• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.225-285
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• 2017

In regard to the regulations related to the RPA(Remotely Piloted Aircraft), which is sometimes called in other countries as UA(Unmanned Aircraft), ICAO stipulates the regulations in the 'RPAS manual (2015)' in detail based on the 'Chicago Convention' in 1944, and enacts provisions for the Rules of UAS or RPAS. Other contries stipulates them such as the Federal Airline Rules (14 CFR), Public Law (112-95) in the United States, the Air Transport Act, Air Transport Order, Air Transport Authorization Order (through revision in "Regulations to operating Rules on unmanned aerial System") based on EASA Regulation (EC) No.216/2008 in the case of unmanned aircaft under 150kg in Germany, and Civil Aviation Act (CAA 1998), Civil Aviation Act 101 (CASR Part 101) in Australia. Commonly, these laws exclude the model aircraft for leisure purpose and require pilots on the ground, not onboard aricraft, capable of controlling RPA. The laws also require that all managements necessary to operate RPA and pilots safely and efficiently under the structure of the unmanned aircraft system within the scope of the regulations. Each country classifies the RPA as an aircraft less than 25kg. Australia and Germany further break down the RPA at a lower weight. ICAO stipulates all general aviation operations, including commercial operation, in accordance with Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention, and it also applies to RPAs operations. However, passenger transportation using RPAs is excluded. If the operational scope of the RPAs includes the airspace of another country, the special permission of the relevant country shall be required 7 days before the flight date with detail flight plan submitted. In accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation 107 in the United States, a small non-leisure RPA may be operated within line-of-sight of a responsible navigator or observer during the day in the speed range up to 161 km/hr (87 knots) and to the height up to 122 m (400 ft) from surface or water. RPA must yield flight path to other aircraft, and is prohibited to load dangerous materials or to operate more than two RPAs at the same time. In Germany, the regulations on UAS except for leisure and sports provide duty to avoidance of airborne collisions and other provisions related to ground safety and individual privacy. Although commercial UAS of 5 kg or less can be freely operated without approval by relaxing the existing regulatory requirements, all the UAS regardless of the weight must be operated below an altitude of 100 meters with continuous monitoring and pilot control. Australia was the first country to regulate unmanned aircraft in 2001, and its regulations have impacts on the unmanned aircraft laws of ICAO, FAA, and EASA. In order to improve the utiliity of unmanned aircraft which is considered to be low risk, the regulation conditions were relaxed through the revision in 2016 by adding the concept "Excluded RPA". In the case of excluded RPA, it can be operated without special permission even for commercial purpose. Furthermore, disscussions on a new standard manual is being conducted for further flexibility of the current regulations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 1976

This study was carried out to exploit and utilize the exotic American Sycamore(Platanus occidentalis) grown in Korea as a veneer species for plywood manufacture. At present most parts of veneer Legs used in Korea were depended entirely upon the gonus Shorea woods(lauan logs) imported from Southeast Asia region. To decrease manufacturing cost and save imported lauan veneer logs, the effects on properties affecting to the six types of plywood made from proper veneer constructions composed by domestic American Sycamore and imported lauan veneers were compared and discussed. The study has important meanings for the promotion of plywood manufacture by domestic materials. Important items dealt with this study were dry and wet shear strength, moisture contents, specific gravties, and bending strength. By the results and discussions it may be summarized as follows: 1) In dry shear strength platanus(sycamore) core lauan plywood was shown most excellent strong results, and next orders were all lauan plywood, platanus faced lauan plywood, lauan core platanus plywood, lauan faced platanus plywood, and all platanus plywood. There was no difference between platanus core lauan plywood and all lauan plywood, but the differences between those plywoods and the other types of plywood were recognized. 2) In wet shear strength platanus core lauan plywood was shown excellent result the same as dry strength. The difference between platanus core lauan plywood and the other types of plywood was shown, but among the other types of plywood except platanus core lauan plywood were not recognized. 3) The differences among moisture contents according to the veneer construction were not recognized. 4) The plywood constructed by two or more sheets of lauan veneer was shown lower specific gravities than the plywood constructed by two or more sheets of platanus veneer. It is believed that this tendency due to the original specific gravities of veneer before construction. 5) The differences among specific gravities of lauan core platanus plywood, all platanus plywood and lauan faced platanus plywood were not recognized, and like this analyzed result among platanus core lauan plywood, all lauan plywood and platanus faced lauan plywood were not recognized. Accordingly it is believed that the differences are not shown among the plywood constructed by two or more veneers of same species. 6) In bending strength platanus core lauan plywood was shown most excellent values. Next orders were all lauan plywood, platanus faced lauan plywood and the other types of plywood. The differences among the plywood constructed by two or veneers of lauan were shown, but not shown among the plywood constructed by tow or more veneers of platanus.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.269-281
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• 2016

