• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.697-709
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• 1997

Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR) experiments for organics and nutrients removal have been conducted to find an optimum anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic cycling time and evaluate the applicability of oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) as a process control parameter. In this study, a 61 bench-scale plant was used and fed with night-soil wastewater in K city which contained TCODcr : 10, 680 mg/l, TBm : 6, 893 mg/l, $NH_4^+-N$ : 1, 609 mg/l, $PO_4^{3-}-P$ : 602 mg/l on average. The cycling time In SBRs was adjusted at 12 hours and 24 hours, and then certainly included anaerobic, aerobic and inoxic conditions. Also, for each cycling time, we performed 3 series of experiment simultaneously which was set up 10 days, 20 days and 30 days as SRT From the experimental results, the optimum cycling time for biological nutrient removal with nlght-soil wastewater was respctively 3hrs, 5hrs, 3hrs(anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic), Nitrogen removal efficiency was 77.9%, 77.9%, 81.7% for each SRT, respectively. When external carbon source was fed in the anoxic phase, ORP-bending point indicating nitrate break point appeared clearly and nitrogen removal efficiency increased as 96.5%, 97.1%, 98.9%. Phosphate removal efficiency was 59.8%, 64.571, 68.6% for each SRT. Also, we finded the applicability of ORP as a process control parameter in SBRs.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.521-529
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• 1997

In the study, we Investigated the behavior and removal efficiency of organics, nitrogen. phosphorus with operating conditions in SBRs. Substrate used was synthetic wastewater in which the ratio of $COD_{cr}$. : N : P was 100 : 12 : 2. The cycling the in SBRs was adjusted at 6 hours and 8 hours, and then certainly Included anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Also, for each cycling time. we performed 2 series of experiment simultaneously which was set up 10 days and 20 days as SRT. The removal efficiency of $COD_{cr}$. was over 97% in all operating conditions. In the 6 hours cycling time, the removal efficiency of $PO_4^{3-}-P$ reached almost 100% in steady state. And then we could observe a typical phonemena of phosphorus release and uptake, and the removal efficiency of N was 67%, Residual N source was almost TKN and most of the rest remained as $NO_2-N$. Also the difference in both SRTs was not observed practically. In the 8 hours cycling time, dissolution of sludge appeared. and, $PO_4^{3-}-P was not nearly removed but nitrogen was removed up to 75%, And the residual nitrogen was accumulated as $NO_2^--N$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.525-534
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• 2016

The biological wastewater treatment plant, which uses microbial community to remove organic matter and nutrients in wastewater, is known as its nonlinear behavior and uncertainty to operate. Therefore, operation of the biological wastewater treatment process much depends on observation and knowledge of operators. The manual inspection of human operators is essential to manage the process properly, however, it is impossible to detect a fault promptly so that the process can be exposed to improper condition not securing safe effluent quality. Among various process faults, equipment malfunction is critical to maintain normal operational state. To detect equipment faults automatically, the dynamic time warping was tested using on-line oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), which is a type of wastewater treatment process. After one cycle profiles of ORP and DO were measured and stored, they were warped to the template profiles which were prepared already and the distance result, accumulated distance (D) values were calculated. If the D values were increased significantly, some kinds of faults could be detected and an alarm could be sent to the operator. By this way, it seems to be possible to make an early detecting of process faults.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2004

