• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5A
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• pp.729-735
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• 2008

For well-constructed concrete, its service life is a long period and it has an enough durability performance. For cracked concrete, however, it is clear that cracks should be a preferential channel for the penetration of aggressive substance such as chloride ions accoding to author's previous researches. Even though crack width can be reduced due to the high reinforcement ratio, the question is to which extend these cracks may jeopardize the durability of cracked concrete. If the size of crack is small, surface treatment system can be considered as one of the best options to extend the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environment simply in terms of cost effectiveness versus durability performance. Thus, it should be decided to undertake an experimental study to deal with the effect of different types of surface treatment system, which are expected to seal the concrete and the cracks to chloride-induced corrosion in particular. In this study, it is examined the effect of surfaced treated systems such as penetrant, coating, and their combination on chloride penetration through microcracks. Experimental results showed that penetrant can't cure cracks. However, coating and combined treatment can prohibit chloride penetration through cracks upto 0.06 mm, 0.08 mm, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Chloride ion, which penetrates into the cement composites from the outside, generally diffuses by the concentration gradient. Chloride ions are adsorbed by the chemical reaction with cement hydrates. Recent studies have shown that anion exchange resin (AER) powder can effectively adsorb the chloride ion in the cement composites, and thus, the cement composites containing AER have a high chloride adsorption capacity and a good resistance for chloride penetration. In this study, the chloride adsorption ability of the AER powder was investigated under the conditions of distilled water and calcium hydroxide saturated solution to determine if the AER powder is less effective to increase the chloride adsorption ability after grinding process. The chloride adsorption ability of AER powder was compared with the previous research about the chloride adsorption of AER bead. In addition, the compressive strength, chloride diffusion coefficient (using NT Build 492 method), and the chloride profile of cement mortar substituted with AER powder were investigated. There was no decrease in the chloride adsorption capacity of AER powder but increase in the kinetic property for chloride adsorption after the grinding process. The AER powder could absorb the chloride ion in the mortar quickly, and showed better chloride ion adsorption ability than the cement hydrates.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 2008

It is obvious that chloride penetration through cracks can threaten the durability of concrete substantially, according to the previous studies of author. It was proposed that crack depth corrseponded with critical crack width from the surface is a crucial factor in view of durability design of concrete structures. It is now necessary to deal with chloride penetration through microcracks characterized with the mixing features of concrete. The purpose of this study is examining the effect of mix proportional features of concrete such as coarse aggregate, high strengtherize of concrete and reinforcement of steel fiber on chloride penetration through cracks. Although small size of coarse aggregate can lead to many microcracks in concrete, the cracks should not impact on chloride penetration directly. On the contrary, chloride should penetrate through cracks easily in concrete with a large size of coarse aggregate because mixrocracks are connected to each other. Second, high strength concrete has an excellent performance to resist with chloride penetration. However, for cracked high strength concrete, its performance is reduced upto the level of ordinary concrete. Finally, steel fiber reinforcement is effective to reduce chloride penetration through cracks because steel fiber reinforcement can lead to reduce crack depth significantly.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.2 s.86
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• pp.179-189
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• 2005

Corrosion of steel due to chloride attack is a major concern in reinforced concrete structures which are located in the marine environments. In this case, Fick's 2nd law has been used for the prediction of chloride diffusion related with service life of concrete structures. However, those studies were confined mostly to the single deterioration due to chloride only, although actual environment is rather of combined type. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to explore the influences of carbonation to chloride attack in concrete structures and to investigate the validity of Fick's law to chloride attack combined carbonation. The test results indicate that the chloride ion profiles from Fick's law using the diffusion coefficient of immersion tests is not reflected the effect of separation of chloride ions in carbonation region but valid in sound region in case of combined action. On the other hand, the chloride ion profiles from Fick's law using the diffusion coefficient of Tang and Nilsson's method coincide with test results under dry-wet condition but not under combined condition. The results of present study may Imply that the new method for the measurement of diffusion coefficient is required to predict the chloride ion profiles in case of combined action at early.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.525-528
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• 2008