The statistical analyses of coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance were carried out to identify differences in morphological characteristics, such as the stem and inflorescence length, of 10 major commercial cultivars of spray chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). For morphological characteristics, stem lengths ranged from 46.4 cm to 54.9 cm, the maximum diameter of stem was 5.6 to 8.5 mm, the hardness of the stem was 0.17 to $0.70kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$, the fresh weight of stem was 7.5 to 17.5 g, the dry weight of the stem was 1.6 to 3.3 g, the ratio of dry weight/fresh weight of stem was 15.9% to 23.1%. Also, the number of leaves on the stem was 8.4 to 12.2, the stem leaf area was 17.8 to $37.8m^2$, the fresh weight stem leaves was 5.3 to 18.6 g, the dry weight was 0.5 to 1.4 g and the ratio of dry weight /fresh weight of stem leaves was 7.6% to 11.5%. The inflorescence length ranged from 10.1 to 18.6 cm, the fresh weight of inflorescence was 7.3 to 26.7 g, the dry weight of inflorescence was 1.2 to 2.8 g, the ratio of dry weight /fresh weight of inflorescence was 10.4% to 17.1%. For flower, the diameter of the flower center was 8.2 to 13.3 mm, the petal width was 5.7 to 14.0 mm, the petal length was 12.9 to 33.1 mm, and the petal thickness was 157.8 to $354.4{\mu}m$. The mean values of each character in each cultivar were very different, and DMRT and LSD values based on morphological characteristics among 10 cultivars were highly significant. For variability and genetic parameters, the lowest CV (coefficient of variation), PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation), and GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) were 4.79% to 5.15% in stem length, and the highest variations were 62.97% to 65.21% in leaf area. ECV (error or environmental coefficient of variation) was the lowest for leaf area (1.71%) and it was the highest for leaf dry weight (19.30%). Heritability also significantly differed among the characteristics, ranging from 68.69% to 99.67%, the lowest value was shown in ratio of dry weight /fresh weight of stem and the highest value was for leaf area of stem. The value for genetic advance was the lowest in hardness of stem at 0.30 and the highest in leaf thickness at 156.65. The lowest genetic advance as percentage of mean of stem hardness was 9.17%, while the highest percentage of stem length was 134.27%. Thus the characters which had the highest values indicated above show the influence of additive gene action and may provide useful resources for selection programs for agronomic improvement.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2010

This study was performed to identify the optimal timing for oocyte donor replacement during OPU procedure. OPU was carried out to collect oocytes from every donor at an interval of $3{\sim}4$ days (2 times a week). The collected oocytes were matured in vitro in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mg/ml of FSH and 1 mg/ml of estradiol for 24 h. After 24 h of exposure to sperm, the presumptive zygotes were cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with 4 mg/ml of BSA for 3 days before being changed to CR1aa medium with 10% of FBS for another $3{\sim}4$ days. The mean numbers of retrieved oocytes were remained constantly up to 3 months ($6.0{\pm}0.5$, $6.2{\pm}0.7$, $5.2{\pm}0.6$), but significantly decreased at over 4 to 6 months ($3.7{\pm}0.5$, $2.8{\pm}0.4$, $1.2{\pm}0.2$) (p<0.05). The blastocyst development potential was also very similar rate from 1 to 3 months (37.2%, 40.4% and 44.6%), but significantly decreased from 4 to 6 months (24.8%, 29.3% and 28.6%, respectively) (p<0.05). The production of OPU derived embryos in periods of 1 to 3 months ($2.2{\pm}0.3$, $2.5{\pm}0.3$ and $2.3{\pm}0.4$) were significantly higher than those in 4 to 6 months ($0.9{\pm}0.2$, $0.8{\pm}0.2$ and $0.3{\pm}0.2$, respectively) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the efficient periods for the production of OPU derived embryos was until 4 months, twice per week to produce over 64 transferable embryos and then replace new donor after 3 months use. The best replacement time is 3 months and could be maximized production of OPU derived embryos.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 1976

