• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2010

Purpose: To determine the appropriate prostate planning target volume (PTV) margins for 3-dimensitional (3D) conformal radiotherapy (CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) patients treated with an endorectal balloon (ERB) under our institutional treatment condition. Materials and Methods: Patients were treated in the supine position. An ERB was inserted into the rectum with 70 cc air prior to planning a CT scan and then each treatment fraction. Electronic portal images (EPIs) and digital reconstructed radiographs (DRR) of planning CT images were used to evaluate inter-fractional patient's setup and ERB errors. To register both image sets, we developed an in-house program written in visual $C^{++}$. A new method to determine prostate PTV margins with an ERB was developed by using the common method. Results: The mean value of patient setup errors was within 1 mm in all directions. The ERB inter-fractional errors in the superior-inferior (SI) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions were larger than in the left-right (LR) direction. The calculated 1D symmetric PTV margins were 3.0 mm, 8.2 mm, and 8.5 mm for 3D CRT and 4.1 mm, 7.9 mm, and 10.3 mm for IMRT in LR, SI, and AP, respectively according to the new method including ERB random errors. Conclusion: The ERB random error contributes to the deformation of the prostate, which affects the original treatment planning. Thus, a new PTV margin method includes dose blurring effects of ERB. The correction of ERB systematic error is a prerequisite since the new method only accounts for ERB random error.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.4 s.38
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• pp.101-115
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to develop and applicate In based teaching$\cdot$learning process plan for Environmentally friendly Housing. The 3 main stages of process were used: analyses, planning & development, and application & evaluation. Three teaching subjects were selected to teach Environmentally friendly housing in the analysis stage. The webhard learning environment was consisted of contents and various materials such as digital video, PPT, group activity, discussion, individual and group reporting forms, and questions. The number of 101 high school students participated for the application stage during september 22-27, 2003. Most of all students evaluated very positively the various aspects of contents as well as LT cooperative learning methods md the web based learning environment. They strongly expressed to practice the practical ways of Environmentally friendly housing learned in the class in the future. The results imply that the contents and In teaching learning plan developed in this study seem to be adequate to be included in the regular text.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2005

In this study, the physical compensator made with the high density material, Cerrobend, and the electronic compensator realized by the movement of a dynamic multileaf collimator were analyzed in order to verify the properness of a design function in the commercial RTP (radiation treatment planning) system, Eclipse. The CT images of a phantom composed of the regions of five different thickness were acquired and the proper compensator which can make homogeneous dose distribution at the reference depth was designed in the RTP. The frame for the casting of Cerrobend compensator was made with a computerized automatic styrofoam cutting device and the Millennium MLC-120 was used for the electronic compensator. All the dose values and isodose distributions were measured with a radiographic EDR2 film. The deviation of a dose distribution was $\pm0.99 cGy\;and\;\pm1.82cGy$ in each case of a Cerrobend compensator and a electronic compensator compared with a $\pm13.93 cGy$ deviation in an open beam condition. Which showed the proper function of the designed compensators in the view point of a homogeneous dose distribution. When the absolute dose value was analyzed, the Cerrobend compensator showed a $+3.83\%$ error and the electronic compensator showed a $-4.37\%$ error in comparison with a dose value which was calculated in the RTP. These errors can be admtted as an reasonable results that approve the accuracy of the compensator design in the RTP considering the error in the process of the manufacturing of the Cerrobend compensator and the limitation of a film in the absolute dosimetry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1995

