• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.545-561
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• 2007

Location management and message delivery protocol is fundamental to the further development of mobile agent systems in a multi-region mobile agent computing environment in order to control mobile agents and guarantee message delivery between them. However, previous works have some problems when they are applied to a multi-region mobile agent computing environment. First, the cost of location management and message delivery is increased relatively. Second, a tracking problem arises. finally, cloned mobile agents and parent-child mobile agents do not get dealt with respect to location management and message delivery. In this paper, we present a HB (Home-Blackboard) protocol, which is a new location management and message delivery protocol in a multi-region mobile agent computing environment. The HB protocol places a region server in each region and manages the location of mobile agents by using intra-region migration and inter-region migration. It also places a blackboard in each region server and delivers messages to mobile agents when a region server receives location update form them. The HB protocol can decrease the cost of location update and message passing and solve the tracking problem with low communication cost. Also, this protocol deals with the location management and message passing of cloned mobile agents and parent-child mobile agents, so that it can guarantee message delivery of these mobile agents and pass messages without passing duplicate messages.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 2006

Purpose : The headache, one of the symptoms of meningitis, is related to abrupt elevation of intracranial pressure(ICP) or stimulation of intracranial nociceptive structure. However, in cases of mild elevation of ICP or normal findings of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) analysis, patients sometimes complain of headaches. Therefore, other pathways may contribute to the occurrence of headaches in aseptic meningitis or meningismus. We intend to investigate the role of substance P(SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) in aseptic meningitis or meningismus. Methods : We measured leukocyte count, the concentration of protein and glucose in CSF and ICP of patients with meningeal irritation sign. We also measured SP and CGRP levels by using immunoassay. We analyzed the relationship between the presence of headache and the value of SP and CGRP. Results : The concentrations of CGRP($18.8{\pm}10.5ng/mL$) in CSF and ICP($14.8{\pm}4.5cmH_2O$) in aseptic meningitis group were significantly higher than in those($14.1{\pm}7.4ng/mL$ and $12.0{\pm}5.1cmH_2O$, respectively) of the meningismus group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the SP levels between the two groups. In the aseptic meningitis group, the concentrations of SP and CGRP were significantly higher in the normal ICP group than in the elevated ICP group(P<0.05). Conclusion : Headaches in children with aseptic meningitis or meningismus is considered to be related to the elevation of the CSF levels of SP and CGRP.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.769-776
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• 1996

The application of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in the examination of the thoracic cavity can be a new option in patients with mediastinal tumor because it provides outstanding visibility of the structures of the mediastinum. By clear viewing through the thoracoscope, a mediastinal tumor can be biopsied or resected, depending on the findings during an operation. We reviewed all patients who underwent curative or diagnostic operations from March 1990 to August 1995 under the impression of a mediastinal mass. The total number of patients were 113 with 59 males and 54 females. Group A underwent resection of tu or by thoracotomy(38 patients: 18 males, 20 females), and group B underwent resection of tumor by VATS (36 patients : 20 males and 16 females). Seven patients in group B were excluded because they underwent thoracotomy due to pleural adhesion or intra-operative bleeding ; therefore, the true VATS group numbered 29 cases. Group C underwent Iymph node biopsy by VATS(33 patients'16 males, 17 females), and group D(6 patients: 5 males, 1 female) underwent Iymph node biopsy through anterior mediastinotomy. The mean age in group A was 36.2 years compared to 41.3 years In group B. We compared operation time, frequency of injection for pain control, duration of chest tube insertion, postoperative hospital stay, and diagnostic yield. In group A, they were 164 minutes, 3.4 times, 5.2 days, and 11.3 days, respectively, in comparison to 152 minutes, 2 times, 4.7 days, and 8.3 days, respectively, in group B. These data revealed that the day of discharge was significantly shorter in group B (p valu : 0.03). In group C, the mean age was 45.8 years (range 1 ∼70). The operation time was from 30 to 335 minutes (mean 105), pain control was required from 0 to 15 times(mean 3.2), and a chest tube was needed for 1 to 36 days (mean 6.1). In group D, mean age was 53.3 years, operation time 121 minutes, pall control injec- tion frequency 2.6 times, and mean chest tube duration 10.5 days. The diagnostic yield in group C was 8 oyo compared to 100 oyo in group D although the number of patients in group D is small.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2010

