• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.969-980
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to assess changes to the chemical properties of soil and applicability in a case of rice cultivation with organic fertilizers. The investigator applied organic fertilizers to rice cultivation for five years to examine changes to the chemical properties of soil and found that the experiment group of organic fertilizers made an ongoing increase in pH, organism content, and available phosphate content annually compared with the control group with no big differences according to the amounts of organic fertilizers used. As for the yield components, there were no statistical differences in the number of spikelets and grain filling rate between the experiment group of organic fertilizers and the control group. The experiment group recorded a higher level in 1,000 seeds weight and yield than the control group. Experiment Group 4 recorded the highest level at 29.11 kg of 1,000 seeds weight. Experiment Groups 3 and 4, which used 222 kg and 267 kg per 10 a, respectively, recorded 576 kg and 572 kg of yield, respectively, which were 4.7% and 4.1% higher than 549 kg of control group, respectively. As for the quality of brown rice, there were no statistical differences in the head rice percentage between the control and experiment group, both of which were in the range of 83.2-85.7%. As for the protein content, Experiment Groups 3 and 4, both of which used a lot of organic fertilizers, were in the range of 6.9-7.1%, which was lower than 7.5% of control group. Those findings indicate that the long-term application of organic fertilizers can improve the chemical properties of soil and increase the yield more than the conventional method of fertilizer application. The findings also suggest that it will be effective to apply 222 kg of organic fertilizers or more per 10 a.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

In compliance with an international law about the ocean dumping of the sludge, the proper sewage treatment process which occurs from the wastewater treatment process has been becoming problem. Generally the sewage and the sludge are controlled from anaerobic condition when the sewage is treated and land filled, where the methane$(CH_{4})$ and the nitrous oxide $(N_{2}O)$ from this process are discharged. Because these gases have been known as one of the responsible gases for global warming, the wastewater treatment process is become known as emission sources of green house gases(GHG). This study is to suggest a new approach of estimate and environmental assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and sludge emissions from wastewater treatment processes. It was carried out by calculating the total amounts of GHG emitted from biological wastewater treatment process and the amount of the sludgegenerated from the processes. Four major biological wastewater treatment processes which are Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxidation$(A_{2}O)$, Bardenpho, Virginia Initiative Plant(VIP), University of Cape Town(UCT)are used and GPS-X software is used to model four processes. Based on the modeling result of four processes, the amounts of GHG emissions and the sludge produced from each process are calculated by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) 2006 guideline report. GHG emissions for water as well as sludge treatment processes are calculated for environmental assessment has been done on the scenario of various sludge treatments, such as composting, incineration and reclamation and each scenario is compared by using a unified index of the economic and environmental assessment. It was found that Bardenpho process among these processes shows a best process that can emit minimum amount of GHG with lowest impact on environment and composting emits the minimum amount of GHG for sludge treatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2009

This study carried out to find out feed value of barley plus pea mixture with different ratio and cutting date to got basic information when introduced the mixture as new cropping system in middle part of Korean peninsular. Dry matter (DM) yield increased as barley seeding rate was higher and showed the highest yield in the plots with barley 85% plus 15% ratio when harvested on May 16. There was no different in crude protein, available protein and digestible protein cutting on April 25 in every mixture, but the content increased with higher pea mixture rate after May 2. The content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increase coincided with higher barley rate and late cutting dates. But relative feed value (RFV) resulted in opposite trend. Higher pea ratio influenced increased content of total digestible nuterients (TDN), but decreased before May 9 cutting and increased after the next cutting regime. There was no statistical difference in P and Mg between sowing rate, but Ca increased at higher pea ratio and P, Ca, K decreased in all plots as harvests were delayed. The content of estimated net energy (ENE), net energy maintenance (NEM) and net energy gain (NEG) significantly increased with higher pea rate and earlier cutting. But net energy lactation (NEL) was no significant differences between seeding rates and cutting dates. In conclusion, mineral yield such as P, Ca, K and Mg showed the highest yield at barley plus pea ratio of 75 : 25 and energy yield of ENE, NEL, NEM, NEG and TDN was the highest at 85 to 15 mixture plots and DM yield, TDN yield, mineral yield such as P, Ca, K and Mg and energy yield of ENE, NEL, NEM, NEG were the highest on each treatment cutting on May 16.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.463-472
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• 2002

