• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 1999

Among the various seismic data processing sequences, the velocity analysis is the most time consuming and man-hour intensive processing steps. For the production seismic data processing, a good velocity analysis tool as well as the high performance computer is required. The tool must give fast and accurate velocity analysis. There are two different approches in the velocity analysis, batch and interactive. In the batch processing, a velocity plot is made at every analysis point. Generally, the plot consisted of a semblance contour, super gather, and a stack pannel. The interpreter chooses the velocity function by analyzing the velocity plot. The technique is highly dependent on the interpreters skill and requires human efforts. As the high speed graphic workstations are becoming more popular, various interactive velocity analysis programs are developed. Although, the programs enabled faster picking of the velocity nodes using mouse, the main improvement of these programs is simply the replacement of the paper plot by the graphic screen. The velocity spectrum is highly sensitive to the presence of the noise, especially the coherent noise often found in the shallow region of the marine seismic data. For the accurate velocity analysis, these noise must be removed before the spectrum is computed. Also, the velocity analysis must be carried out by carefully choosing the location of the analysis point and accuarate computation of the spectrum. The analyzed velocity function must be verified by the mute and stack, and the sequence must be repeated most time. Therefore an iterative, interactive, and unified velocity analysis tool is highly required. An interactive velocity analysis program, xva(X-Window based Velocity Analysis) was invented. The program handles all processes required in the velocity analysis such as composing the super gather, computing the velocity spectrum, NMO correction, mute, and stack. Most of the parameter changes give the final stack via a few mouse clicks thereby enabling the iterative and interactive processing. A simple trace indexing scheme is introduced and a program to nike the index of the Geobit seismic disk file was invented. The index is used to reference the original input, i.e., CDP sort, directly A transformation techinique of the mute function between the T-X domain and NMOC domain is introduced and adopted to the program. The result of the transform is simliar to the remove-NMO technique in suppressing the shallow noise such as direct wave and refracted wave. However, it has two improvements, i.e., no interpolation error and very high speed computing time. By the introduction of the technique, the mute times can be easily designed from the NMOC domain and applied to the super gather in the T-X domain, thereby producing more accurate velocity spectrum interactively. The xva program consists of 28 files, 12,029 lines, 34,990 words and 304,073 characters. The program references Geobit utility libraries and can be installed under Geobit preinstalled environment. The program runs on X-Window/Motif environment. The program menu is designed according to the Motif style guide. A brief usage of the program has been discussed. The program allows fast and accurate seismic velocity analysis, which is necessary computing the AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) based DHI (Direct Hydrocarn Indicator), and making the high quality seismic sections.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1980

The oriental tobacco budmoth, Heliothis assulta Guenee were reared under various temperatures; $20^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$ and the control effects of Thuricide $HP^{(R)}$ were examined. The results obtained were as fellows: 1. The adult longevity of oriental tobacco budmoth was 11.35 days, and 3.00 days for preovipositional period, 4.75 days for ovipositional Period, and 3.50 days for postovipositional period. 2. The total number of eggs laid by a female were 307 at $20^{\circ}C$, 413 at $25^{\circ}C$ and 189 at $30^{\circ}C$. The number of eggs per female per day were 64.05 in average. 3. The average egg Periods were 7.71 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 4.12 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3.58 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and the hatchiabilities were $71.25\%,\;78.49\%\;and\;81.05\%$ at the respective incubation temperatures. 4. The larval developmental periods were 43.51 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 21.79 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 18.05 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and the mortalities were $80.70\%,\;95.93\%$ and $87.01\%$ at the respective temperatures. 5. The pupal developmental periods were 24.22 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 12.36 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 11.50 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and the mortalities at the respective temperatures were $18.18\%,\;42.11\%\;and\;40.00\%$. 6. The calculated threshold temperatures for the development were $11.61^{\circ}C$ for the eggs, $11.96^{\circ}C$ for the larvae, and $10.06^{\circ}C$ for the pupae. The estimated total effective temperatures were 60.41 day degrees for e eggs, 319.35 day degrees for the larvae, 222.66 day degrees for the pupae, and overall total effective temperatures, however, would be ranged 640-660 day degrees if the reproductive period of the adult was considered. 7. The relationship between the overall developmental periods and the rearing temperature could be Y=-4.272X+155.39 (r=0.9105), where Y; number of days required to complete the life cycle, X; treated temperatures. 8. The control effects of Thuricide $HP^{(R)}$ were $73.43\%$ for spray and $58.22\%$ for bait applications.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• 제8권1_2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 1974

