• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to know the growth response and light use efficiency of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) 'Yorum Cheongchukmyeon' (green leaf lettuce) and 'Hongyom Jeokchukmyeon' (red leaf lettuce) under different RGB (Red:Green:Blue) ratio in a closed-type plant factory system. The plants were hydroponically cultured with a 12-h photoperiod at $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, 60~70% RH and 600~900 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ $CO_2$. The light treatments were combined in three colors LEDs (red, blue, and white) and RGB ratios (1 : 4 : 5, 5 : 0 : 5, 5 : 2 : 3, 7 : 0 : 3, 7 : 1 : 2, and 8 : 1 : 1), however, as the light intensities of treatments were different. Growth characteristic response in both lettuces were significantly as affected by interaction between cultivar and light quality, when they were grown under different light quality conditions. Plant heights of green and red leaf lettuce were the lowest in 1 : 4 : 5 and 8 : 1 : 1, respectively. The highest length and number of leaf were showed 8 : 1 : 1 and 7 : 0 : 3 for the green and 5 : 2 : 3 and 8 : 1 : 1 for the red, respectively. Shoot dry weights of green and red leaf lettuce were the heaviest in 7 : 0 : 3 and 8 : 1 : 1, respectively. Leaf width and leaf shape index were significant about cultivar and light quality. Leaf widths of green and red leaf lettuce were the largest in 8 : 1 : 1 and 5 : 2 : 3, respectively. Leaf shape index of green and red leaf lettuce were the largest in 1 : 4 : 5 and 1 : 4 : 5, respectively. Shoot fresh weight and light use efficiency were significant about cultivar and light quality. Shoot fresh weights of green and red leaf lettuce were the heaviest in 7 : 0 : 3 and 8 : 1 : 1, respectively. Light use efficiencies of green and red leaf lettuce were the highest in 7 : 0 : 3 and 5 : 0 : 5, respectively. These results suggested that the ratio of RGB was 5~7 : 0~2 : 1~3 to cultivate leaf lettuce in a plant factory system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity on the initial growth response of three woody plants for indoor landscaping; Ardisia pusilla, Clusia rosea and Fatsia japonica. The plants were planted in 10cm pots, the light intensities used were of four levels-15, 30, 60, $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD-and light irradiation time was set to 12/12 (day/night). Growth responses including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), SPAD and Hunter values were measured at 4-week intervals, and shoot weight and root weight of fresh and dry plants were measured after completion of the experiment. Fatsia japonica tended to show greater leaf length and leaf width as light intensity became greater, while other plants did not show any significant differences at different light intensities. The Fv/Fm value of the Ardisia pusilla was found to be stressed at 60 and $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, while the Fv/Fm values were within normal range with other plants or at other light intensity levels to show no stress. Only Clusia rosea showed significantly different SPAD values at $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and there was no significant SPAD value difference found with other plants or at other light intensity levels. While Hunter values of the Ardisia pusilla did not show any significant differences at any light intensity levels, Clusia rosea and Fatsia japonica showed specificity in L, a and b values at 60 and $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. Ardisia pusilla showed a big stem growth at $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and Clusia rosea showed a steady growth at 60 and $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1992

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of seeding rates and nitrogen fertilization levels on the agronomic characteristics, nutritive value and forage yield of spring oat(Avena sativa L.). This experiment was undertaken over a period of 2 months from September to November, 1987. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Increased seeding rates of 120, 160 and 200kg/ha decreased emergence rates by 93.4, 71.4 and 70.6 %, respectively(P<0.05). Tillering was decreased by higher seeding rates(P<0.05) and that of 120kg/ha of seeding rate with 200kg/ha of nitrogen fertilization level was highest by 3.3. Among three seeding rates, tillering of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilization level was lowest by 2.1. Leaf width was influenced by seeding rates. When seeding rate was increased, narrow leaf width (P

