• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1998

This study was initiated to identify the general groundwater quality and the effects of heavy-metal enrichments in the black shales and coal materials in Dukpyung area. Groundwater quality could be divided into three groups based on the major weathering processes in the groundwater system; Group I of carbonate weathering, Group II of silicate weathering with the probable effects of acidic mine drainage, and Group III of silicate weathering with relatively high concentrations of chloride components in anions. Metal contamination of groundwater was not observed. Locally, however, acidic mine drainage appeared to be produced and recharged into the groundwater system. In addition, contamination by NO$_3$-N ranged 2 to 3 times higher than the drinking water standards, probably due to infiltration of domestic sewage and/or fertilizers into the shallow aquifer.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2004

In order to charaterize weathering of chalcopyrite and behavior of dissolved metal ions in waste rocks from Manjang Cu mine, mineralogical studies such as refractive microscope, XRD and SEM/EDS analyses carried out. The weathering was mainly occurred in fractures and edge of the chalcopyrite within the mine waste rocks. The weathering process can be seen to reflect four stages based on the weathering degree of chalcopyrite. The main secondary minerals are goethite, covellite, azurite, malachite and brochantite. Dissolved Cu and As were mainly adsorbed Fe-hydroxide. Poorly crystalline Fe-oxide contains relatively high As contents. In oxdizing condition, the weathering of chalcopyrite mainly occurs along the fracture, while the replacement of chalcopyrite observed mainly in the grain and produced covellite and brochantite. The dissolved metals (Cu, Fe, As) in waste rocks from the abandoned Manjang mine area could attenuate naturally by precipitation, adsorption and replacement reaction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.219-224
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• 2002

충북 청원군 미원면 금관-원룡리 일대를 따라 발달된 화전리층(상층)과 구룡산층 분포지역에서, 기반암에 따른 지하수 및 지표수의 수질특성의 차이를 규명하고자 하였다. 화전리층(상층)지역의 경우 Ca-(HCO$_3$+.CO$_3$) 유형을, 구룡산층 지역의 경우 (Ca,Mg)-SO$_4$ 및 (Ca,Mg)-HCO$_3$ 유형을 보였다. 지하수의 경우, 화전리층(상층) 지역은 주고 탄산염광물의 풍화에 의해, 구룡산층 지역은 주로 규산염광물의 풍화에 의해 수질특성이 결정됨을 보였으며, 이러한 차이는 통계분석 방법으로 확인할 수 있었다. 지표수의 경우, 한 지점을 제외하고는 대부분이 암반 기원으로 도시되어 기반암의 영향이 수질특성을 좌우하고 있음을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는, 지하수ㆍ지표수 각각의 수질 특성이 지역적인 기반암 종류에 따름을 확인시켜주는 바, 국가적인 수질관리정책은 지역적인 지질매체의 차이를 고려하면서 수립 ㆍ시행되어야 함을 보여준다.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.552-560
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• 2017

This study investigates the development process of Mt. Deok on Bigeum Island, Shinan, on the basis of geomorphological and geological analyses. K-Ar dating was carried out on two samples of the acidic lapilli tuff developed in the study area, and the obtained K-Ar ages are $70.4{\pm}1.4$ and $76.9{\pm}1.5Ma$, which correspond to the Late Cretaceous (Campanian). Mt. Deok is surrounded by rock cliff, and various weathering microtopographic features, such as tafoni, tor and gnamma, are developed. Tafoni with diverse morphologic types is the most dominant feature, indicative of intense salt weathering. Geological characteristics such as porous tuff and joint have played an important role in the development of tafoni and rock cliff. Geomorphology and geology of Mt. Deok reflect paleoenvironmental change and interaction between human and nature in the coastal area.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2010

In order to clarify the effect of consolidant, the artificial porous material with low intensity was manufactured using granite powder and Portland cement. We have prepared four kinds of alkoxysilane system consolidants, a acrylic resin and a epoxy resin and investigated about characteristics before and after consolidation. As a result of the research, Silres BS OH 100 was effective for density and surface hardness. SS-101 with hydrophobicity and Site SX-RO with hydrophilicity had the good durability over salts weathering. On the other hand, Syton HT-50 and Paraloid B72 were easily destructed by salt weathering because they were concentrated on surface area by the low penetration depth. Araldite 2020 was the most effective consolidant for improvement of physical properties.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