The laboratory Mejus as well as home-made Meju and improved Meju received from Korea were ripened in the brine for up to 8 months and the changes is the chemical composition during the process were determined and the differences between the types of Meju were compared. On the basis of the amino acid pattern, the changes in the protein quality of soybean during the process was evaluated. No significant changes in the general chemical composition of Meju were noticed during the ripening for 8 months. However, the nitrogen solubility of Meju increased for $13{\sim}29%$ to $66{\sim}78%$ during 8 month ripening of the Meju-brine mixture. The concentration of free amino-N to the total-N increased from $4{\sim}7%$ in Meju to $29{\sim}35%$ in the 8month ripened mixture. The concentration of amino-N to the total-N increased from $1{\sim}4%$ in Meju to $5{\sim}14%$ in the 8month ripened mixture and the changes varied with the type of Meju used. Remarkable changes in the amino acid pattern of soybean were occured during the ripening process. The concentration of methionine decreased to the half of original Meju during the first month of ripening. Arginine and histidine were destroyed rapidly by the ripening longer than 1 month. A considerable amount of ornithine was synthesized during the ripening. The amino acid pattern of Meju did change drastically during the ripening longer than 3 months and the changes varied with the type of Meju. The retention of the nutrients in soybean during 8 month ripening of the laboratory 3 month Meju in the brine was 49% for carbohydrates, 107% for crude fat, 93% for crude protein and 74% for the total amino acid. Histidine, arginine and methionine and 74% for the total amino acid. Histidine, arginine and methionine were the most damaged during the process, retaining only 25%, 27% and 49% of the contents in raw soybean, respectively, whereas lysine retained 79%. By the separation of the 8 month ripened mixture, approximately 60% of crude protein, all of crude fat and 80% of carbohydrates in the mixture were retained in soypaste. Soypaste contained higher concentrations of amino acids per 16gN compared to soysauce, except for lysine. The most limiting amino acid of the protein was the S-containing amino acids in all cases studied, whereas the second limiting amino acid varied from valine in soybean to threonine in most of Mejus and the brine mixtures, lysine in most of soypastes and tryptophan in some of soysauces. According to the protein quality evaluation made by the reference of the FAO provisional pattern of amino acid, the chemical score of raw soybean was 82, which was reduced to 77 by cooking and further reduced to $71{\sim}74$ by Meju fermentation. At the eighth month of ripening the chemical score of the Meju-brine mixtures were reduced to $51{\sim}66. After the separation, the chemical score of soypaste ranged from 60 to 71, whereas that of soysauce varied from 45 to 57. Generally, the products made from improved Meju recorded the highest score, whereas those made from homemade Meju showed the poorest protein quality. The essential amino acid index(EAAI) of the samples was similar to the chemical score, but it appeared to fit the overall changes in the amino acid pattern during the process better than the chemical score.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2009

The study was conducted to clarify the mixed seeding rate of whole crop barley with hood type and forage pea for using of forage crops and to compare the forage yield and quality. At a mixed seeding rate between the whole crop barley (WCB) and forage pea, The heading date and plant height of WCB were not a difference according to mixed seeding rate of forage pea. The tillers of the WCB were a decrease and plant of the forage pea were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The lodging index of the WCB was a appearance with distribution of $0{\sim}3$, The lodging index of WCB with a 20kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea was 3. The overwintering rate of forage pea was a appearance more than 90% at all treatment. The plant height of forage pea was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 kg/10a and 20 kg/10a plots of WCB. At a mixed seeding between the WCB and forage pea, The fresh weight was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea and was a appearance more than 3,000 kg at all treatment plot. But the dry matter weight was decrease according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. The dry matter weight of 20 kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea showed the most amount with 1,266 kg. The crude protein (CP) content was a tendency to increase according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. But, the relative feed value (RFV) was a tendency to decrease according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The highest RFV was 183.8 at 14 kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 kg/10a and 20 kg/10a plots of WCB. The highest content of ADF and NDF were 23.9% and 46.3% at mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 10 kg/10a of forage pea, respectively. The highest sum of standardized score by fresh weight, dry matter weight, CP, ADF, NDF and RFV was 2.309 at mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 7.5 kg/10a of forage pea. The optimum mixed seeding rate was a considered judgment in the order of mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 7.5 kg/10a of forage pea, mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 5.0 kg/10a of forage pea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.14-20
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• 2016

