• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2008

Laboratory model test with soft silty ground (ML) and polluted silty ground with wastewater and factory waste oil ($ML_p$) was conducted and the applicability of changes of bearing capacity from the increase of pollutants was compared and analyzed with existing findings. As silty ground polluted with wastewater and factory waste oil had increased contents of pollutants, plasticization of ground was fostered compared to soft silt ground due to the influence of pollutants, and characteristics of ground strength decreased. Critical surcharge value of soft silty ground $q_{cr}=4.14c_u$, ultimate bearing capacity value $q_{ult}=9.53c_u$, critical surcharge value of silty ground polluted with wastewater and factory waste oil $q_{cr}=1.78c_u$ and ultimate bearing capacity value $q_{ult}=4.39c_u$. Critical surcharge and ultimate bearing capacity of silty ground polluted with wastewater and factory waste oil were less than those of soft silty ground. It meant that shearing resistance due to the increase of pollutants decreased and rather a smaller value was obtained.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2008

Just as infill material can reduce the shear strength of a rock joint, a layer of soft material between concrete and the surrounding rock socket can reduce pile shaft resistance of drilled shafts socketed in rocks. This can also result from construction methods that leave smeared or remoulded rock or drilling fluid residue on the sides of the rock sockets after concrete placement. The nature of the interface between the concrete pile shaft and the surrounding rock is critically important to the performance of the pile, and is heavily influenced by construction practice. Characteristics of the concrete-rock interface, such as roughness and the presence of the soft materials deposited during or after construction can significantly affect the shaft resistance response of the pile. In this study, we conducted the parametric study to examine the performance characteristics of drilled shafts socketed in smeared rock under the vertical load with the code of finite difference method of FLAC 2D. As the results of the current research, the parameters that affect the settlement of the pile head and the ultimate unit shaft resistance could be identified.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2004

Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory has some important assumption, which can't be applicable to predict the behavior of soft clay ground. Especially, predictions using infinitesimal strain and linear material function related with permeability can give rise to mistake in comparison with the result of real behavior in site. For this reason, Gibson et al. established a rigorous formulation for the one-dimensional nonlinear finite strain consolidation theory, which can consider non-linearity of material function. But it is difficult to apply this theory to predict the behavior of common soft clay ground with vertical drain. In this study, consolidation model which can consider the vertical and horizontal flow of a fully saturated clay layer, self-weight of soil and nonlinear characteristics of compressibility and permeability are derived. Numerical analysis scheme, which can be applied to consolidation analysis by derived consolidation model in this study was developed. The characteristics of material function were examined using laboratory testing such as standard consolidation test, Rowe-cell test and modified consolidation test.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

다량의 점토 퇴적물로 구성된 연약지반은 대단히 큰 압축성과 낮은 강도, 높은 함수량등의 물리·역학적 특성을 갖는다. 이러한 기초지반으로서의 불리한 특성 때문에 이를 대상으로 하는 각종 토목건설공사에서는 지반개량이나 안정처리가 반드시 선행되어야 할 과제이다. 이를 위해 종래에는 샌드드레인, 페이퍼드레인 등의 물리적인 공법에 의한 지반개량이 주류를 이루었으나, 최근에는 생석회나 시멘트계 고화재를 이용한 화학적 안정 처리공법이 크게 주목을 받고 있어 이에 대한 연구가 활발한 상황이다. 본 연구는 연약 지반 안정처리에 대한 방안을 모색하기 위하여 김해 지역에 분포하는 점토 퇴적물을 대상으로 각종 광물재료를 이용한 반응실험을 통하여 반응생성물 조사와 압축강도시험 등을 행하여 그 결과를 검토하였다. 우선 연약지반의 고화에 이용 가능한 생석회, 석고, 플라이에쉬, 고분자폴리머, 시멘트 등을 사용하여 점토와 혼합한 고화실험을 행하였으며, 이에 대한 물성 및 반응생성물을 검토하였다. 이러한 각 재료를 점토에 혼합한 후 PVC관에 모울딩하여 양생시켜 실험하였다. 그 결과, 석고 및 소석회에 비하여 생석회의 경우가 비교적 큰 압축강도를 나타내고, 균열발생 빈도도 낮았다. 생석회의 경우에 Gehlenite, Hillebrandite 등의 생성물질이 검출되었다. 그러나 포틀란트 시멘트와 혼합한 경우가 강도가 가장 크게 나타났다. 반면에 고분자폴리머만 사용한 경우는 강도가 매우 낮았다. 따라서 시멘트를 일정 비율로 배합한 다른 재료를 첨가한 실험을 행하여 그 물성을 검토하였다 물질의 화학적인 특성을 고려하여 포졸란반응이 잘 일어날 수 있을 것으로 생각되는 여러 재료를 선정하여 많은 조합에 대한 실험을 행하였다. 생석회, 석고, 고령토, 규조토, 제올라이트 등의 여러 재료를 여러 조합으로 첨가하여 실험한 결과, 시멘트와 석고를 혼합한 것이 비교적으로 높은 압축강도를 나타내었다. 그리고 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 연약점도의 고화에 최적인 조합과 배합비를 위한 실험을 재차 실시하였으며, 실험 후의 물성과 함께 반응생성물에 대한 검토도 행하여 그 결과를 발표하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.183-194
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• 2004

