• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.37-47
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• 2018

This study was attempted to understand present status and characteristics of landscape components of the domestic Korean Gugokwonlim created by the classical scholars in the Joseon Dynasty. The results are as follows. First, Distribution of Gukokwonlim in Korea shows that 55(51.4%) are located in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, and 22(20.56%) are located in Chungcheongbuk-do. Concentrated locations of Gugok are on the part of Baekdudaegan, from Sobaeksan mountain to Sokrisan mountain via Wolaksan mountain, and the Nakdong River basin of the Nakdong vein in the right bank. This consideration seems to be closely related to the academy of Yeongnam Confucianism and the their trend of Wonrim enjoyment. Second, according to the result of examining the distribution of Gugok according to the basic local government authority, The biggest number of the Gugok places(10 places, 9.35%) are located in Andong, which is called 'the capital of Korean spiritual culture.' Additionally in order, 9 places(9.45%) is located in Goesan, 8 places(7.48%) in Mungyung, 6 places(5.61%) in Bonghwa, and 5 places(4.67%) in Yeongju. Third, in order to the creating time of Gugokwonlim, 33 (33.0%) were created in $18^{th}$ century, and other 33 (33.0%) were created in $19^{th}$ century. In addition, 14 were created during $20^{th}$ century, while 13 were created in $17^{th}$ century. And 4 were created in $16^{th}$ century. Respectively. great number of $18^{th}$ and $19^{th}$ centuries shows that many(66.0%) Gugokwonrim were created between late 18th to 19th centuries. Fourth, There were 97(90.65%) of 'Gugok' in the form of collecting type, and a total number of bottom-up style Gugok were 99(92.5%) while top-down style Gugok were 8(7.5%). Fifth, Among the contents of Gugok, 67 were found in pome of Gugok(64.49%), 29 caved letters in rock(27.10%), and 16 in painting of Gugok(14.95%). Sixth, The most emerged landscape components of Gugok was Dae(臺) 124(13.05%), followed by Am(巖) 115[11.2%, including of Am(岩)] 115(11.2%), and Dam(潭) 73(7.68%), Jeong(亭) 48(5.05%), Dong(洞) 39(4.10%), San(山) 36(3.78%), Am(岩, rocks) 31(3.26 %), Bong(峯, peaks) 27(2.84%), Yeon(淵) 23(2.42%) and Chun(川) and Tan(灘) 22(2.31%). Mostly, common landscape components of Gugok are entrusted natural things. It is expected that more studies about the analysis of characteristics of Gugok's positioning types considering total distance and a gradient are required to understand more clearly characteristics and location distribution of true Gugok and its landscape components.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

This Article studies a meaning of geometrical-mathematical spatial idea in the source of modern theories of space. Modern theories of space elucidated a relation of human and space through the geometrical terms; point, line, plane and extension etc. Descartes and Newton identified space as a natural realty, Leibniz and Kant elucidated space as a subjective idea or form. It is the result of modern spatial theories that space is lied nearly in human. In the meaning of natural space, space is empirically unfolded with a shape of measuring in front of human's eyes. In the meaning of cognitional space, space is a method or subjective cognitional form that human understands nature and constitutes world. Modern theories of space would be divided into four patterns. In Newton's theory space is absolutely prior to things. In Leibniz' theory space is a co-existence order of Monads. In Descartes's theory space is identified with extension. In Kant's theory space is cognitional form of subject. They all are confronted with each other in the source of space. In their confrontation they reflected on the relation of human and space in their own standpoint. We classify their particularly differential concepts of space into natural space and cognitional space. And then we analyze a difference of spatial meanings, and then investigate foundations of meaning of modern theories of space. On the one hand they are become to the source of alienation of human from space. But on the other they are contributed to get space familiar with human through a wakening for the correlation of human and space. The natural space indicates that with measurable shape space is extended really in front of human's experiential eyes. But the cognitional space elucidates that space is only a subjective idea or form with which human understands nature and constructs world. In the former it is embossed that space is independent to human, and is able to be measured and to be treated according to natural raws. In the latter it is evidenced that space is not separated to human, and that space is not without human, and a correlation existed between human and space. Humanist ideal is declared in them. It was a declaration of human sovereignty to nature. But this declaration is caused to alienate human beings from space.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.20
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• pp.31-61
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• 2010