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a major role in stimulating the synthesis and release of the principal osteoclast-activating cytokines, namely, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ from immune cells. Although rnonocytes/macrophages are the main producers of these cytokines, recent evidence has indicated that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) have the ability to release IL-1 and TNF-$\alpha$. Calcium hydroxide has been shown to be an effective medicament in root canal infections, reducing the microbial titre within the canal. It has been proposed that the therapeutic effect of Ca(OH)$_2$ may also be the result of direct inactivation of LPS. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment of Porphyromonas endodontalis LPS with calcium hydroxide alters its biological action as measured by human PMN secretion of IL-1 and TNF-$\alpha$, and it was compared with Escherichia coli LPS. P. endodontalis ATCC 35406 was cultured in anaerobic condition, and LPS was extracted using the hot-phenol water extraction method and purified. Purchased E. coli LPS was also purified. 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of each LPS in pyrogen free water were incubated with 25mg/ml Ca(OH)$_2$ at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The supernatants were subjected to ultrafiltration, and the isolates were lyophilized and weighed. PMNs were obtained from peripheral blood by centrifugation layered over Lymphoprep. The cells were resuspended (4$\times$10$^6$ cells/ml) in RPMI 1640 followed by treatment with various concentrations of LPS (0, 0.1, 1, 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The supernatants of cells were collected and the levels of IL-1$\alpha$, IL=1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were as follows ; 1. The levels of IL-1$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ from PMN treated with each LPS were significantly higher than those released from unstimulated PMN of the control group (p<0.05). 2. The levels of all three cytokines released from PMN stimulated with each calcium hydroxide treated LPS were significantly lower than those released from PMN stimulated with each untreated LPS (p<0.05), while they were not significantly different from those released from unstimulated PMN of the control group (p>0.05) 3. The levels of secretion for all three cytokines were affected in a dose-dependent manner in PMN stimulated with each LPS (p<0.05), but not in PMN stimulated with each calcium hydroxide treated LPS (p>0.05). 4. The levels of all three cytokines released from PMN stimulated with p. endodontalis LPS were significantly lower than those released from PMN stimulated with E coli LPS (p<0.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2009

This study was carried out development a new composting system to lower copper and zinc concentration in plg sludge compost and conduct an inquiry into the possibility of crop cultivation. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and pH averaged 4.4%, 6.3% and 7.57, respectively, which were higher concentrations than in commercial organic fertilizers, and the concentrations of copper and zinc averaged 805 and 1,704 mg/kg, respectively, which were beyond the heavy metal concentration limit in byproduct compost. Hydrated citric acid I lowered the concentrations of copper and zinc by 58% and 97%, respectively and hydrated oxalic acid II lowered the concentrations of copper and zinc by 48% and 56%, respectively in pig sludge compost. Lower concentrations of copper and zinc in pig sludge resulted from the enhanced hydrated-citric acid concentration in organic acid solution mixed with distilled water. The concentrations of copper and zinc were 330, and 41 mg/kg in the pig sludge treated with 100% hydrated citric acid. Agitation composting system stabilized the compost earlier than the stationary composting system, in which the stabilization condition was confirmed by higher temperature by $4^{\circ}C$ at highest temperature and 7 days earlier cooling down after highest temperature. The levels of germination index (G.I) 80 were obtained 15 and 20 days after composting in agitation and stationary composting system, respectively. The concentrations of copper and zinc were 2.4 and 4.26 mg/kg respectively in soils amended with pig sludge compost after removing process of heavy metals by citric acid, but 8.0 and 22.37 mg/kg, respectively in soils amended with Pig Sludge. The concentrations of heavy metals was highest in com cultivated in soils amended with pig sludge. The copper and zinc concentrations In corn leaves were 75.2 and 50.56 mg/kg respectively, which were 4 and 2 fold higher than the com cultivated in soils amended with pig sludge compost after heavy metal removing process by hydrated citric acid.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.395-408
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• 2011

