• Resources Recycling
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.73-80
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• 2020

In order to develop a process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LiBs, solvent extraction experiments were performed to separate Cu(II) and/or Co(II) from synthetic hydrochloric acid solutions containing Li(I), Mn(II), and Ni(II). Commercial amines (Alamine 336 and Aliquat 336) were employed and the extraction behavior of the metals was investigated as a function of the concentration of HCl and extractants. The results indicate that HCl concentration affected remarkably the extraction efficiency of the metals. Only Cu(II) was selectively at 1 M HCl concentration, while both Co(II) and Cu(II) was extracted by the amines when HCl concentration was higher than 5 M, leaving the other metal ions in the raffinate. Therefore, it was possible to selectively extract either Cu(II) or Co(II)/Cu(II) by adjusting the HCl concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.264-267
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• 2005

플럭 형성 비소 오염토양에 대한 토양세척기법의 적용성 실험결과, 세척용액 100 mM과 500 mM의 농도에서 대상 토양에 대한 비소 용출량은 수산화나트륨이 염산보다 높은 효율을 보였으며, 농도 1000 mM의 경우에는 염산이 비교적 우세한 세척효율을 보였다. 토양오염공정시험법에 의한 세척후 토양내 잔류비소 농도의 경우, 염산이 수산화나트륨과 비슷하거나 다소 우세함을 알 수 있었다. 세척 대상 토양의 Cut-off size limit을 선정하여 토양세척시 생성되는 플럭을 제거하지 않고 반복 세척한 결과, 수산화나트륨의 농도 200 mM은 1000 mM에 비하여 잔류된 비소량이 비슷하거나 비교적 높았으며, 2가지 농도에 대하여 총 5회 반복 세척한 토양의 비소 농도는 토양환경보전법의 가지역 우려기준 농도인 6 mg/kg에 근접한 결과를 보였으나, 염산의 경우 총 5회 세척시 비소의 농도가 약 9 mg/kg으로 비소 잔류량이 보다 큼을 알 수 있었다. 플럭을 제거한 후 반복 세척시 수산화나트륨의 농도 1000 mM이 200 mM에 비하여 토양 세척효율이 증가하였으며, 1000 mM로 5회 세척시 잔류비소 농도가 가지역 우려기준 농도에 근접한 약 6.7 mg/kg이었고 염산을 이용하여 세척한 경우에는 3회 세척시 약 6.7 mg/kg 4, 5회 반복 세척시 각각 약 3.9, 3.3 mg/kg으로 가지역 우려기준에 적합한 농도조건이 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.79-87
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• 2020

The extraction and stripping of HCl from aqueous solutions by commercial extractants like LIX 63 and its mixture with TEHA/ Cyanex 923/ Aliquat 336 and ionic liquids like ALi-SCN, ALi-PC in kerosene was investigated. Among these extractants, ALi-PC showed the best extraction effectivity (above 80%), but it was difficult to strip HCl from the loaded phase. Although the extraction percentage of HCl by LIX 63 was not high, the stripping performance was above 81%. The addition of octanol to the organic phase led to negative effect on the extraction performance of HCl. The addition of C2H5OH into aqueous solutions significantly increased the extraction and stripping percentage of HCl by LIX 63, ALi-PC and ALi-SCN.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2018

Influences of the magnetic field on 5, 10 and 15 wt% (1.5, 3 and 4.5 M) HCl solution behaviour, which has widespread applications in petroleum well acidizing, were investigated in various conditions. Differences in the pH of magnetized hydrochloric acid compared to that of normal hydrochloric acid were measured. Taguchi design of experimental (DoE) method were used to model effects of the magnetic field intensity, concentration, velocity and temperature of acid in addition to the elapsed time. The experimental results showed that the magnetic field decreases [$H^+$] concentration of hydrochloric acid up to 42% after magnetization. Increasing the magnetic field intensity (with 28% contribution), concentration (with 42% contribution), and velocity of acid increases the effect of magnetic treatment. The results also demonstrated that the acid magnetization was-not influenced by the fluid velocity and heating. It was also displayed that the acid preserves its magnetic memory during time. The optimum combination of factors with respect to the highest change of [$H^+$] concentration was obtained as an acid concentration of 10% and an applied magnetic field of 4,300 Gauss. Due to the reduction of HCl reaction rate under the magnetization process, it can be proposed that the magnetized HCl is a cost effective and reliable alternative retarder in the matrix acidizing of hydrocarbon (crude oil and natural gas) wells.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.785-790
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• 1998