For well-constructed concrete, its service life is a long term and it has an enough durability performance. However, for cracked concrete, it is clear that cracks should be preferential channel for the penetration of aggressive substance such as chloride ions according to author's previous researches. In order to enhance the lifetime of cracked concrete, critical issues in the performance of the concrete is the risk of chloride-induced corrosion. Even though crack width can be reduced due to the high reinforcement ratio, the question is to which extend these cracks may jeopardize the durability of cracked concrete. If the size of crack is small, surface treatment system can be considered as one of the best options to extend the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environment simply in terms of cost effectiveness versus durability performance. Thus, it should be decided to undertake an experimental study on the effect of different types of surface treatment system, which are expected to seal the concrete and the cracks to chloride-induced corrosion in particular. In this study, it is examined the effect of surfaced treated systems on chloride penetration through microcracks. Single surface treatments of penetrant or coating and double application were considered as an experimental variation. RCM (Rapid Chloride Migration) testing is accomplished to visualize chloride penetration via cracks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2003

The estimation functions were proposed for calculating diffusion coefficient, chloride binding, and evaporable water. The program estimating chloride ion penetration was developed on the basis of these functions and the effects of humidity, curing temperature, water-cement ratio, and $C_3$A on chloride penetration were analyzed. The relative humidity increases the depth of chloride ion penetration and the trend becomes greater with aging. On the contrary, the influence of curing temperature on chloride ion penetration decreases with aging. By the way, the rise of $C_3$A in cement increases total chloride concentration on the surface as the bound chloride concentration increases but it decreases total chloride concentration on the inner part as the diffusion velocity of free chloride decreases. The fall of water-cement ratio decreases the chloride penetration depth rapidly. Therefore, the reduction of water-cement ratio may be the most effective method for reducing of the steel corrosion by chloride penetration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2009

Marine concrete structure is exposed to salt injury and deteriorated by steel corrosion due to chloride ions diffusion. It, therefore, is very important to estimate the chloride diffusivity in concrete. In this paper the compressive strength and permeable pore volume of concrete are measured and the diffusion coefficient and penetration depth of chloride ions in concrete were investigated to estimate the chloride diffusivity efficiently. To correlate these results each other, regression analysis was done. The results showed a good linear relation between chloride diffusivity and the fundamental properties of concrete and the chloride diffusivity of concrete with water-cement ratios of $40%{\sim}60%$ were about $2.5{\sim}6.6{\times}10^{-12}m^2/s$.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.160-168
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• 2010

Recently, there are a lot of researches related to the high-fluidity concrete (HFC) with field applications. However, most applications and studies are with concretes with high strength level so there are little studies about durability evaluations such as chloride ion penetration properties with normal strength concrete. Therefore, to evaluate the durability of HFC with normal strength level, this study performed the chloride ion penetration test and observed the micro pore distribution with normal strength HFC which contains limestone powder. Experimental results showed that most micro-pores have diameters between 0.005 to 0.05 ${\mu}m$ with HFCs using limestone powder and the average diameter becomes larger with the increase of limestone powder content. Also, it was shown that, with the increase of the limestone powder content, penetration depth and diffusion coefficient of chloride ion increased and diffusion coefficient had good relationships with compressive strength and average pore diameter with the coefficient of determination over 0.90.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.213-214
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• 2010

An objective of this experimental research is to investigate the diffusion characteristics for chloride ion of concrete subjected to sulfate attack. For this purpose, concretes with three types of cement such as ordinary portland cement(OPC), binary blended cement(BBC), and ternary blended cement(TBC) containing mineral admixtures were made for water-binder ratios of 32% and 43%. The concrete specimens were immersed in sulfate solution for 365 days, and then the resistance against chloride ion penetration of them were estimated by using NT BUILD 492. It was observed from the test results that the resistance to chloride ion penetration of concrete subjected to sulfate attack was greatly decreased than that of standard curing concrete under the same age.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers Conference
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• 2003.08a
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• pp.307-314
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• 2003

해양콘크리트 구조물의 내구성에 가장 큰 영향은 미치는 요인 중의 하나가 염소 이온의 침투에 의한 철근부식이다. 염소이온이 콘크리트 구조물 내부로 확산되어 철근이 부식하게 되면 철근의 부피팽창으로 콘크리트 덮개에 균열이 발생하고 철근의 단면적도 줄어들게 된다. 따라서, 구조물은 사용연한을 채우지 못 하고 붕괴되거나 사용성에 큰 문제가 발생하게 된다. (중략)