이 논문(論文)은 1973년(年) ICSH주최로 열린 panel에서 적혈구파괴(赤血球破壞) 장소(場所)를 결정(決定)하기 위한 생체(生體) 체표계측법(醫表計測法)의 표준화(標準化)에 관(關)한 토론(討論) 결과(結果)를 초록(抄錄)한 것이다. 체표계측(體表計測)은 체외(體外)에서 계측기(計測器)를 이용(利用)하여 각(各) 장기(臟器)에서의 방사표지물질(放射標識物質)의 분포(分布) 및 시간경과(時間經過)에 따른 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하는 것으로서 $^{51}Cr$를 사용(使用)하여 적혈구수명(赤血球壽命)을 측정(測定)할 때 간(肝), 비(脾), 심장(心臟)의 방사능(放射能)을 계측(計測)한다. 이 방법(方法)은 각(各) 장기(臟器)에서의 적혈구파괴(赤血球破壞)의 정도(程度)를 예측할 수 있다. 특(特)히 용혈성(溶血性) 빈혈환자(貧血患者)에서 비장적출(脾臟摘出) 여부를 결정(決定)하는데 도움이 된다. 이 panel에서는 주(主)로 오차(誤差)의 원인(原因)이 되는 여러가지 요인(要因)에 대(對)하여 토론(討論)하였으며 일반적으로 다음과 같은 것에 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. 즉(卽) 비장(脾臟)의 위치(位置)는 $^{99m}Tc$로 비주사(脾走査)를 실시하여 결정(決定)하는것이 좋고, $^{51}Cr$은 체중(體重) 1kg당 $1.5{\mu}Ci$를 사용하여, 계측기(計測器)는 NaI crystal(직경이 5cm이상, 두께가 3.75cm이상)의 scintillation doctor를 사용하고, 계측(計測)은 $^{51}Cr$로 표지(標識)된 적혈구(赤血球) 주입후(注入後) 15분(分) 이후(以後)에 하고 다음날 계측(計測)한 후(後) 2주(週) 동안에 적어도 6번 계측(計測)한다. Data 처리는 excess count법(法)과 비(脾)와 간(肝)의 비(比)로서하는 것이 좋다.定値)에 차이(差異)가 있어 그 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋) 및 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)에 적지않은 난점(難點)이 생겨 표준화(標準化)된 공통적(共通的)인 방법(方法)의 사용(使用)이 중요(重要)하다는 사실(事實)이 인식(認識)되게 되었다. 1966년(年) 호주(濠洲)의 Sydney에서 개최(開催)되었든 제11차(第11次) 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)때 열린 제4차(第4次) International Committee for Standardization in Haematology(ICSH)에서 Diagnostic Applications of Radioisotopes in Haematology에 관(關)한 expert panel을 갖을것을 의결(議決)하여 다음과 같은 12명(名)의 위원(委員)이 결정(決定)되었으며 위원회(委員會)의 의장(議長)에 Dr. Szur, 총무(總務)에 Dr. Glass가 각각(各各) 선임(選任)되었다. 그간(間) 1967년(年) 영경(英京) London에서 첫 회합(會合)이 있은후(後) New York, Vienna(IAEA후원(後援)) Brthesda(NIH후원(後援))에서 전문위원회(專門委員會)를 갖고 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)에 관(關)한 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. ICSH와 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)에서는 이번에 결정(決定)된 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)을 널리 소개(紹介)하며, 측정법(測定法)과 얻어진 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋)에 표준화(標準化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로 이에 연관성(聯關性)있는 전문지(專門誌)에 게재(揭載)할 것을 요청(要請) 받었기에 이에 전문(全文)을 소개(紹介)하는 바이다. 이들은 방사성(放射性) chromium 법(法)의 모든 세부적(細部的)인 면(面)을 표준화(標準化)하고 있으며 그간(間) 가장 논란(論難)의 대상(對象)이 되었던, $^{51}Cr$-표지방법(標識方法)에 있어서의 세가지 변법(變法),

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1784-1792
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• 2007