Purpose Tongue cancer is 1.8% of all cancer tumors occur in the tongue, it is known that the high incidence enough to account for 75% of oral cancer conducted a PET / CT examination for early diagnosis, metastasis, staging, etc. and. Tongue when PET / CT scan of a cancer patient and a Torso taken to close mouth lesions if the condition was caused due to the overlapping or corresponding artifacts are not clearly observed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes that occur during PET / CT scan with open mouth and its usefulness under. Materials and Methods From June 2015 to March 2016 complained of herein by May 21 had received a diagnosis of tongue cancer underwent PET / CT scan patients were treated with a target (16 males, 5 female). The first was taken to close mouth Torso state, it was taken to add 1 bed open mouth condition. Tumor (T), measuring the Normal Tongue (NT), Lymph Node (LN) standard intake coefficient by setting a region of interest in the (standardized uptake value, SUV) SUVmean, the average value was measured SUVmax, drawn to each region of interest 3 times and Background (Carotid artery) was out of the SUV. In Chapter 3 of the slice to the tumor clearly visible by setting the region of interest to measure the change Tumor size was calculated average value. Gross Image resolution assessment were analyzed statistically through were divided into 1-5 points by the Radiation 7 people in 2, more than five years worked in specialized nuclear medicine compare to proceed with the blind test nonparametric test (wilcoxon signed rank test). (SPSS ver.18) Results $SUV_{mean}$ T's were in close mouth $5.01{\pm}2.70$ with open mouth $5.48{\pm}2.88$ (P<0.05), $SUV_{max}$ were respectively $8.78{\pm}5.55$ and $9.70{\pm}5.99$ (P<0.05). $SUV_{mean}$ in the NT were respectively $0.43{\pm}0.30$ and $0.34{\pm}0.24$ (P=0.20), $SUV_{max}$ was $0.56{\pm}0.34$ and $0.45{\pm}0.25$ (P=0.204). LN $SUV_{mean}$ were respectively $1.62{\pm}1.43$ and $1.69{\pm}1.49$ (P=0.161), $SUV_{mean}$ was $2.09{\pm}1.88$ and $1.99{\pm}1.74$ (P=0.131). Tumor size change is close mouth $4.96{\pm}4.66cm^2$ $5.33{\pm}4.64cm^2$ with 7.45% increase was (P<0.05), gross image resolution evaluation is $2.87{\pm}0.73$, $3.77{\pm}0.68$ with open mouth examinations 30.5% increase was (P<0.05). Conclusion Tumor SUV on the changes that had an increase in open mouth during inspection, the normal tongue and lymph node, but there was no significant difference in the change slightly. It is also one open mouth PET / CT scan will provide improved image to all patients with tongue cancer, but it could be confirmed that similar overall through the blind test, or tumor size changes and showing a high resolution image. It can be the perfect alternative method for problems that occur when the close mouth Open mouth PET / CT scan, but is believed to be through the open mouth to observe the boundary of overlapping or tumor of the oral cavity other structures a little more clearly. Tongue cancer patients how to recommend that the shooting further open mouth PET / CT.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2012

Aquisition of accurate beam data is very important to calculate a reliable dose distribution of the treatment planning system for small radiation fields in intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS). For the measurement of small fields, the choice of a suitable detector is important due to the shape gradient in profile penumbra, the lack of lateral electronic equilibrium, and the effect of effective detector volume. Therefore, this study was to analyze the dosimetric characteristics of various detectors in measurement of beam data for small fields of linear accelerator. 0.01cc and 0.13cc ion chambers (CC01 and CC13) and a stereotactic diode detector(SFD) were used for measurement of small fields. The beam data, including the percent depth dose, output factor, and beam profile were acquired under 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams. Measurements were performed with the field size ranging from $2{\times}2cm^2$ to $5{\times}5cm^2$. For $2{\times}2cm^2$ field size, the differences of the ratios of $PDD_{20}$ and $PDD_{10}$ measured by CC01 and SFD detectors were 1.02% and 0.12% for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams, respectively. For field sizes larger than $3{\times}3cm^2$, the differences of values of $PDD_{20}/PDD_{10}$ obtained from each detector were 1.15% and 0.71% for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams, respectively. The output factors obtained from CC01 and SFD for $2{\times}2cm^2$ field size were within 0.5% and 1.5% for 6 MV and 15 MV, respectively. The differences in output factor of three detectors for $3{\times}3cm^2$ to $5{\times}5cm^2$ field sizes were within 0.5%. Profile penumbras measured by the SFD, CC01, and CC13 detectors at three depths were average 2.7 mm and 3.5 mm, 3.4 mm and 4.3 mm, and 5.2 mm and 6.1 mm for 6 MV and 15 MV photon beams, respectively. In conclusion, it could be possible to use of the CC01 and SFD detectors for the measurement of percent depth dose and output factor for $2{\times}2cm^2$ field size, and to use of three detectors for $3{\times}3cm^2$ to $5{\times}5cm^2$ field sizes. CC01 and SFD detectors, consider ably smaller than the radiation field, should be used in order to accurately measure the profile penumbra for small field sizes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.200-211
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• 1993