Oxidation of pyrite has caused a serious environmental problem such as the acidification of soil and surface water. The mineralogical change of acid sulfate weathering of hydrothermally altered andesite which contained 11.8% of pyrite and was exposed in atmosphere by lay out works for a residential area and a golf course was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electronmicroscopes. Ferrihydrite, jarosite, and an unidentified water soluble phase were observed as weathering products of the andesite. Under electronmicroscopes, showed aggregate of platy microcrystals; jarosite was platy morphology: water soluble Phase was columnar. Morphology of fresh Pyrite in the andesite changed from pyritrohedron to cubic in its frequency with increasing its particle size. The drainage water was acidic (pH 3.5) and in an equilibrium state with both ferrihydrite and jarosite.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1 s.47
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Site environments bring about various different deterioration forms of stone cultural properties. The aim of this study is to document the influence of coarse grained sandy soil on the deterioration of stone cultural properties. Bulguksadabotap is a good example that demonstrates the problem with coarse grained sandy soil. The ground around the Bulguksadabotap is covered with coarse grained sandy soil and the pagoda is surrounded by the corridors. Coarse grained sandy soil float easily in the air and deposit in the complicated stone structure caused by strong wind in Gyeongju and numerous visitors. To explain the influence of coarse grained sandy soil on the deterioration, the coarse grained sandy soil and weathered stone pieces of Bulguksadabotap were analyzed by XRD, optical microscopy, SEM for mineralogical component and IC and ICP-AES for the soluble salts. The soil and weathered stone pieces include clay minerals, such as smectite and kaolinite, can expand with water and exert pressure on the stone. Small size of the clay minerals in the coarse grained sandy soil can easily penetrate into the weathered surfaces of the Bulguksadabotap. The weathered stone pieces also contain NaCl, which is known to contribute to increase the expandibility of clay minerals by providing with $Na^{+}$ or by dropping the equilibrium of relative humidity. These results indicates that coarse grained sandy soil is not proper to site environment for weathered stone cultural properties.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.1754-1759
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• 2010

Because the stone cultural properties located outdoors, they have been altered and deteriorated in external appearance due to environmental factors such as acid rain, extreme change in temperature, and salts. Damage to stone cultural properties is accelerated particularly due to recent industrial development and environmental pollution. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental contaminants(sea water and air pollutants such as, $SO_2$, NO, $CO_2$) on the weathering of granite. And as part of the developing of conservation method, $TiO_2$ catalyst was prepared and tested. After expose a granite to sea water and air pollutants, the mineral compositions of the tested granite surface were lower then that of the fresh granite. And absorption capacity of the weathered granite was steadily increased. From these results, it was expected that granite could be weathered by sea water and air pollutants. For the $TiO_2$ coated granite, absorption capacity was slightly enhanced compared to the $TiO_2$ non-coated granite. Therefore, the $TiO_2$ coating method tested in this study considered to be a viable method to assist in the conservation of granite from environmental contaminants.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.19-42
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• 2018

In this study, we surveyed weathering progressing aspect by major elements variation and rock hardness by using XRF analysis, schmidt hammer, and thin section analysis. This observation suggested that the weathering process is likely to develop differently according to microstructural characteristics. R-value on the inside wall are lower than those on the outside. Also, the shadier the environment was, the closer it was to inshore areas, the R-value appeared to be lower. The movement of the elements such as Ca, Na and K shows that feldspar is hydrolyzed and can form salt crystallization like a gypsum or halite when they combine with the elements such as S or Cl. It proved a high CaO, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$ content on flaking inside wall and rock meal. The exfoliation was mainly observed along the shady backwall and ceiling of tafoni. This helped in predicting the growth of tafoni as well as the direction of its progress.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.491-508
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• 2002

While about 80% of Jeju soils are classified as Andisols, the soils derived from volcanic ash in Dangsanbong are not Andisols. There is a significant difference of precipitation in localities of Jeju island. The study area is characterized by the lowest amount of annual rainfall in Jeju Island, and by the layered silicates as dominant solid phase in clay fraction. The purpose of this study was to characterize the mineralogy of the non-Andie soils in detail, especially hydroxy-interlayered silicates. Two major soil horizons are recognized in the soil profile developed in the Dangsanbong area, which can be designated as A and C. The soil pH($H_{2}0$), ranges from 6.6 to 7.3 increasing with depth, is higher than that of typical Andisols(pH<6.0). While the pH(NaF), ranges from 9.49 to 9.81, indicates that significant amount of amorphous phases might be present as exchanging complexes. It is estimated to about 1.542.88 wt% by using chemical selective dissolution. The organic content of surface horizon is about 2 wt%. This soil are composed of quartz, feldspar and olivine as major constituents with minor of silicate clays. Quartz is frequently observed in A and distinctly decreases in its amount with depth, while olivine is dominant phase in C and rarely observed in A. In the <0.2$\mu\textrm{m}$ size fraction, smectite and kaolinite/smectite interstratification are dominant with minor of illite. The amounts of smectite decrease with depth, while the amounts of kaolinite/smecite interstratification increase with depth, which indicates the trend of mineral transformation with increasing the degree of weathering. The proportion of kaolinite in kaolinite/smectite interstratification is about 85%, and is not changed significantly through the profile. In the 2-0.2$\mu\textrm{m}$size fraction, vermiculite, smectite, illite and kaolinite are major components with minor of chlorite. Most of chlorite are interstratified with smectite. Chlorite which is not interstratified with smectite occurs only in surface horizon. The proportion of the chlorite in the chlorite/smectite interstratification is 59-70(%) and increases with depth. Hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite(HIV) with hydroxy-Fe/AI in their interlayers occurs in both A and C horizon. The amounts of hydroxy-Fe/AI decrease with depth. Hydroxy-interlayered smectite(HIS) of which interlayers might be composed of hydroxy-Mg/Al occurs only in C horizon. As the results of mineralogical investigation for the soil profile in the study area, clay minerals might be changed and evolved through the following weathering sequences: 1) Smectite Kaolinite, HIS, Vermiculite, 2) Vermiculite HIV Chlorite.