The SBR(Sequencing Batch Reactor) process is ideally suited to treat high loading wastewater due to its high dilution rate. SBR operates by a cycle of periods consisting of filling, reacting, settling, decanting and idling. The react phases such as aeration or non-aeration, organic oxidation, nitrification, denitrification and other bio-logical reactions can be achieved in a reactor. Although the whole reactions can be achieved in a SBR with time distributing, it is hard to manage the SBR as a normal condition without recognizing a present state. The present state can be observed with nutrient sensors such as ${NH_{4}}^{+}-N$, ${NO_{2}}^{-}-N$, ${NO_{3}}^{-}-N} and ${PO_{4}}^{ 3-}-P.$ However, there is still a disadvantage to use the nutrient sensors because of their high expense and inconvenience to manage. Therefore, it is very useful to use common on-line sensors such as DO, ORP and pH, which are less expensive and more convient. Moreover, the present states and unexpected changes of SBR might be predicted by using of them. This study was conducted to get basic materials for making an inference of SBR process from ORP(oxidation reduction potential) of synthetic wastewater. The profiles of ORP, DO, and pH were under normal nitrification and denitrification were obtained to compare abnormal condition. And also, nitrite and nitrate accumulation were investigated during reaction of SBR. The bending point on ORP profile was not entirely in the low COD/NOx ratio condition. In this case, NOx was not entirely removed, and minimum ORP value was presented over -300mV. Under suitable COD/NOx ratio which complete denitrification was achieved, ORP bending point was observed and minimum ORP value was under -300m V. Under high COD/NOx ratio, ORP bending point was not detected at the first subcycle because of the fast denitrification and minimum ORP value was under -300mV at the time.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2006

축산폐수는 축사가 대부분 상수원보다 상류지역에 산재하고 있어 이를 효과적으로 관리하기 어려우나, 연속 회분식 반응기(Sequencing Batch Reactor, SBR)는 장치가 간단하고 경제성이 우수하여 축산폐수처리에서 효율적으로 적용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 DO(Dissolved Oxygen)과 ORP(Oxidation-Reduction Potential)을 이용하여 지식기반 고장진단 시스템을 제안하였다. 실시간으로 얻어진 ORP, DO값들을 전처리하여, [ORP], [DO]외에 [ORP DO]합성data와 ORP, DO의 특징벡터의 합에서 얻어진 fusion data의 총 4개의 data set을 이용하여 각각에 대한 진단과 분류성능을 검토하였다. 이 값을 이용하여 FCM (fuzzy C-mean) 클러스터링 한 후, K-PCA과 LDA로 차원축소시켜 특징벡터를 추출하였다. 그리고 Hamming distance로 test data와 특징벡터의 거리를 계산하여 각 class를 F1에서 F8까지 분류하였다. 그 결과 데이터를 그대로 이용하는 것 보다 차분데이터형태로 이용하는 것이 우수했으며 그 중 fusion 데이터의 결과가 다른 것들보다 향상된 결과를 보였다. 그리고 K-PCA와 LDA를 결합한 결과가 다른 방법에 비해 우수한 결과를 보였으며 fusion method를 이용한 최고인식율은 98.02%를 나타내었다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2003

축산폐수를 처리 시 우선 탈수 후 고상은 퇴비화, 액상을 연속회분식반응기(Sequencing batch reactor, SBR)로 이용하여 처리하는 시스템을 구상하였다. 영양염류 제거를 위한 SBR 공정의 안정적인 운전을 위한 운전모드 결정 실험을 수행하였다. K시 공공축산폐수처리장의 원심분리기에서 나온 유출수를 사용한 실험에서 질소를 제거하기 위한 적정 fill ratio는 1/12, SRT는 15일, 폭기/비폭기 주기는 2시간/1시간이었다. 탈질을 위하여 주입한 외부탄소원으로는 메탄올을 사용하였고 single feeding 방법과 step feeding 방법을 사용하였다. 이 결과 step feeding 방법을 사용시 더 효과적으로 유기물을 사용 탈질효율을 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2015

휴대용 고분자전해질 연료전지의 수소발생용으로써 $NaBH_4$는 많은 장점을 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비담지 Co-B, Co-P-B 촉매의 $NaBH_4$ 가수분해 특성에 대해 연구하였다. 촉매의 BET 표면적, 수소 수율, $NaBH_4$ 농도 영향, 촉매 내구성 등을 실험하였다. 비담지 Co-B 촉매의 BET 표면적은 $75.7m^2/g$으로 FeCrAlloy에 담지한 Co-B 촉매에 비해 BET 면적이 18배 높았다. 회분식 반응기에서 비담지 촉매들은 $NaBH_4$ 20~25 wt% 사용조건에서 97.6~98.5%의 높은 수소 수율을 보였다. $NaBH_4$ 농도가 30 wt%로 증가하면서 수소수율은 95.3~97.0%로 감소하였다. 비담지 촉매의 촉매 손실율은 FeCrAlloy에 담지 촉매에 비해 낮았으며, $NaBH_4$ 농도가 증가하면서 촉매 손실율도 증가하였다. 연속 반응기에서 1.2 g 비담지 Co-P-B 촉매를 사용해서 약 $3{\ell}/min$ 발생속도로 가수분해 반응하여 90%의 수소 수율을 얻었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.371-379
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• 2018