Somatic hybrids of Pleurotus florida ASI 2016 and Pleurotus ostreatus ASI 2018 were obtained by protoplast fusion. The 40 fusants($P1{\sim}P40$) was examined for the yield on fermented and pasteurized rice straw in a tray. The carpophore yield of them were showed as the range of $27.0{\sim}155.2$, based on parental values of 100(ASI 2018), The pilei of fusants between orange white colored P. florida and dark grey colored P. ostreatus had mixed colors in the young stage. Other breeding programmes were performed to improve new varieties with high yield and good quality. A new oyster mushroom variety, Wonhyeongneutaribeosus(P72), was developed at the Agricultural Sciences Institute, Rural Development Administration in 1990. This P.florida-ostreatus-ostreatus hybrid P72 was selected from 38 protoplast fusion products($P41{\sim}P78$) between P.florida-ostreatus recombinant P5-M 43-arg rib and P. ostreatus ASI 2-13-0 2001-19-pro orn. The yield indexes of 38 hybrids ranged $40.5{\sim}152.7$ compared with the parental values of 100(ASI 2001). Hybrid P72 was characterized by the large fruiting bundle of semispherical shape with long stipe and by the small and circular pileus, resulting in lower harvesting cost. A significant increase in carpophore production was observed in somatic hybrids of protoplasts due to heterosis. A comparision of hybrid with parents P72 was made using isozyme analysis. The esterase banding patterns could be characterized by new bands in the hybrids. Seven fusion products of four crosses between P.florida ASI 2016 and P. ostreatus ASI 2018 were analysed with respect to the distribution of progenies and segregation of gene markers by random basidiospore analysis. Segregation of alleles should yield progeny of four genotypes in a Mendelian ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 for prototrophs, auxotrophs of one parental type, auxotrophs of the other parental type, and auxotrophic recombinants, respectively. However, five fusants of them did not detect one parental, P.ostreatus, type. Basidiospores could yield progeny of 16 genotypes in the cross of one of the recombinant P5-M43-arg $rib{\times}P. ostreatus$ ASI 2-13-pro orn but the segregants of three fusants were not detected clearly. The allele ratio of loci could be expected 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 for arg, rib, pro and orn. The ratio, however, would be changed to 4 : 1 : 1 : 1 with increasing proportion of argo In almost all the fusants, prototrophic recombinants were recovered in large numbers against auxotrophic markers. Parental genotypes were recovered with the recombinant progeny amounting to $38.68{\sim}99.56%$. The analysis provides proof of heterokaryosis and strong evidence for haploidy of vegetative nuclei, a sexual cycle consisting of nuclear fusion and meiosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1999

Background : Generally $VO_2$ max is higher in treadmill exercise than cycle ergometer exercise. According to Hassen and Wasserman, $VO_2$ max with treadmill exercise is higher at ratio of 1.11 than that with cycle ergometer. $VO_2$ max also is influenced by race, sociocultural background, exercise habit In this study, $VO_2$ max and AT were evaluated between Treadmill and cycle exercise in male Korean college students. Method: Study subjects were 44 male college students. We randomized them into 2 groups; 24 students did treadmill exercise at first and 1 week later did cycle ergometer. Another 20 students did in opposite method. They made symptom limited maximal exercise. Author defined maximal exercise as followings: 1) respiratory exchange ratio(RER)> 1.1, 2) plateau>30 sec, 3) heart rate reserve(HRR) <15%, or 4) breathing reserve (BR)<30%. Otherwise their results are excluded as submaximal exercise. Anaerobic threshold(AT) was estimated by V-slope method. Results: $VO_2$ max and AT was $45.1{\pm}6.66m\ell$/kg/min and $26.0{\pm}6.78m\ell$/kg/min in treadmill and $34.9{\pm}5.89m\ell$/kg/min, $19.5{\pm}4.77m\ell$/kg/min in Cycle Ergometer. The measured-$VO_2max$/pred-$VO_2max$ was $98.8{\pm}13.24%$ in treadmill; $84.4{\pm}13.42%$ in cycle ergometer. Comparing $VO_2$ max in treadmill with that obtained by Hassen's method, there were significant differences.(p<0.01). At maximal exercise there were differences in HRR, $O_2$/pulse, BR, $V_E$/MVV, $V_E/VCO_2$ between treadmill and cycle but not in $V_E/VO_2$, Vd/Vt, Ti/Ttot. At AT there were differences in $O_2$/pulse, BR, $V_E$/MVV, Ti/Ttot between treadmill and cycle, otherwise not. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, there are larger gap between treadmill and cycle ergometer in normal Korean adults than foreign data, and it needs further study to obtain reference value of Korea.