The study which it sees exclusions the copper and the zinc which contain in pig sludge, It study pig sludge resources fertilizer production which are rational, pig sludge resources fertilizers after seeding, silage corn it investigates growth characteristics and forage value, the result which investigates pig sludge resources fertilizers effectiveness with afterwards is same. With fertilizer ingredients in pig sludge chemical qualities, the content of the nitrogen and the phosphoric acid comes 4.4% to be 6.29%, pH 7.02 and content of the copper and the zinc which is a heavy metal which contains in pig sludge with 805 mg/kg and 1,704 mg/kg, it is a restrictive standard of the fertilizer, 300 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg it sees to be high, it manufactures citric acid 1 hydrate with the organic acid solution, heavy metals of pig sludge where it is a mixture ratio of the organic acid solution, it divides to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% 4 kind levels, the result which measures the heavy metal exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc, the mixture ratio of the organic acid solution to be many exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc is showing a just interrelation, from organic acid solution 100% level content of pig sludge remains copper and zinc 330.03 mg/kg and 41.28 mg/kg, it shows the exclusion ratio of copper 59% zinc 97%. 'Cheonganok' growth characteristics with citric acid 1 hydrate, Treatment 2 and control growth characteristics etc, it exclusion the copper and the zinc it doesn't appear on significant difference statistically but, treatment 3 after only pig sludge in resources disposal where it seeding, growth characteristics of leaf area etc. is badness, it compares in control and treatment 2 the growth characteristics badness, it is appearing, it is caused by with disease and insects occurrence of $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ and brown spot, the damage was many. From forage value, Treatment 2 where it exclusion the heavy metal with the citric acid 1 hydrate with control it compares and there are not significant difference from crude protein and ADF and NDF contents etc., seeding only Pig Sludge in resources disposal treatment 3, it is caused by with $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ etc., trunk and aging of the leaf to be high ADF content is low. but from crude protein, the nitrogen ingredient which pig sludge has and interrelation it seemed and high numerical value were confirmed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to compare the compositions and cytotoxicity of white ProRoot MTA (white mineral trioxide aggregate) and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The elements, simple oxides and phase compositions of white MTA (WMTA), gray Portland cement (GPC), white Portland cement (WPC) and fast setting cement (FSC) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Agar diffusion test was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of WMTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The results showed that WMTA and WPC contained far less magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) than GPC and FSC. FSC contained far more aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$) than WMTA, GPC, and WPC. WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC were composed of main phases. such as tricalcicium silicate ($3CaO{\cdot}SiO_2$), dicalcium silicate ($2CaO{\cdot}SiO_2$), tricalcium aluminate ($3CaO{\cdot}Al_2O_3$), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite ($4CaO{\cdot}Al_2O_3{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$). The significance of the differences in cellular response between WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Exact test with Bonferroni' s correction. The result showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC showed similar compositions. However there were notable differences in the content of minor elements. such as aluminum (Al), magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc. These differences might influence the physical properties of cements.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.383-389
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of crown-root fractured teeth repaired with dual-cured composite resin and horizontal posts. 48 extracted human premolars were assigned to control group and three experimental groups. Complete crown-root fractures were experimentally induced in all control and experimental teeth. In the control group. the teeth (n=12) were bonded with resin cement and endodontically treated. Thereafter, the access cavities were sealed with dual-cured composite resin. In composite resin core-post group (n=12), the teeth were endodontically treated and access cavities were sealed with dual-cured composite resin. In addition, the fractured segments in this group were fixed using horizontal posts. In composite resin core group (n=12), the teeth were endodontically treated and the access cavities were filled with dual-cured composite resin without horizontal posts. In bonded amalgam group (n = 12), the teeth were endodontically treated and the access cavities were sealed with bonded amalgam. Experimental complete crown-root fractures were induced again on repaired control and experimental teeth. The ratio of fracture resistance to original fracture resistance was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that teeth in control and composite resin core-post group showed significantly higher resistance to re-fracture than those in amalgam core group (p < 0.05). The resistance to refracture was high in the order of composite resin - post group, control group, composite resin group and bonded amalgam group. Within the scope of this study, the use of horizontal post could be beneficial in increasing the fracture resistance of previously fractured teeth.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.319-330
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• 2007