It was recently reported that nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is secreted from the brain, controls appetite and energy metabolism. The purpose of this research was to confirm whether or not the protein and its binding site should have been expressed in the mouse reproductive organs and to know the possible effects of nesfatin-1 on the reproductive function. Using the ICR female mouse ovary and uterus, the expression of NUCB2 mRNA was confirmed with the conventional PCR and the relative amount of NUCB2 mRNA in the tissues was analyzed with real-time PCR. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the nesfatin-1 antibody to investigate the nesfatin-1 protein expression and the biotin conjugated nesfatin-1 to confirm the binding site for nesfatin-1 in the ovary. Furthermore, in order to examine if the expression of NUCB2 mRNA in the ovary and uterus is affected by gonadotropin, its mRNA expression was analyzed after PMSG administration into mice. As a result, the expression level of NUCB2 mRNA in the ovary and the uterus was as much as the expression level in hypothalamus. As a result of the immunohistochemical staining, nesfatin-1 proteins were localized at the theca cells, the interstitial cells, and some of the luteal cells. However, the granulosa cells in the follicles did not stain. Interestingly, the oocytes in the some follicles were stained with nesfatin-1. On the other hand, nesfatin-1 protein binding sites were displayed at the theca cells and the interstitial cells near the tunica albuginea. After PMSG administration the expression level of NUCB2 mRNA was increased in the ovary and the uterus. These results demonstrate that for the first time the nesfatin-1 and its binding site were expressed in the ovary and NUCB2 mRNA expression was controlled by gonadotropin, suggesting an important role in the reproductive organs as a local regulator. Therefore, further study is needed to elucidate the functions of nesfatin-1 on the reproductive organs.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.196-205
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• 1987

This study was conducted in order to obtain the informatin of the histochemical changes in each of 6 segments of the epididymal ducts in 32 Korean native male goats. The male goats were examined, dividing into 7 groups, at 4 잔 intervlas from 8 to 32 wks of age. The reuslts obtained were as follows: 1. PAS reaction showed positive on the basal and upper part beyond the nucleus of the peithelium of effernt ductules throughout all the classes of age. It was also positive on the free border and basal and upper part beyond the nucleus of the caput, on the free border andbasal parts of the corpus, and on the basal part of the cauda of the epididymal epithelium. 2. Acid phosphatase reaction was negative on the every part of epididymal epithelium at the age of 8 weeks, however, with the aging it became strangly positive on the areas between the free border and the nucleus, and moderately positive on the basal part of epithelium of the caput and corpus. In the free border adn basal part of the cauda, it was slightly positive. alkaline phosphatase reactin was negative on the every part of epididymal epithelium until 12 weeks of age. From 16 weeks, free border of epididymal epithelium becaqme slightly positive, and from 20 weeks, the reaction became stronger on the basal part but weekend on the free border with the aging. 3. In the sudan black B staining, many blue black granules between the free border and the nucleus, some granules on the basal part, and a few granules on the cytoplasm around the nucleus of the epididymal epithelium were observed from 8 weeks of age as early, and the granules were increased in number with the aging. 4. In Azan staining, reddish violet granules below the nucleus and blue granules on the upper part beyond the nucleus in some cells of epithelia of efferent ductules were noted at 12th and 16th week, and after 24th week, the granules were decreased with the aging. Golgi apparatus were clearly observable on the upper part beyond the nucleus of all parts of epididymal epithelium from 8th week, and also number of intracytoplasmic vacuoles(smaller ones on the upper part and larger ones on the basal part beyond the nucleus) and fine granules were increased with the aging. 5. In the toluidin blue staining, reddish purple granules on the basal part of the epithelium in all the parts of epididymal ducts, particularly brilliant in the cauda, were observed from 8th week as early. 6. In the Cowdry staining, numerous mitochondria, according to aging, were observed between the free border of epithelium and the upper part beyond the nucleus particularly in the catus and corpus of the epididymal ducts.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2001