The lack of seed sludges for Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) and slow-growing ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria is one of the major problem for large-scale application. In this study, $24m^3$ of single-stage SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) was operated to remove nitrogen from reject water using AOB and ANAMMOX bacteria cultivated from activated sludge in the field. The ANAMMOX activity was found after 44 days of cultivation in the ANAMMOX cultivation reactor, and then $0.66kg\;N/m^3/d$ of the nitrogen removal rate was achieved at $0.78kg\;N/m^3/d$ of the nitrogen loading rate at 153 days of cultivation. The AOB cultivation reactor showed $0.2kg\;N/m^3/d$ of nitrite production rate at $0.4kg\;N/m^3/d$ of nitrogen loading rate after 36 days of operation. The cultivated ANAMMOX bacteria and AOB was mixed into the single-stage SBR. The feed distribution was applied to remove total nitrogen stably in the single-stage SBR. The nitrogen removal rate in the single-stage SBR was gradually enhanced with an increase of specific activities of both AOB and ANAMMOX bacteria by showing $0.49kg\;N/m^3/d$ of the nitrogen removal rate at $0.56kg\;N/m^3/d$ of the nitrogen loading rate at 54 days of operation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 고형물 체류시간, 수리학적 체류시간, 생흡착시간 및 온도 변화가 이단슬러지 유형의 연속회분식반응기 공정 운영에 어떻게 영향을 주는지를 조사함으로서 본 공정을 최적화 하고자 하였다. T-N 제거에 있어서 고형물 체류시간이 증가할수록 T-N 제거효율이 증가하는 경향을 관찰할 수 있었는데 이는 SRT가 증가할수록 SCOD 생흡착효율의 증가와 관련이 있을 것으로 판단된다. HRT 영향에 있어서 HRT 8시간, 10시간 및 15시간에서 암모니아성 제거효율 및 T-N 제거효율은 각각 HRT 영향에 관계없이 거의 같았다. 생흡착시간을 20분 이상 증가시켜도 T-N 제거효율 향상에는 도움이 되지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다. 서로 다른 온도 조건에서 공정 제거 효율 비교에 관해 조사한 결과 온도의 감소가 공정 성능에 영향을 주지는 않았으나 인 제거 효율에 있어서 높은 온도에서보다 낮은 온도에서 인 제거효율이 다소 높게 관찰되었다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 개발된 공정은 낮은 온도 조건 및 높은 유입 부하를 가진 폐수처리에 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.295-309
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the operational characteristics of wastewater treatment using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) separator in the pilot plant. Pilot plant experiments were conducted using SBR with AGS separator and pollution removal efficiencies were evaluated based on the operational condition and surface properties of AGS. The results of the operation on water quality of the effluent showed that the average concentration of total organic carbon, suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus was 6.89 mg/L, 7.33 mg/L, 7.33 mg/L, and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. All these concentrations complied the effluent standard in Korea. The concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) fluctuated, but the AGS/MLSS ratio was constant at 86.5±1.3%. Although the AGS/MLSS ratio was constant, sludge volume index improved. These results suggested that the particle discharged fine sludge and increased the AGS praticle size in the AGS. Optical microscopy revealed the presence of dense AGS at the end of the operation, and particles of > 0.6 mm were found. Compared to those of belt-type AGS separator, the required area and power consumption of the hydrocyclone-type AGS separator were reduced by 27.5% and 83.8%, respectively.