This thesis proposes to explore the theatre aesthetics of North-Korea during after the Liberation. From now South-Korean theorists have provided the theatre aesthetics of North-Korea to South-Korea, so we can say that it lacks of an equity. For example, South-theorists have said that North-Korean theatre only emphasized politics and propaganda, they have had not any aesthetics in performance. So this study focused on North-Korean critics and records for fairness and as a result something new is founded. The best theatres in North-Korea were some works which contains natural and proper lines to character, well-expressed inner desires of characters, realistic acting and stage design, and realistic life of working class. Of course they should reflect communist ideology and policy, but more important is that it did not mean everything in North-Korea. So we can say that it is fact that North-Korea should reflect their policy, which does not mean lack of aesthetics of performance. North-Korea had an obvious point of view for theatre, and they made an effort to realistic lines, movements and stage. During right after the Liberation, North Korea sought to find an answer for 'realization of true life', and sought to eliminate Japanese acting style in theatre. Concluded theatre aesthetics of North-Korea during right after the Liberation is realistic acting and directing style.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.156-164
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to identify the epidemiology and the clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza virus type 4 (HPIV-4) infection compared to HPIVs 1-3 infections in Korean children. Methods: We reviewed medical records of children with HPIV infection who visited Seoul National University Children's Hospital from 2015 to 2017. Detection of respiratory viruses was performed using real time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), which could differentiate HPIVs 1-4. Diagnosis was classified as a febrile illness, upper respiratory tract infection (URI), croup, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia. The epidemiology, demographic features, and clinical characteristics among HPIV types were compared. The clinical data were analyzed only for the previously healthy children. Results: Of the 472 children diagnosed with HPIV infection, 108 (22.9%) were previously healthy: 24 (22.2%), 19 (17.6%), 39 (36.1%), and 26 (24.1%) in HPIV types 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The median age of children with HPIV-4 infection was 11 (0-195) months: the proportion of children aged < 2 years and 2 to < 5 years were 65.4% and 19.2%, respectively. Clinical diagnoses of HPIV-4 infection were bronchiolitis (38.5%), pneumonia (30.8%), and URI (30.8%). Croup was the most prevalent in HPIV-2 (21.1%) and none in HPIV-4 infection (P=0.026). Hospital admission rates among HPIV types were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusions: We observed seasonal peak of HPIV-4 infection in 2015 and 2017. HPIV-4 was a common respiratory pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.70
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• pp.37-74
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• 2022

COVID-19, which occurred in Wuhan, China, made it difficult for Korean churches to face to face worship, therefore metaverse emerged as an alternative to solving these problems. metaverse is forming various platforms through technology expressed in 3I(Immersion, Interactive, virtual Image). The purpose of this study is to analyze the application plan of Christian education by applying metaverse technologies to Christian education. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, first, the definition, type, platform, and technology of the metaverse are presented to examine the key of the metaverse, second, in order to analyze the church from the theological educational aspect, the essence of the church, the mission of the church, and the metaverse church are examined, third in order to apply the metaverse to Christian education, it is classified into worship through the metaverse, education through the metaverse, service through the metaverse, the christian relationship through the metaverse, and missions through the metaverse. The application plan of the metaverse for Christian education is that first, worship can be held through metaverse. Second, education can be performed through the metaverse. Third, the metaverse can be used to fulfill the mission of service. Fourth, through the metaverse, christian can fellowship through the metaverse. Fifth, the missionary mission can be carried out through the metaverse. In conclusion, metaverse is still in the development stage, but various programs should be developed to achieve the purpose of Christian education by utilizing various platforms developed so far and utilizing the advantages of the platform. In particular, the Korean church will be able to utilize various programs such as Sunday worship, Sunday school, youth retreat, QT, Bible school, and pilgrimage through the metaverse to make good use of the characteristics of the metaverse. In addition, metaverse is an extended reality(XR) that integrates VR, AR, and MR, and its strength is an engagement in creative Christian educational activities out of the original Christian education. In the future, metaverse technology can be applied to Christian education in various ways as the fourth industrial technology is developing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 1988

Considering the recent trent toward the development of multiple-use of forest trees, investigations for comprehensive information on these young stands of Hinoki cypress are necessary for rational forest management. From this point of view, 83 sample trees were selected and cut down from 23-ear old stands of Hinoki cypress at Changsung-gun, Chonnam-do. Various stem growth factors of felled trees were measured and canonical correlaton analysis, principal component analysis and factor analysis were applied to investigate the stem growth characteristics, relationships among stem growth factors, and to get potential information and comprehensive information. The results are as follows ; Canonical correlation coefficient between stem volume and quality growth factor was 0.9877. Coefficient of canonical variates showed that DBH among diameter growth factors and height among height growth factors had important effects on stem volume. From the analysis of relationship between stem-volume and canonical variates, which were linearly combined DBH with height as one set, DBH had greater influence on volume growth than height. The 1st-2nd principal components here adopted to fit the effective value of 85% from the pincipal component analysis for 12 stem growth factors. The result showed that the 1st-2nd principal component had cumulative contribution rate of 88.10%. The 1st and the 2nd principal components were interpreted as "size factor" and "shape factor", respectively. From summed proportion of the efficient principal component fur each variate, information of variates except crown diameter, clear length and form height explained more than 87%. Two common factors were set by the eigen value obtained from SMC (squared multiple correlation) of diagonal elements of canonical matrix. There were 2 latent factors, $f_1$ and $f_2$. The former way interpreted as nature of diameter growth system. In inherent phenomenon of 12 growth factor, communalities except clear length and crown diameter had great explanatory poorer of 78.62-98.30%. Eighty three sample trees could he classified into 5 stem types as follows ; medium type within a radius of ${\pm}1$ standard deviation of factor scores, uniformity type in diameter and height growth in the 1st quadrant, slim type in the 2nd quadrant, dwarfish type in the 3rd quadrant, and fall-holed type in the 4 th quadrant.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.29-74
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• 2022