This study analyzed physical and chemical characteristics of peat soil to use peat soil as the materials fur pot media and investigated seedling quality of horticultural plants in order to use peat soil as the raw materials fur pot media. The summary of the results is as follows; The chemical characteristics of peat soil, which is main ingredient of pot media are as follows; pH was 4.9, EC was less than $2.0ds{\cdot}m^{-1}$, which interferes the growth of the plant and organic ingredient was 33%. When looking into the germination characteristics of plants according to the mixture of pot media, red pepper showed 54.2% speed of germination and 97% germination rate in peat soil single treatment. Therefore the peatsoil was appropriate for the pot media for red pepper. In case of cucumbers, in the 50 : 50 treatment of main ingredient (peat soil) and auxiliary ingredients (vermiculite, peat moss and perlite) they showed 100% speed of germination and 100% germination rate. Therefore 50 : 50 treatment was appropriate fur the pot media for cucumbers. In case of chinese cabbage, peat soil, perlite and peat moss mixture (50 : 25 : 25) treatment showed the highest speed of germination (77.5%), while the germination rate was a little lower (92.15%) than comparative soil. However, it was appropriate for the pot media for chinese cabbage. In case of watermelon, germination was bad because of the influence of EC when the teat soil ingredient is over 80%. However, in the mixture of peat soil and vermiculite (50:50) treatment, they showed 91.6% speed of germination and 100% germination rate. Therefore it was appropriate for the pot media for watermelon. When looking into the growth of the plants according to the mixture of ingredients, peat soil and perlite (50:50) mixture showed excellent seedling quality for cucumbers, peat soil and perlite (50:50) mixture showed excellent seedling quality and it was proven to be appropriate for the pot media for cucumbers. In case of watermelon, peat soil, peat moss and perlite (80 : 10 : 10) mixture showed excellent seedling quality and it was proven to be appropriate for the pot media for watermelon.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2009

The study was conducted to clarify the mixed seeding rate of whole crop barley with hood type and forage pea for using of forage crops and to compare the forage yield and quality. At a mixed seeding rate between the whole crop barley (WCB) and forage pea, The heading date and plant height of WCB were not a difference according to mixed seeding rate of forage pea. The tillers of the WCB were a decrease and plant of the forage pea were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The lodging index of the WCB was a appearance with distribution of $0{\sim}3$, The lodging index of WCB with a 20kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea was 3. The overwintering rate of forage pea was a appearance more than 90% at all treatment. The plant height of forage pea was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 kg/10a and 20 kg/10a plots of WCB. At a mixed seeding between the WCB and forage pea, The fresh weight was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea and was a appearance more than 3,000 kg at all treatment plot. But the dry matter weight was decrease according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. The dry matter weight of 20 kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea showed the most amount with 1,266 kg. The crude protein (CP) content was a tendency to increase according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. But, the relative feed value (RFV) was a tendency to decrease according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The highest RFV was 183.8 at 14 kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 kg/10a and 20 kg/10a plots of WCB. The highest content of ADF and NDF were 23.9% and 46.3% at mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 10 kg/10a of forage pea, respectively. The highest sum of standardized score by fresh weight, dry matter weight, CP, ADF, NDF and RFV was 2.309 at mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 7.5 kg/10a of forage pea. The optimum mixed seeding rate was a considered judgment in the order of mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 7.5 kg/10a of forage pea, mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 5.0 kg/10a of forage pea.