It's essential process to study non-linear material function related to characteristics of compressibility and permeability when we predict the consolidation behavior of soft clay ground. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted to find out the material function using marine clay. Standard oedometer test and Rowe cell test were performed with conditions, which were classified into vertical drainage only, radial drainage only and vertical-radial drainage case. Modified oedometer test equipment was developed to find out the material function and special extrusion device was originated to minimize the sample disturbance effect. Reliability of the results in modified oedometer test could be confirmed by comparing with the Rowe cell's one. Effective stress - void ratio - permeability relations were analyzed using all testing results. As a result, void ratio with effective stress level could be expressed by the power function and permeability with void ratio could be expressed by exponential function. In soft clay with high initial water content and low shear strength, non-linear characteristics related to compressibility and permeability varied with wide range by the effective stress levels. It's important to note that non-linearity of the material function should be considered at prediction of the consolidation behavior.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.327-343
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• 2004

During tunnel construction, ground failures often occur due to existence of weak zones, such as faults, joints, and cavities, ahead of tunnel face. It is hard to detect effectively weak zones, which can lead underground structure to fail after excavation and before supporting, by using conventional characterization methods. In this study, an enhanced analytical method of predicting weak zones ahead of tunnel face is developed to overcome some problems in the conventional geophysical exploration methods. The analytical method is based on Coulomb's and Gauss' laws with considering the characteristics of electric fields subjected to rock mass. Using the developed method, closed form solutions are obtained to detect a spherical shaped zone and an oriented fault ahead of tunnel face respectively. The analytical results suggest that the presence of weak zones and their sizes, location, and states can be accurately predicted by combining a proper inversion process with resistance measured from several electrodes on the tunnel face. It appears that the skin depth or resistivity in rock mass is affected by the diameter of tunnel face, natural electric potential and noises induced by experimental measurement and spatial distribution of uncertain properties. The developed analytical solution is verified through experimental tests. About 1800 concrete blocks of 5cm by 5cm by 5cm in size are prepared and used to model a joint rock mass around tunnel face. Weak zones are simulated ahead of tunnel face with a material which has relatively higher conductivity than concrete blocks. Experimental results on the model test show a good agreement with analytical results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.152-153
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• 2001

멸치 (Engraulis japonica)의 생산량은 매년 차이가 있으나, 1999년도에 238,463톤의 생산으로 당해연도 일반해면어업 총생산량 133만 여톤의 17.9％를 차지할 정도로 많은 생산량을 기록하여 수산업에 있어 중요한 어종이다. 그러나, 멸치는 선도가 저하하기 쉬운 소형 적색육 어류로서 혈합육 비율이 높고 지방의 함량이 많을 뿐 아니라 표피가 연약하여 취급과정 중 복부가 파열되기 쉽다. (중략)

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

Material functions about effective stress, permeability, coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of volume change has important role to predict consolidation velocity and settlement of soft ground. Modified oedometer for radial drainage is adapted to find out material functions on laboratory tests. Undisturbed sample for laboratory tests were taken from construction sites of industrial complexes on southern coastal area which consists of upper dredged fill and lower original clay layer. For different drainage condition in consolidation process void ratio, effective stress, permeability, coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of volume change has been assessed with results of existing standard oedometer tests. It is worthwhile to note that consolidation material functions could be expressed as regression equation by Stark (2005), heterogeneity for permeability could be assessed from these relationships.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.289-302
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• 2020

To determine the shallow subsurface structure and sliding surface of land creeping in 2016 at Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, geophysical surveys (electric resistivity, and refraction seismic methods, borehole televiewer) and slope stability analysis were conducted. The subsurface structure delineated with borehole lithologies and seismic velocity structures provided the information that the sediment layer on the top of the slope was rather as thick as 20 m and the underlying weathered rock (anorthosite) was thinner than 1 m. Based on the tension cracks observed during the geological mapping, televiewer scanning was performed at the borehole BH-2 and detected the intensive fracture zones at the ground-water level, associated with the slip weak zones mapped in dipole-dipole electrical resistivity section. Downslope sliding and slightly upward pushing at the apex of high resistive bedrock explains the curved slip plane of the land creeping. Such a convex structure might play a role of natural toe abutment for preventing the downward development of slip weak zones. In slope stability analysis, the safety factors of the slip weak zone are calculated with varying the groundwater levels for dry and rainy seasons and the downslope is founded to be unstable with safety factor of 0.89 due to fully saturated material in rainy season.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.215-223
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• 2005

Piezo-ceramics are special materials which transform energy from mechanical to electrical forms and vice versa. Bender elements are composite materials consisting of thin piezo-ceramics and elastic shims, and are widely used as actuators and transducers in the field of electronics, robotics, autos and mechatronics utilizing the effectiveness of energy transformation capability. In geotechnical engineering, commercial bender elements are used in laboratory as source and receiver in the measurements of soil stiffness. The elements were built by using various metal shims sandwiched between piezo-ceramics and coating over the composite in the research. A pair of elements were buried in a concrete block and used as source and receiver to measure the stiffness of the concrete. The test results were verified by comparing with the resonant column testing results. In a preliminary stage of the development of an in-situ seismic testing equipment using bender elements for soft clay materials, shear waves were generated and measured by burying the elements in the barrel of kaolinite and water mixture. The measured shear wave signals were so distinct for the first-arrival pick that applicability of the elements in the field measurements could be very promising.