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.359-367
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the effects of seed storage methods and pre-treatments on seed germination, soil types and shading conditions on potted seedlings growth of S. sieboldiana var. pendula and S. sieboldiana for. xanthocarpa, endemic species in Korea. The seed germination rate of S. sieboldiana var. pendula was the highest at 48.6% when seeds were treated with stratification for 60 days and then soaked in 100 ppm $GA_3$. And seed germination rate of S. sieboldiana for. xanthocarpa was the highest at 51.4% when seeds were pre-chilled for 30 days and then soaked in 100 ppm $GA_3$. And potted seedlings of S. sieboldiana var. pendula showed the best quality under 50% shading in bedsoil with the growth characteristics of plant height (41 cm), number of leaves(8), leaf width (16 cm), leaf length (18 cm), root length (22 cm), fresh weight(aerial part/root part; 20/6.9 g) and dry weight(aerial part/root part; 4.5/2.0 g). And potted seedlings of S. sieboldiana for. xanthocarpa showed the best quality under non-shading in bedsoil with the growth characteristics of plant height (39 cm), number of leaves(10), leaf width (12 cm), leaf length (15 cm), root length (22 cm), fresh weight (aerial part/root part; 21/13 g) and dry weight (aerial part/root part; 4.2/2.2 g). Therefore, seeds treated with stratification or prechilling and then soaked in $GA_3$ were effective in germination of S. sieboldiana var. pendula and S. sieboldiana for. xanthocarpa, and potted seedlings should be cultivated in bedsoil under non or 50% shading condition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develope new indoor plants and to investigate the effects of light intensity on the growth of $Distylium$ $racemosum$, $Osmanthus$ $heterophyllus$ and $Damnacanthus$ $indicus$ under 100 lux, 1,000 lux and 2,500 lux fluorescent lighting for six months in the environment-controlled growth chambers. 1. $Distylium$ $racemosum$ : Most of $Distylium$ $racemosum$ under 100 lux light intensity were blighted in two months, whereas it was 100% of survival under 1,000 lux and 2,500 lux after six months. Plant height, number of leaf, leaf width and leaf length became higher as light intensity increased. The plants maintained under 2,500 lux showed the greatest plant height and leaf number. 2. $Osmanthus$ $heterophyllus$ : $Osmanthus$ $heterophyllus$ under 100 lux light intensity were blighted in two months, whereas it was 100% of survival under 1,000 lux and 2,500 lux after six months. However, under 1,000 lux, it paused plant height and was not increased in leaf number any more. A plant growth status showed the highest value under 2,500 lux in all conditions. 3. $Damnacanthus$ $indicus$ : $Damnacanthus$ $indicus$ was defoliated and blighted under 100 lux light intensity in two months, whereas it was grown properly with 1,000 lux or above. However, the growth under 2,500 lux of $Damnacanthus$ $indicus$ was superior to other treatments. But, $Damnacanthus$ $indicus$ under 1,000 lux after 6 months was more favorable chlorophyll contents, leaf length and leaf width than 2,500 lux. As increasing slightly of chlorophyll contents and leaf growth under 1,000 lux, $Damnacanthus$ $indicus$ could be utilized highly to the indoor ornamental plant.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 1999

The experiment was carried out to find the effects of the application method of dairy liquid manure on productivity of silage corn(P3352) and sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(P988) and physical and chemical properties of soil during 2 years at Suwon. Crude protein content of T1(Chemical fertilizer) was highest by 6.5%, 8.9% in both forage, respectively, but total digestible nutrient(TDN) percent of T3(dairy liquid manure, basal + chemical fertilizer, topdressing) was highest by 73.8%, 59.0% in both forage, respectively. In TND yield, it was little different between T1(9.5 MT/ha) and others(8.4~9.3 MT/ha) at silage corn, but T4(chemical fertilizer at basal + dairy liquid manure at topdressing) was highest as 13.3 MT/ha at sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(p<0.05). pH of the soil after experiment was lower than that of the soil before experiment in the both forages, but soil organic matter was high at after trial than before trial. Available phosphorous and exchangeable cation were not shown the regular trend in this experiment. Based on the results of this experiment, it was not shown among different application method for silage corn (P3352), but application of chemical fertilizer at basal and liquid manure at topdressing was good for sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(P988).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitor (AGI) activity and to evaluate horticultural characteristics of pepper (Capsicum spp.). AGI activities of pepper fruits and leaves were different from 1.0 to 20.5 times and 1.0 to 5.9 times, respectively. Weight, length and width of evaluated pepper fruit were distributed from 0.5 to 56.0 g, 0.8 to 15.4 cm and 0.5 to 6.3 cm per fruit respectively. Stem colors before transplanting varied from green to violet. Length and width of leaf were distributed from 3.1 to 5.0 cm and 2.1 to 3.0 cm. Immature fruit color was almost green and mature fruit color was almost red. In horticultural characteristics of selected pepper lines with high AGI activity, the fruit position was downward position. The immature fruit color was green in all lines except one and the mature fruit color was red in all lines. Fruit weight and fruit length of selected pepper lines with high AGI activity were distributed from 5.9 to 41.1 g and 5.9 to 17.0 cm and leaf width and leaf length were distributed from 5.8 to 29.7 cm and 3.9 to 8.7 cm, respectively. The AGI activities of pepper is widely variable between leaf and fruit. According to this result, it suggested the possibility of developing a new pepper line with high AGI activity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil amendment treatments, such as hydroball, and active carbon, and planting Pennisetum alopecuroides for reducing calcium chloride (CaCl₂) of soil leachate and the growth of Pennisetum alopecuroides. The experiment planted Pennisetum alopecuroides in a plastic pot with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 9 cm in a greenhouse April-October 2018. The experimental group comprised six treatments, including Non-treatment (Cont.), Hydroball (H), Active carbon (AC), planting Pennisetum alopecuroides (P), hydroball + planting Pennisetum alopecuroides (H + P), and active carbon + planting Pennisetum alopecuroides (AC + P). The dissolution of the CaCl₂ concentration 200ml of 10g/L was irrigated once every two weeks. We measured the growth (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves), EC, pH, and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) according to the high concentration of CaCl₂ in the plant and soil leachate. In a treatment with the 'hydroball' amendment, the soil leachate electrical conductivity (EC), and the cation exchangeable were decreased more than those of the control, while the growth of Pennisetum alopecuroides relative growth rate(RGR) increased. Overall, application with the hydroball amendment added the planting of Pennisetum alopecuroides improved the salt reduction effect more than the control group. These results indicate that the application of the soil amendment agent hydroball was suitable soil amendments in accordance with the high concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Also, Planting Pennisetum alopecuroides is expected to be appropriate for salt-tolerant plant for soil affected by deicing salt agents.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2014