This study set out to identify the problems with hat labels and to search for improvement measures by examining and analyzing consumers' practice of managing their hats. It also intended to provide accurate and enough information about how to keep and wash hats and thus help consumers use their hats for a long period. In an attempt to investigate how consumers wash and manage their hats, a survey was carried out to 395 individuals in their twenties and over who owned hats living in urban areas including Seoul, and were quota sampled according to age and gender. The survey period is March to April 2007. The collected data were statistically treated with the SPSS 12.0 program in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard error, cross tabulation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings were as followed. First, the respondents were in the average level of perceiving and practicing the washing methods of their hats. The female respondents who had more experiences with laundering than the males knew and practiced the washing methods for hats better than males. Second, compared to other clothing items, hat wearers were more likely to pay careful attention to their hats by putting their hats in a laundry net and applying a laundry detergent for wool fabrics when using a washing machine or washing their hats with their own hands. And third, most of the hat wearers were aware of the importance of hat labels and showed a lower level of trust in them than other clothing items. The suppliers need to offer accurate and practical labels in order to regain the consumers' trust. Many consumers had some difficulties figuring out the size system of hats. In particular, the male consumers had a low level of perception of labels, which implies that there should be specific efforts to educate them about general labels.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.414-424
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• 1998

Purpose: Cross-modality coregistration of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) could enhance the clinical information. In this study we propose a refined technique to improve the robustness of registration, and to implement more realistic visualization of the coregistered images. Materials and Methods: Using the sinogram of PET emission scan, we extracted the robust head boundary and used boundary-enhanced PET to coregister PET with MR. The pixels having 10% of maximum pixel value were considered as the boundary of sinogram. Boundary pixel values were exchanged with maximum value of sinogram. One hundred eighty boundary points were extracted at intervals of about 2 degree using simple threshold method from each slice of MR images. Best affined transformation between the two point sets was performed using least square fitting which should minimize the sum of Euclidean distance between the point sets. We reduced calculation time using pre-defined distance map. Finally we developed an automatic coregistration program using this boundary detection and surface matching technique. We designed a new weighted normalization technique to display the coregistered PET and MR images simultaneously. Results: Using our newly developed method, robust extraction of head boundary was possible and spatial registration was successfully performed. Mean displacement error was less than 2.0 mm. In visualization of coregistered images using weighted normalization method, structures shown in MR image could be realistically represented. Conclusion: Our refined technique could practically enhance the performance of automated three dimensional coregistration.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.995-1007
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week elastic band exercise on body composition, blood lipids and AMPK in 24 elderly female volunteers aged 65-75 years, and they were divided into the combined exercise group(n=12) and the control group(n=12). The elastic band exercise method was to do exercise 3 times a week for 60 minutes per session, 1-4 weeks for low intensity of OMNI-RES 3-4, 5-8 weeks for medium intensity of OMNI-RES 5-6, 9-12 weeks for OMNI-RES 7-8 of high intensity. In order to compare the differences in the groups before and after the elastic band exercise, two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to verify the interaction between group and time. The difference in the groups of the measured data was paired t-test, the difference between the groups was paired independent t-test, and analysis of covariance ANCOVA was performed to minimize the inter-group error. The statistical significance level of each item was set to .05. As a result, body fat percentage of exercise group significantly decreased (p<.05), and skeletal muscle volume was significantly increased (p<.01). TC, TG and LDL-C were not significantly different between the exercise and control groups, and HDL-C was significantly decreased in the control group (p<.05). AMPK was significantly decreased in the exercise group (p<.001), but there was no significant difference in the control group. According to the covariance analysis to minimize the error of difference between the pre-exercise groups (p<.05), there was significant difference in AMPK of groups after exercise. These results suggest that the 12-week elastic band exercise has a positive effect on the body composition and AMPK of the elderly women.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2021

For disaster management and mitigation of earthquakes in Korea Peninsula, active fault investigation has been conducted for the past 5 years. In particular, investigation of sediment-covered active faults integrates geomorphological analysis on airborne LiDAR data, surface geological survey, and geophysical exploration, and unearths subsurface active faults by trench survey. However, the fault traces revealed by trench surveys are only available for investigation during a limited time and restored to the previous condition. Thus, the geological data describing the fault trench sites remain as the qualitative data in terms of research articles and reports. To extend the limitations due to temporal nature of geological studies, we utilized a terrestrial LiDAR to produce 3D point clouds for the fault trench sites and restored them in a digital space. The terrestrial LiDAR scanning was conducted at two trench sites located near the Yangsan Fault and acquired amplitude and reflectance from the surveyed area as well as color information by combining photogrammetry with the LiDAR system. The scanned data were merged to form the 3D point clouds having the average geometric error of 0.003 m, which exhibited the sufficient accuracy to restore the details of the surveyed trench sites. However, we found more post-processing on the scanned data would be necessary because the amplitudes and reflectances of the point clouds varied depending on the scan positions and the colors of the trench surfaces were captured differently depending on the light exposures available at the time. Such point clouds are pretty large in size and visualized through a limited set of softwares, which limits data sharing among researchers. As an alternative, we suggested Potree, an open-source web-based platform, to visualize the point clouds of the trench sites. In this study, as a result, we identified that terrestrial LiDAR data can be practical to increase reproducibility of geological field studies and easily accessible by researchers and students in Earth Sciences.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2005