To estimate buffer capacity and sensitivity of forest ecosystem to acid rain in Taejon, ionic components of throughfall, stemflow, soil leachate, and open rain in Pinus rigida and Quercus variabilis forest were analysed. The spatial sensitivity based on parent rock and forest type was given by IDRISI of GIS which created imagery conversion from soil and vegetation map. Parent rocks and soils were classified into acidic, sedimentary, metamorphic rock and then subdivided based on $SiO_2$ content. Average pH of vegetation leachate was higher in throughfall but lower in stemflow than open rain and higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in Pinus rigida forest. The flow of $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $Cl^-$ through vegetation leaching(throughfall plus stemflow) into soil were 7.2, 4.3, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.4, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. But the concentration of exchangeable cations was 4.1 times higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.6 times higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. Average pH of soil leachate was lower than that of throughfall, but higher than that of stemflow. The concentration of exchangeable canons and $Al^{3+}$ in soil leachate were more in Pinus rigida forest than in Quercus variabilis forest and increase signficantly with the increase of acidic deposits. Pinus forest had more deposition and canopy interception of acidic pollutants and more nutrient loss than Quercus forest, and Quercus forest had more cation exchange and proton consumption and than consequently had less nutrient loss and better buffer capacity than Pinus forest. The 69% of forest soils was distributed on acidic rock, 25% of it on metamorphic rock, and 6% of it on intermediate and basic rock. Acidic rock residuals which had low very canon exchange capacity and high sensitivity to acid rain occupied a half of total forest land in Taejon area. Therefore forests in Taejon showed high vulnerability to acid rain and will receive much more stress with the increase of acid rain precursors.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify different cerebral areas of the human brain associated with rural and urban picture stimulation using a 3.0 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and further to investigate the human suitability for rural and urban environments. A total of 27 right-handed participants (mean age: $27.3{\pm}3.7$) underwent fMRI study on a 3.0T MR scanner. The brain activation patterns were induced by visual stimulation with each rural and urban sceneries. The participants were divided into two groups as 26 subjects favorable to rural scenery and 14 subjects unfavorable to urban scenery based on their filled-in questionnaire. The differences of the brain activation in response to two extreme types of pictures by the two sample t-test were characterized as follows: the activation areas observed in rural scenery over urban were the insula, middle frontal gyrus, precuneus, caudate nucleus, superior parietal gyrus, superior occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and globus pallidus. In urban scenery over rural, the inferior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, amygdala, and posterior cingulate gyrus were activated. The fMRI patterns also clearly show that rural scenery elevated positive emotion such as happiness and comfort. On the contrary, urban scenery elevated negative emotion, resulting in activation of the amygdala which is the key region for the feelings of fear, anxiety and unpleasantness. This study evaluated differential cerebral areas of the human brain associated with rural and urban picture stimulation using a 3.0 Tesla fMRI. These findings will be useful as an objective evaluation guide to human suitability for ecological environments that are related to brain activation with joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.14B no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2007

This paper presents vision-based 3D facial expression animation technique and system which provide the robust 3D head pose estimation and real-time facial expression control. Many researches of 3D face animation have been done for the facial expression control itself rather than focusing on 3D head motion tracking. However, the head motion tracking is one of critical issues to be solved for developing realistic facial animation. In this research, we developed an integrated animation system that includes 3D head motion tracking and facial expression control at the same time. The proposed system consists of three major phases: face detection, 3D head motion tracking, and facial expression control. For face detection, with the non-parametric HT skin color model and template matching, we can detect the facial region efficiently from video frame. For 3D head motion tracking, we exploit the cylindrical head model that is projected to the initial head motion template. Given an initial reference template of the face image and the corresponding head motion, the cylindrical head model is created and the foil head motion is traced based on the optical flow method. For the facial expression cloning we utilize the feature-based method, The major facial feature points are detected by the geometry of information of the face with template matching and traced by optical flow. Since the locations of varying feature points are composed of head motion and facial expression information, the animation parameters which describe the variation of the facial features are acquired from geometrically transformed frontal head pose image. Finally, the facial expression cloning is done by two fitting process. The control points of the 3D model are varied applying the animation parameters to the face model, and the non-feature points around the control points are changed by use of Radial Basis Function(RBF). From the experiment, we can prove that the developed vision-based animation system can create realistic facial animation with robust head pose estimation and facial variation from input video image.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.32
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• pp.189-220
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• 2013