In this study, we analyzed the growth characteristics of red lettuce under Light-emitting diode (LED) light environment as well as the change of vitamin C and anthocyanins of lettuce. We made five monochromatic light treatments (red 647 nm, 622 nm, blue 463 nm, 450 nm, White), six mixed red (R) and blue (B) light treatments (R : B = 9 : 1, 8 : 2, 7 : 3, 6 : 4, 5 : 5) and red + white, and three light treatments made according to photoperiod of LED with lighting sources ratio of red : blue (R : B = 8 : 2(18/06 h, 15/09 h, 12/12 h)). It was composed of totally 14 control beds. As a result, the red lettuce the most developed leaf height, leaf numbers and fresh weight under red single light, root length and leaf developed when grown under blue single light. Therefore, red light were related to above part of the lettuce, blue light were related to the growth of the underground part of lettuce. Case of the mixed light, leaf height, leaf numbers, fresh/dry weight of above and underground part were highest red + white light and root length and chlorophyll content were highest under red 7 : 3 blue light. Result of growing investigation by photoperiod, the red lettuce were considered to be most effective in 15/09 h (on/off). The content of anthocyanins; the single light source, mixed light and light irradiation period were highest under blue light (463 nm), red 7 : 3 blue and 18/06 h (on/off) light irradiation, respectively. The vitamin C showed the lowest content of $1.26mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ under the white light, but showed the greatest content of $3.02mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for the control group.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.715-725
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• 2012

This study was performed to make the method of food waste manufacturing for feeding to earthworm and different ratio of earthworm cast was investigated for applying vegetable plants that cultivated in a family or roof garden. We made conventional treatment of gardening soil and prepared soils with earthworm cast (the only fertilizer) at 30, 50, 70 and 100% for planting vegetable plants and then we studied its growth feature. The treatment was repeated three times with 12 weeks for each time. The cultivation of radish and chinese cabbage were managed at the same cultivation level for RDA standard cultivation method, and each sample of soils and plants was analyzed by appropriate analysis method. The growth investigation was performed 12 week after planting, and as for growth characteristics, height, leaf diameter, leaf number, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight were investigated. The chemical characteristics, soils and plants, were surveyed. As for the growth characteristics investigated, radish and chinese cabbage showed the biggest growth in 70% and 50% treatment with average growth of all characteristics, height, leaf diameter, leaf number, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. Applying these results, a new equation for vermicast recommendation for radish and Chinese cabbage in summer (June-August) was presented. The earthworm cast 50% level with the gardening soil showed the high production in chinese cabbage. In case of radish, earthworm cast 70% with gardening soil level showed great growth, significantly.