• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2022.11a
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• pp.141-142
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• 2022

Recently, fires in logistics warehouses in Korea are continuously increasing. In addition, the need for fire safety in logistics warehouses is emerging. So, it is believed that it is necessary to establish standards for vent facilities under effective smoke control for the evacuation safety of residents in logistics warehouses. Therefore, this paper compares the standards related to combustion facilities in Korea, the United States, and Japan, and applies the design method to logistics warehouses of domestic materials to predict smoke drop time and use it as a basic data for improving domestic smoke facilities standards.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.144-149
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• 2000

최근에 국내에서도 대형 쇼핑 몰이나 건축물에 부속된 아트리움 등 대형공간을 도입한 건축물이 점차 증가하고 있다. 따라서 건물 방화 설계자는 화재시 공간의 특성에 따른 열과 연기의 확산과 이동에 관한 정량적인 해석이 필요하지만 국내에서는 아직 이에 대한 관련 규정이 미비한 실정이다. 대형 공간의 공학적인 해석은 크게 실험을 통하여 제시되는 계산공식을 이용하거나 대상 공간의 화재 조건을 예측하는 컴퓨터 모델을 이용할 수 있다. 외국의 경우, 미국의 NFPA 92B는 이러한 공간에 대한 제연 시스템에 적용하는 공식과 계산식을 제시하고 있으며 이를 통하여 연기나 열 감지기의 작동시간, 연기 발생비율, 연기 층의 하강을 제어하기 위한 배기량 등을 계산할 수 있다. (중략)

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 2015

This study compared, through a fire simulation, temperature changes of the smoke layer and the air layer, and height fluctuations of the smoke layer, according to the sprinkler head installation and non-installation, and the sprinkler head types in elderly-care facilities. When a standard response sprinkler worked, the radiant heat exceeded the conditions for the occurrence of flashover. However the ESFR sprinkler prevented flashover. When the early response head worked, inhabitants were not damaged by radiant heat because the maximum value of the heat flux remained $2,293W/m^2$, which is less then the burn hazard criterion of $4,000W/m^2$. The highest temperature of the room when fire occurred exceeded the safety standard in all of the smoke layer and the air layer, but the highest temperature was kept below the safety standard after it fell down rapidly. Because the height of the smoke layer was maintained above 1.1 m when the early response sprinkler worked, the falling of the smoking layer was much more delayed than in the case where the standard response sprinkler was used.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2001

This paper describes the smoke filling process of a fire field model based on a self-developed SMEP (Smoke Movement Estimating Program) codo to the simulation of fire induced flows in the atrium space (SIVANS atrium at Japan) containing smoke radiation effect. The SMEP using PISO algorithm solves conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species, together with those for the modified k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model with buoyancy term. Also it solves the radiation equation using the discrete ordinates method. The result of the calculated smoke temperature containing radiation effect has shown a better prediction than the result calculated by only convection effect in comparison with the experimental data. This seems to come from the radiation effect of $H_2$O and $CO_2$ gas under smoke productions. Thus, the consideration of the radiation effect under smoke in fire should be necessary in order to get more realistic result. Also the numerical results indicated that the smoke layer is developing at a rate of about 0.1 m/s. It would take about 450 seconds after starting the ultra fast fire of 560 kW that the smoke layer move down to 1.5m above the escape level.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.568-576
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• 2015

In this study, scenarios based on the leakage of highly compressed air and fire occurrence turned out to be high risks in an operation stage of CAES facility were constructed and estimated. By combining Bernoulli equation with momentum equation, an expression to calculate an impact force of a jet flow of compressed air was derived. An impact force was found to be proportional to the square of diameter of fracture and the pressure of compressed air. Four types of fire scenarios were composed to evaluate an effects that seasonal change and location of fire source have on the spread behavior of smoke. Smoke from the fire ignited in the vicinity of CAES opening descended more quickly below the limit line of breathing than one from the fire occurred 10 m away from CAES opening, which is expected to occur due to a propagation of wave front of smoke. It was shown that a rate of smoke spread of the winter fire is faster than one of the summer fire and smoke from the winter fire spreads farther than one of the summer fire, which are dependent on the direction of air flow into access opening. Evacuation simulation indicated that the required safe evacuation time(RSET) of the summer and winter fires are 262, 670 s each.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.50-59
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• 2010

Four fire scenarios, as the cases of fire sizes of 2 MW and 5 MW, and no installation and activation of atrium fire shutter for dormitory building of Daegu 'D college', were developed and fire simulations were run using FDS (ver. 5.5.0) and Pathfinder 2009 programs. By assessing fire and evacuation, the effects of atrium fire shutter and vents on the smoke control of atrium were evaluated and this study also analyzed fire hazard and egress safety for occupants in the dormitory. Fire shutter's preventing smoke transport around atrium was much effective, but smoke layer descended down the design limit of smoke height and kept about 2 m height from the atrium floor in all cases because flow rate through vents was not enough. For the case of 5 MW fire and no fire shutter, fire hazard was higher due to visibility than temperature and allowable egress time to stairwell was short less than 5 seconds for the occupants on the floors of 4F to 7F. For total occupants, egress time out of main doorway was calculated about 136 seconds. It is sure that additional systems improving the performance of smoke control need to be installed for more safe evacuation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.7380-7384
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• 2014

Evacuation fire doors were manufactured by applying phosphorescent paint to the whole fire door whose performance was already recognized, and applying heat sensitive paint around the grip. The facility was improved by the evacuation and safety functions on the fire door, which has been used as only a fire facility, and the fire door is also used as an evacuation facility. The brilliance of the evacuation safety fire door manufactured in this study passed the brilliance test of Korea Fire Institute with a performance more than the brilliance (7mcd after 60 minutes) of the existing inducement sign. During a fire, the visible area is larger than the evacuation door inducement, etc. and light preventive status in the lower part of the fire door was observed during the descent of smoke. Therefore, it is considered to extend the evacuation effective time of evacuators. In heat sensitive paint applied around the grip, a color change is observed on the fire door when approaching a certain temperature ($70^{\circ}C$). Therefore, the first disaster that evacuators can encounter on the grip of a fire door during a fire can be prevented and should be helpful in recognizing the backfiring possibility and preventing safety accidents for firefighters who must enter a fire space.