It is expected that interests and supports for 'the creative economy' will increase considerably since the establishment of the Park Geun Hye Administration. According to a report with respect to its cultural policy handed in by the Minister of Culture to the president on March 28, 2013, the administration will set up a basic plan of establishing regional fusion-typed laboratories including such genres as story telling, animations, games, cartoons, performances, etc. in May this year, and opening contents Korea laboratories across the country by the first quarter in 2014 as part of its core task. Furthermore, it will focus on implementing such policies for training professional manpower as creative mentoring programs, expansion of education for field employees and expansion of a creative education for young students, including a plan to train 1,000 creative contents talents by 2017 as described in the report. Since the Comics Promotional Law took effect in August 2012, the Korea Culture and Content Agency and the Comics Industry have been establishing the third plan for medium and long term development of the comics industry together. One of the most important policy is about training professional manpower. "Joint Business with Creative Talents," in which the amount of 4.5 billion won was invested, has already been implemented, and "Support Business for Field Employees of Comics Creating Enterprises," in which the amount of 0.6 billion won was invested, has been performed so far through the Korea Comics Contents Agency upon the request of the Comics Industry. The government's plan to train professional manpower is interlocked with its foundation and employment policies, and thus, this will be a good opportunity for colleges and universities that have comics related majors, especially for those that need proper measures for bring their graduates a chance to get a job. Accordingly, it seems that if the government develops more aggressive policies, reflects this on the third medium and long term development plan of the comics industry, and then organizes policy and study meetings led by the learned societies to implement this, it will be able to generate a significant synergy effect. This Article will concentrate on first examining the flow and patterns of the policy to train special manpower by the comics industry, the Ministry of Culture and related institutions since the establishment of the Comics Promotional Law, analyzing some problems in the first and second medium and long term development plan of the comics industry to be implemented from 2003 through 2013 and the third medium and long term development plan to be announced in June 2013 to train professional manpower, and then suggesting an effective direction and some alternatives to train professional manpower in universities in a medium and long term way.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.382-394
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program as part of health promoting projects in an elementary school. A total of 168 students in the 4th grade were enrolled in the program for 6 months. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess nutrition knowledge and dietary habit. Nutrient intakes and body shape perceptions were measured using 24-hour recall method and self-ratings of body shape figures, respectively. The education program was conducted in various ways, focused on healthy dietary behavior, nutrients' roles and sources, and proper body shape perceptions, etc. After the education program, nutrition knowledge and dietary habit were significantly improved. Dietary habit scores were significantly and positively related to nutrition knowledge levels. Body shape perceptions were significantly and properly changed after the program. Dissatisfaction with perceived current body shape and discrepancy between shapes desired and considered healthy were significantly decreased. But girls still indicated a desire to be leaner than shapes which were perceived current and considered healthy. Nutrient intakes were partly improved by the program, but some nutrients, such as calcium, folate, zinc, sodium and niacin, were still remained deficient or excessive. These findings indicate that enhancement of nutrition knowledge is extended to the improvement of dietary habit. In addition, establishment of proper body shape perception is closely related to healthy dietary habits and is required to good nutrition and health.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

Purpose: To evaluate whether modified MUPIT applicator can effectively eradicate recurrent tumor in uterine cervix cancer and reduce rectal complication after complete radiation treatment. Materials and Methods: Modified MUPIT applicator basically consists of an acrylic cylinder with flexible brain applicator, an acrylic template with a predrilled array of holes that serve as guides for interstitial needles and interstitial needles. CT scan was peformed to determine tumor volume and the position of interstitial needles. Modified MUPIT applicator was applied to patient in operation room and the accuracy for position of interstitial needles in tumor volume was confirmed by CTscan. Brachytherapy was delivered using modified MUPIT applicator and RALS(192-lr HDR) after calculated computer planning by orthogonal film. The daily dose was 600cGy and the total dose was delivered 3,000 cGy in tumor volume by BID. Rectal dose was measured by TLD at 5 points so that evaluated the risk of rectal complication. Results: The application of modified MUPIT applicator improved dramatically dose distributions in tumor volume and follow-up of 3 month for this patient was clinically partial response without normal tissue complication, Rectal dose was measured 34.1 cGy, 57.1 cGy, 103.8 cGy, 162.7 cGy, 165.7 cGy at each points, especially the rectal dose including previous EBRT and ICR was 34.1 cGy, 57.1 cGy. Conclusion: Patients with locally recurrent tumor in uterine cervix cancel treated with modified MUPIT applicator can expect reasonable rates of local control. The advantages of the system are the fixed geometry provided by the template and cylinders. and improved dose distributions in irregular tumor volume without rectal complication.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_3
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• pp.1109-1123
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• 2020

In South Korea with forest as a major land cover class (over 60% of the country), many wildfires occur every year. Wildfires weaken the shear strength of the soil, forming a layer of soil that is vulnerable to landslides. It is important to identify the severity of a wildfire as well as the burned area to sustainably manage the forest. Although satellite remote sensing has been widely used to map wildfire severity, it is often difficult to determine the severity using only the temporal change of satellite-derived indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR). In this study, we proposed an approach for determining wildfire severity based on machine learning through the synergistic use of Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar-C data and Sentinel-2A Multi Spectral Instrument data. Three wildfire cases-Samcheok in May 2017, Gangreung·Donghae in April 2019, and Gosung·Sokcho in April 2019-were used for developing wildfire severity mapping models with three machine learning algorithms (i.e., Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine). The results showed that the random forest model yielded the best performance, resulting in an overall accuracy of 82.3%. The cross-site validation to examine the spatiotemporal transferability of the machine learning models showed that the models were highly sensitive to temporal differences between the training and validation sites, especially in the early growing season. This implies that a more robust model with high spatiotemporal transferability can be developed when more wildfire cases with different seasons and areas are added in the future.