifier pallets, a drive amplifier module, a digital control module, and a power supply unit. First, the amplifier module and component were integrated into a small package to account for space limitations; next, an on-board harmonic filter was fabricated to reject spurious components; and finally, an auto gain control system was designed for various duty ratios because recent military radar systems are all active phase radars using the pulse operation mode. The developed SSPA exhibited a max gain of 48 dB and an output power ranging between 63-63.6 dBm at a frequency band of 3.1 to 3.5 GHz. The auto gain control function showed that the output power is regulated around 63 dBm despite the fluctuation of the input power from 15-20 dBm. Finally, reliability of the developed system was verified through a temperature environment test for nine hours at high (55 ℃) / low (-40℃) temperature profile in accordance with military standard 810. The developed SSPA show better performance such as light weight, high output, high gain, various safety function, low repair cost and short repair time than existing TWTA.

Changes of Physico-chemical Properties of paper Mill Sludge amended with Pig Manure in Composting Process (제지슬러지와 돈분을 이용한 퇴비화 과정중 이화학적 특성 변화)

  • Min, Kyoung-Hoon;Chang, Ki-Woon;Yu, Young-suk
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.86-92
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted to determine the optimal mixing ratio of the paper mill sludge(PMS) and pig manure(PM). Since the former contains lots of total carbon and low nitrogen, it was used as carbon source. Also, dried paper mill sludge(DPMS) was added to the mixture to control the water content. The treatments was composed of four as follows, PMS-100(PM 0%+PMS 80%+DPMS 20%), PMS-85(15+65+20), PMS-70(30+50+20), and PMS-55(45+35+20). The mixtures were composted under aerobic condition in $1.25m^3$ static piles. The piles were aerated for 15 minutes per day and turned over the mixture once a week at the early stage of composting. To estimate the maturity of composts, the changes of physico-chemical properties such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio and color were monitored every week. The 25-30 and 55-60% as optimal condition of C/N ratio and moisture content were respectively recommended for effective composting by the evaluation of the changes of phsico-chemical properties for materials taken from compost files during the composting period. When the 30 and 45% of PM were mixed with PMS, the maturity time at least demanded to the stable state were shortened and the qualify of the final product was improved in a view of nutritional components.

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Screening for Resistance to Downy Mildew among Major Commercial Cucumber Varieties (주요 오이 품종의 노균병에 대한 저항성 검정)

  • Lee, Jung-Sup;Han, Kyung-Sook;Lee, Seong-Chan;Soh, Jae-Woo
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.188-195
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    • 2013
  • This study was carried out for the downy mildew resistant test between 2010 and 2012. A set of 22 accessions belonging to 2 wild species and 20 varieties of the genus Cucumis, originating mainly from the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) Gene Centre, was evaluated for resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal agent of cucumber downy mildew. The youngest fully expanded true leaves were found suitable for in vitro screening. Both leaf discs and full leaves could be kept fresh longer when applying 0.2 ${\mu}g/ml$ of gibberellin acid (GA). The incubation temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ was found to be the most suitable temperature for symptom development comparing with 15 and $25^{\circ}C$. Symptom development was faster when contact diseased leaf discs (2 weeks after inoculation) on to fresh leaf samples comparing with using conidia suspension ($10^5$ spores/ml). The numbers of spots in 'C-19' were lower than other varieties. 'C-19' variety was also showed the highest level of downy mildew resistant at $20^{\circ}C$ chamber in 6 days after inoculating with pathogen and displayed 0.90 (under 10%) of the infected rate. However, other varieties displayed susceptible in the pathogen sprayed plots. 'C-19' was the most resistant variety and no lesion was observed. Based on all data, 'C-19' can be a useful variety for the prevention of downy mildew.

Analysis of Physical Properties and Mechanical Energy Input of Cornmeal Extrudates Fortified with Dairy Products by Carbon Dioxide Injection (탄산가스 주입에 의한 유제품 강화 옥수수 압출성형물의 성질과 기계적 에너지 투입량의 분석)

  • Ryu, Gi-Hyung;Mulvaney, S.J.
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.947-954
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    • 1997
  • Selected physical properties of cornmeal extrudates fortified with dairy products and extrusion process by $CO_2$ gas injection were analysed. Dairy products including whole milk powder, whey protein concentrate non-fat dry milk, and sodium caseinate were tested at the addition of 10% and 20%, based on cornmeal weight. $CO_2$ gas was injected to the barrel at the pressure of 0.7 and 1.4 MPa. Specific mechanical energy (SME) input was decreased by the addition of dairy products. Sodium caseinate had a little effect on decreasing the SME input, however whole milk powder tremendously reduced SME input when the concentration increased. An increase in milk product content resulted in increasing the piece density at the injection pressure of 0.7 MPa. At both 10% and 20% milk product content, the piece density was lowest at the injection pressure of 0.7 MPa. The sectional expansion index was highest at the injection pressure of 0.7 MPa. However, the specific length was constantly increased with the increase in $CO_2$ injection pressure. Water absorption index was decreased and water solubility index was increased by the addition of milk products. The injection pressure of $CO_2$ was optimum at 0.7 MPa. The addition of whole milk powder limited to puff the melt, but the other milk products tested resulted in puffing with $CO_2$ injection to 1.4 MPa.

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