Chitosan is biodegradable natural polymer that has been demonstrated its ability to improve wound healing, and calcium metaphosphate(CMP) is a unique class of phosphate minerals having a polymeric structure. In this study, chitosan/CMP and platelet derived growth factor(PDGF-BB) loaded chitosan/CMP sponges were developed, and the effect of the sponges on bone regeneration and their possibility as scaffolds for bone formation by three-dimensional osteoblast culture were examined. PDGF-BB loaded chitosan/CMP sponges were prepared by freeze-drying of a mixture of chitosan solution and CMP powder, and soaking in a PDGF-BB solution. Fabricated sponge retained its 3-dimensional porous structure with $100-200\;{\mu}m$ pores. The release kinetics of PDGF-BB loaded onto the sponge were measured in vitro with $^{125}I-labeled$ PDGF-BB. In order to examine their possibility as scaffolds for bone formation, fetal rat calvarial osteoblastic cells were isolated, cultured, and seeded into the sponges. The cell-sponge constructs were cultured for 28 days. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity were measured at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, and histologic examination was performed. In order to examine the effect on the healing of bone defect, the sponges were implanted into rat calvarial defects. Rats were sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks after implantation and histologic and histomorphometrical examination were performed. An effective therapeutic concentration of PDGF-BB following a high initial burst release was maintained throughout the examination period. PDGF-BB loaded chitosan/CMP sponges supported the proliferation of seeded osteoblastic cells as well as their differentiation as indicated by high alkaline phosphatase activities. Histologic findings indicated that seeded osteoblastic cells well attached to sponge matrices and proliferated in a multi-layer fashion. In the experiments of implantation in rat calvarial defects, histologic and histomorphometric examination revealed that chitosan/CMP sponge promoted osseous healing as compared to controls. PDGF-BB loaded chitosan/CMP sponge further echanced bone regeneration. These results suggested that PDGF-BB loaded chitosan/CMP sponge was a feasable scaffolding material to grow osteoblast in a three-dimentional structure for transplantation into a site for bone regeneration.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

This study aimed to provide basic information on dental hygienists' practicing the prevention of infections by figuring out their actual conditions in dental clinics. The subjects of the study were the dental hygienists who participated in the continuing medical education of Incheon & Gyeonggi-do association and Seoul city association in October and November 2005 and the self-administered surveys were used for the prevention of infections. The results were as below. 1. In terms of education experiences of infection prevention, those who answered "there were" were 72 persons (42.9%) and those who followed the educational route for infection prevention were "through the in-house education from the hospital" and they were 42 persons (58%), which were highest. 2. In terms of the injury experiences, those who answered "there were" were 147 persons (87.5%) and the number of annual injury out of 147 persons with injury experiences was 7.7 time. For the tools that were damaged, 125 persons (75%) damaged the "explorer," which was highest. 3. For the experiences of being infected with contagious diseases, those who answered "there were" were 6 persons (3.6%) and there were four persons for "hepatitis B", one person for "rubella" and one person for "TB." 4. The questions with high practice scores were as in the following: "2. I wash my hands after conducting medical examinations (1.86 points)," "7. I always close the lid of a shot of Novocain after doing local anesthesia (1.86 points)" and "20. I separate and collect the wastes and give them to those who treat accumulated materials (1.85 points)". Meanwhile, the questions with low practice scores were as below: "16. I change my medical gowns (doctor wears) once a day (0.24 point)" and "I wash my medical gowns every time after examining patients with contagious diseases (0.52 points)." 5. The question with high knowledge was as below: "1. The contagion during the dental treatment is determined by source of infection, infection methods, infection routes and the host that is prone to infection (0.95 point)" and the question with the lowest knowledge was "5. HBV(hepatitis B) is destroyed after adding 95oC of heat for more than 5 minutes (0.27 points)." 6. The question with the highest organization-related factors was "I am always ready to use a mask, gloves, etc. if necessary" (0.89 points)" and the question with the lowest score was "There is a guideline that I can refer when I am exposed to dangerous situations related to the contagion in my workplace (0.33 point)." 7. In terms of the equipment conditions of protectors in medical environments, 168 persons for (disposable) mask (100%), 167 persons for disposable gloves (Latex) (99.4%), which meant that most of them were equipped with them. On the contrary, 108 persons (64.3%) are equipped with the protectors for frontal faces, which is the lowest and 165 persons (98.2%) said that they had autoclave in their disinfecting and sterilizing devices.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.384-389
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• 2009

This study was carried out to elucidate the relation between expression levels of three melanin synthesis genes (Tyrosinase, Tyrosinase-related protein 1 and Dopachrome tautomerase) according to the Melanocortin-1 receptor genotypes with coat color patterns in Hanwoo cattle, Jeju black cattle and Holsteins. Using real-time semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay (RT-PCR), the expression levels of these three genes were analyzed in skin tissues from four representative coat colored areas: yellowish-brown from MC1R e/e Hanwoo, wild type black from $E^+/E^+$ Jeju black cattle (JBC), and dominant black and white pied regions from $E^D/E^D$ Holstein. The TYR, TYRP1 and DCT genes showed higher expression levels of 4.5, 2.3 and 2.5 times higher in the black skin area of Holsteins than those of from JBC, respectively (p<0.001). In addition, the expression levels of these three genes from JBC were significantly higher than those from Hanwoo cattle (p<0.001). These results show that coat color phenotypes in Hanwoo cattle, JBC and Holsteins is directly correlated with TRY, TYRP1 and DCT transcription levels, which probably reflected involvement with MC1R genotypes; e/e in Hanwoo, $E^+/E^+$ in JBC and $E^D/E^D$ in Holsteins. Consequently, this study suggested that the status of MC1R protein may not only induce the transcription activities of a series of TYR and its related genes responsible for melanin synthesis, but also determine the levels of total melanin contents in bovine skin.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.8
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• pp.231-248
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• 1996