The experimental transportation of Rhynchocypris steindachneri was carried out to study the effects of lidocaine-hydrochloride on water parameters. The dissolved oxygen, ventilation rate, ammonia nitrogen, and pH of control group, sham control group, and lidocaine-hydrochloride treated groups of 2,5 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm and 20 ppm at time of 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 240 min and 360 min after elapsed from treatment were tested. During the experiment time it was found that lidocaine-hydrochloride treated groups were most effective, followed by sham control and control, in decreasing the oxygen consumption and the excretion of ammonia by the fish. There were lidocaine-hydrochloride dose-related decrease in oxygen consumption and the excretion of ammonia. Decreasing in pH value of lidocaine-hydrochloride groups and sham control group was much more higher than that of control group. These results reveal lidocaine-hydrochloride is effective as sedative for transportation mixture in R. steindachneri.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2017

LIX 63 showed a selectivity for the extraction of Pd(II) over other PGMs, such as Pt(IV), Ir(IV) and Rh(III) from 6 M HCl solution. Moreover, HCl solution has significant effect on the oxidation-reduction reaction between Ir(IV) and LIX 63. Therefore, the applicability of employing LIX 63 for the separation of the 4 PGMs was investigated from 3 M HCl solution. From 3 M HCl solution, only Pd(II) was selectively extracted by LIX 63 and its extraction percentage was higher than from 6 M HCl solution. Extraction of the Pd(II) free raffinate with TBP led to the selective extraction of Pt(IV). After oxidation of Ir(III) with $NaClO_3$ to Ir(IV), extraction of the Pt(IV) free raffinate with Aliquat 336 selectively extracted Ir(IV). For each extraction step, optimum stripping conditions were obtained. By this process, it was possible to separate the 4 PGMs by solvent extraction from 3 M HCl solution.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 1976

실혈견(失血犬)에 있어서 염산(鹽酸)케타민 전신마취(全身麻醉)가 심전도(心電圖), 뇌파(腦波) 및 혈압(血壓)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였던 바 그 성적(成積)은 다음과 같았다. 심전도소견(心電圖所見)에 있어서는 동성빈맥(洞性頻脈)이 지속(持續)되었으나 심장조율(心臟調律)에는 특이(特異)한 변화(變化)가 나타나지 아니 하였다. 그러나 건강견(健康犬)에 있어서 염산(鹽酸)케타민 마취군(麻醉群)과 비교(比較)해서 파형(波形)의 변화(變化)와 S-T분절(分節)의 편위(偏位)가 경미(輕微)하게 있었으며 P-Q와 Q-T 간격(間隔)은 상대적(相對的)으로 다소(多少) 연장(延長) 되었다. 뇌파(腦波)는 건강견(健康犬)에 있어서의 염산(鹽酸)케타민 마취군(麻醉群)과 유사(類似)한 양상(樣相)을 보였으나, 그 진폭(振幅)은 약간 감소(減少)되었다. 혈압(血壓)은 마취후(麻醉後) 약간 하락(下落)되었으나 곧 마취전(麻醉前)으로 회복(恢復)되었으며, 악화(惡化)되지는 아니하였다.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.26-32
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• 2013

In order to recover Pt from the hydrochloric acid leaching solution of spent catalysts, bench scale Karr reciprocating column was employed. At an optimum flow rate and vibration frequency, iron and Pt was completely extracted by using TBP and Aliquat 336. At the same vibration frequency, iron and Pt was completely stripped by HCl and $HClO_4$ after adjusting the flow rate. In the case of extraction of HCl from the raffinate with TEHA, it was difficult to maintain the stability of the column extractor. A comparison of the operation results between column extractor and mixer-settler is reported.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.183-184
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• 2000

김 양식장은 대부분 천해해역으로서 영양염류가 풍부하여 김의 생산력은 증가되나 풍부한 영양염은 김의 성장을 촉진함과 동시에 잡균, 잡조(파래, 규조등)의 중식도 촉진된다. 김망에 부착된 잡조류를 구제하는 산처리제로서 염산을 사용하는 사례가 있어 해양생태계 뿐만 아니라 김 소비에 나쁜 영향을 끼친다. 정부에서는 염산사용에 따른 어장의 황폐화를 방지하고 양질의 김 생산을 위하여 산 처리제로서 염산 등 무기산에 대체할 수 있는 유기산를 사용하도록 권장하고 있으나 제조공정, 경제성, 현장적용과 효과면에서 여러 가지 문제가 해결되지 않고 있다. (중략)

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.781-785
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• 2016

Chloric acid is a toxic chemical and the risk of facility handling chloric acid was assessed from the list of accident scenario to provide countermeasure to keep the vicinity safe. Accident scenarios were listed by using MSDS and process safety information. The scenarios having effect to the off-site were selected and assessed further according to guideline provided by Korea government. Worst case and alternative scenarios including other interested scenarios were evaluated using ALOHA. Each evaluated scenario was assessed further considering countermeasures. The results showed that the facility handling chloric acid is safe enough and needed no further protections at the moment.