Uncertainty involved during determination of vitamin C content in infant formula was quantified by indophenol titration method. Uncertainty sources in measurand, such as purity, weight, final volume of standard, volume of standard solution used for titration, sample weight, final volume of sample, extraction solution used for titration, titration of extraction solution and standard solution by indophenol solution were identified and used as parameters for combined standard uncertainty based on Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) and Draft EURACHEM/CITAC Guide. Uncertainty parameters of each source in measurand were identified as resolution, reproducibility and stability of chemical balance, standard material purity, repeatability, reproducibility, end point of titration, 1 mL pipet, 5 mL autopipet, and 100 mL mass flask. Each uncertainty component was evaluated by types A and B and included to calculate combined uncertainty. Analytical test result for traceability under laboratorial conditions using Certified Reference Material (CRM) test was certified as $108.4{\pm}1.7mg/100g$, which was within CRM certification range of $114.6{\pm}6.6mg/100g$. Uncertainty test result of vitamin C content of 5 g sampling was $56.7{\pm}2.44mg/100g$. Uncertainty could be reduced by identification of uncertainty sources and components related with vitamin C determination by indophenol titration method and by decreasing uncertainty sources and components.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.278-285
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Uptake patterns of ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-isomers and sulfate metabolite of endosulfan (ED) by radishes grown in treated soils with ED concentrations of 2 and 10 mg/kg were investigated to establish soil management guidelines for ensuring the safety of radishes from ED residues. METHODS AND RESULTS: All samples of soils and radish plants separated into shoot and root parts were analyzed for ED residues using a gas-chromatography mass spectrophotometer, and the results were used to calculate the bioconcentration factor (BCF), indicating the ratio of ED concentrations between radishes and soils. During the experimental period, uptake and distribution rates of ED-sulfate in radishes were the highest, followed by ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-ED. The BCF values to initial ED concentrations in soils were greater for root parts (0.0077 to 0.2345) than for shoot parts (0.0002 to 0.0429) and used to obtain regression equations by time. Long-term BCFs estimated by the obtained equations ($R^2$ of 0.86 to 1.00) were evaluated with the maximum residue limit (0.1 mg/kg) of ED for radishes, in order to suggest safe management guidelines of ED for radish-cultivating soils. CONCLUSION: Suggested guidelines showed the significant dependency on duration for radish cultivation and exposed concentration of ED in soil.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2007

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: This study was to design and fabricate a phantom for prostate cancer brachytherapy to validate a developed program applying a 3-film technique, and to compare it with the conventional 2-film technique for determining the location of an implanted seed. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: The images were obtained from overlapped seeds by randomly placing a maximum of 63 seeds in the anterior-posterior (AP) position and at $-30^{\circ} to $30^{\circ} at $15^{\circ} intervals. Images obtained by use of the phantom were applied to the image processing procedure, and were then processed into the development program for seed localization. In this study, cases were set where one seed overlapped, where two seeds overlapped and where none of the three views resolved all seeds. The distance between the centers of each seed to the reference seed was calculated in a prescribed region. This distance determined the location of each seed in a given band. The location of the overlapped seeds was compared with that of the 2-film technique. $\underline{Results}$: With this program, the detection rate was 92.2% (at ${\pm}15^{\circ}), 94.1% (at ${\pm}30^{\circ}) and 70.6% (compared to the use of the 2-film technique). The overlaps were caused by one or more than two seeds that overlapped; the developed program can identify the location of each seed perfectly. However, for the third case the program was not able to resolve the overlap of the seeds. $\underline{Conclusion}$: This program can be used to improve treatment outcome for the brachytherapy of prostate cancer by reducing the number of errors in the process of reconstructing the locations of perfectly overlapped seeds.