이 논문(論文)은 한국(韓國)의 우주(宇宙) 산업(産業) 발달(發達)과 그 과정(過程)을 고찰(考察)하고 현재 진행 중인 통신위성(通信衛星)의 개발(開發)과 그 사업(事業)을 뒷받침해 주는 국가(國家)의 정책(政策)을 살펴보고 있다. KOREASAT라고 명명(命名)된 통신위성(通信衛星) 개발(開發)에 현재 여러 기관이 관계(關係)하고 있으나 그 중 KARI(한국항공우주연구소(韓國航空宇宙硏究所)), ETRI(전자통신연구소(電子通信硏究所)), SERI(시스템공학연구소(硏究所)), KAIST(한국과학기술연구소(韓國科學技術硏究所)) 등이 중추적인 연구(硏究)를 하고 있다. 특히 이 논문(論文)에서는 아래와 같은 문제(問題)를 다루고 있다 첫째, 최근(最近) 한국우주개발(韓國宇宙開發) 상황(狀況) 둘째, 장기(長期) 우주개발(宇宙開發) 계획(計劃) 셋째, 현재(現在) 우주개발(宇宙開發) 상황(狀況)과 미래(未來) 우주개발(宇宙開發)에 관련한 정책(政策)적 문제(問題) 넷째, 한국(韓國) 우주개발(宇宙開發)과 정책(政策) 방향(方向)에 대한 의견(意見) 최근의 한국우주개발(韓國宇宙開發) 상황(狀況)은 크게 한국(韓國)의 통신위성(通信衛星) 사업(事業)인 Koreasat program과 다목적 위성사업(衛星事業)인 KOMSAT로 나타나는데 한국(韓國)의 최초 상업용(商業用) 위성(衛星)인 Koreasat는 1호가 1995년도에 발사(發射)되었으나 정상궤도(正常軌道) 진입(進入)에 문제(問題)가 발생하여 발사업체(發射業體)로부터 보상문제(補償問題)가 제기(提起)되기도 하였으나 2호는 성공리에 발사(發射)되었다. 미국항공우주회사(美國航空宇宙會社)와 공동(共同)으로 개발(開發)중인 새로운 과학위성(科學衛星)인 KOMSAT는 한국우주과학기술(韓國宇宙科學技術)을 한단계 더 발전(發展)시킬 수 있을 것이고 1999년도에 발사(發射) 계획(計劃)이다. 한국항공우주연구소(韓國航空宇宙硏究所) 중심(中心)의 장기(長期) 우주개발(宇宙開發) 계획(計劃)에서 제시(提示)하는 4가지 우주개발(宇宙開發)의 기본목표(基本目標)는 첫째, 우주산업응용산업(宇宙産業應用産業)의 상호협조개발(相互協助開發)에 의한 우주산업(宇宙産業) 육성(育成) 둘째, 한국(韓國)의 현재 우주산업상황(宇宙産業狀況)에 알맞은 특정분야(特定分野)를 선정(選定)하고 이 분야(分野)에서 최단기에 세계(世界) 최고의 기술수준을 성취(成就)하도록 집중(集中) 셋째, 외국과 긴밀한 협조(協助)로 선진기술(先進技術)의 습득(習得) 넷째, 체계적이고 통합(統合)된 장기우주산업발전(長期宇宙産業發展) 계획(計劃) 성립(成立) 등이다. 이러한 계획(計劃)에 주요 사안(事案)으로는 2015년까지 19기의 인공위성(人工衛星) 보유(保有)를 위한 제작계획(製作計劃)과 2010년까지 발사체(發射體) 개발(開發)을 마련하는 것이다 현재 우주활동(宇宙活動)에 관련된 문제(問題)는 주로 Koreasat의 서비스와 사용계획(使用計劃)에 대한 것으로 위성개발사업(衛星開發事業)에 있어서 관련 정부부서간(政府部署間)에 의견(意見)을 달리하고 있는 형태이다. 한국통신(韓國通信)과 정보통신부(情報通信部)는 위성(衛星)의 DBS 트랜스폰더에 대해 디지털 방식(方式)을 적용(適用)할 것을 제안(提案)했지만 공보처(共報處)는 반대(反對)의 입장(立場)을 표명(表明)한 것과 방송국(放送局)의 관리(管理)와 통제(統制)는 공보처(共報處)에 있고 무선통신표준(無線通信標準)에 대한 면허(免許)는 정보통신부(情報通信部)에 있기 때문에 방송국(放送局)에 대한 면허(免許)는 각기 다른 두 단계(段階)로 구성(構成)되는 문제(問題)가 발생(發生)한다. 또한 DBS 서비스에서 사기업(私企業)의 참여(參與)와 관련하여 재벌(財閥)의 참여(參與)를 허용(許容)하느냐의 여부(與否)의 논쟁(論爭)이다. 다음으로 미래(未來) 우주산업개발(宇宙産業開發)에 관한 정책문제(政策問題)를 살펴보면 국가적(國家的) 차원(次元)에서 조직적(組織的)인 육성책(育成策)에 대한 문제(問題)로 현재 주관 부처가 과학기술처(科學技術處)와 통상산업부(通商産業部)로 나뉘어 추진(推進)되고 있다는 점이다. 그리고 차세대(次世代) 통신위성개발(通信衛星開發) 계획(計劃)에 대한 문제(問題)로 최소 2${\sim}$4개의 궤도확보(軌道確保)와 이미 정상궤도(正常軌道) 진입(進入) 실패(失敗)에 따른 Koreasat 1호의 생명단축(生命短縮)으로 새로운 통신위성(通信衛星)을 4년이내에 발사(發射)해야 한다는 문제(問題)이다. 결론적으로 장기(長期) 우주개발계획정책(宇宙開發計劃政策)에 있어서 첫째, 국제적 우주개발사업(宇宙開發事業)에 대한 적극적(積極的) 참여(參與), 둘째, 우주(宇宙)에서 독립적(獨立的)인 활동(活動)을 할 수 있는 국가안보체제(國家安保體制)의 개발(開發), 셋째, 국가(國家) 위상(位相)의 발전(發展)과 우주개발(宇宙開發)을 위한 인력활용(人力活用)의 개발(開發), 넷째, 무한한 우주(宇宙)에 도전(挑戰)할 수 있는 우수(優秀)한 인재(人才)의 교육(敎育), 다섯째, 21세기를 대비(對備)하여 한국(韓國)의 우주개발정책(宇宙開發政策)의 결정(決定) 등이 고려(考慮)되어야 할 5가지 요소(要所)들이다. 그리고 막대(莫大)한 비용(費用)이 드는 우주개발사업(宇宙開發事業)을 효율적으로 추진(推進)하기 위해서는 국가(國家) 최고(最高) 지도자(指導者)의 직접지휘(直接指揮)를 받는 정부기구(政府機構)가 수립(樹立)되어 정부차원(政府次元)에서 추진(推進)하되 산학연(産學硏)이 협조(協助)하여 우주개발계획(宇宙開發計劃)을 추진(推進)하여야 할 것으로 본다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.781-790
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• 2004

골아세포의 생물학적 기능을 증진시키기 위해 키토산의 표면개질에 대하여 연구하였다. 생체적합성 천연고분자인 키토산은 1차 아미노기를 소유하고 있으므로 적정한 공유결합제를 사용하여 세포성장인자와 같은 생리활성을 지닌 단백질을 키토산의 표면에 고정시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 키토산을 필름형태로 제조하여 세포성장인자 중 형질전환성장인자를 고정하고 골아세포의 부착, 성장 및 분화를 증가시키고자 하였다. 형태전환성장인자의 고정화 효율은 단순한 흡착방법에 비해 높았으며, 표면에 형성된 공유결합은 매우 안정하였다. 골아세포를 배양하여 초기세포부착능에 대한 영향을 연구한 결과, 배양 후 4시간, 1일째, 형질전환성장인자를 고정한 키토산 표면에서 고정하지 않은 키토산의 표면에 비해 더 많은 수의 골아세포가 부착되었고, 더 많이 신장된 부착형태를 보였다. 세포활성정도와 배양 후 4주일째의 칼슘축적량을 측정한 결과, 형질전환성장인자를 고정한 키토산 표면에서 고정하지 않은 키토산의 표면에 비해 더 높았다. 위의 결과는 키토산 표면에 형태전환성장인자의 고정이 성공적으로 이루어졌으며, 또한 실제로 활성이 있는 것이 증명되었다. 위의 연구 결과에서 형질전환성장인자로 고정된 키토산은 골아세포의 초기 부착 및 분화를 촉진시켰음을 알 수 있었던 바 성장인자의 표면고정은 임플란트 및 조직공학용 지지체에도 적용하여 생체적합성과 세포기능을 증진시키는데 이용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.