As social disasters occur under the Disaster Management Act, which can damage the people's "life, body, and property" due to the rapid spread and spread of unexpected COVID-19 infectious diseases in 2020, information collected through inspection and reporting of infectious disease pathogens (Article 11), epidemiological investigation (Article 18), epidemiological investigation for vaccination (Article 29), artificial technology, and prevention policy Decision), (3) It was used as an important basis for decision-making in the context of an infectious disease crisis, such as promoting vaccination and understanding the current status of damage. In addition, medical policy decisions using infectious disease data contribute to quarantine policy decisions, information provision, drug development, and research technology development, and interest in the legal scope and limitations of using infectious disease data has increased worldwide. The use of infectious disease data can be classified for the purpose of spreading and blocking infectious diseases, prevention, management, and treatment of infectious diseases, and the use of information will be more widely made in the context of an infectious disease crisis. In particular, as the serious stage of the Disaster Management Act continues, the processing of personal identification information and sensitive information becomes an important issue. Information on "medical records, vaccination drugs, vaccination, underlying diseases, health rankings, long-term care recognition grades, pregnancy, etc." needs to be interpreted. In the case of "prevention, management, and treatment of infectious diseases", it is difficult to clearly define the concept of medical practicesThe types of actions are judged based on "legislative purposes, academic principles, expertise, and social norms," but the balance of legal interests should be based on the need for data use in quarantine policies and urgent judgment in public health crises. Specifically, the speed and degree of transmission of infectious diseases in a crisis, whether the purpose can be achieved without processing sensitive information, whether it unfairly violates the interests of third parties or information subjects, and the effectiveness of introducing quarantine policies through processing sensitive information can be used as major evaluation factors. On the other hand, the collection, provision, and use of infectious disease data for research purposes will be used through pseudonym processing under the Personal Information Protection Act, consent under the Bioethics Act and deliberation by the Institutional Bioethics Committee, and data provision deliberation committee. Therefore, the use of research purposes is recognized as long as procedural validity is secured as it is reviewed by the pseudonym processing and data review committee, the consent of the information subject, and the institutional bioethics review committee. However, the burden on research managers should be reduced by clarifying the pseudonymization or anonymization procedures, the introduction or consent procedures of the comprehensive consent system and the opt-out system should be clearly prepared, and the procedure for re-identifying or securing security that may arise from technological development should be clearly defined.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.709-719
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• 1996

Background: Surgical resection is the only way to cure non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) and the prognosis of NSCLC in patients who undergo a complete resection is largely influenced by the pathologic stage. After surgical resection, recurrences in distant sites is more common than local recurrences. An effective postoperative adjuvant therapy which can prevent recurrences is necessary to improve long tenn survival Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy are still the mainstay in adjuvant therapy, the benefits of such therapies are still controversial. We initiated this retrospective study to evaluate the effects of adjuvant therapies and analyze the prognostic factors for survival after curative resection. Method: From 1990 to 1995, curative resection was perfomled in 282 NSCLC patients with stage I, II, IIIa, Survival analysis of 282 patients was perfonned by Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic factors, affecting survival of patients were analyzed by Cox regression model. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 166 patients(59%) ; adenocarcinoma in 86 pmients(30%) ; adenosquamous carcinoma in II parients(3.9%); and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma in 19 patients(7.1%). By TNM staging system, 93 patients were in stage I; 58 patients in stage II ; and 131 patients in stage rna. There were 139 postoperative recurrences which include 28 local and 111 distant failures(20.1% vs 79.9%). The five year survival rate was 50.1% in stage I ; 31.3% in stage II ; and 24.1% in stage IIIa(p <0.0001). The median survival duration was 55 months in stage I ; 27 months in stage II ; and 16 months in stage rna. Among 131 patients with stage rna, the median survival duration was 19 months for 81 patients who received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy only or cherne-radiotherapy and 14 months for the other 50 patients who received surgery only or surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy(p=0.2982). Among 131 patients with stage IIIa, the median disease free survival duration was 16 months for 21 patients who received postop. adjuvant chemotherapy only and 4 months for 11 patients who received surgery only(p=0.0494). In 131 patients with stage IIIa, 92 cases were in N2 stage. The five year survival rate of the 92 patients with N2 was 25% and their median survival duration was 15 months. The median survival duration in patients with N2 stage was 18 months for those 62 patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy and 14 months for the other 30 patients who did not(p=0.3988). The median survival duration was 16 months for those 66 patients who received irradiation and 14 months for the other 26 patients who did not(p=0.6588). We performed multivariate analysis to identify the factors affecting prognosis after complete surgical resection, using the Cox multiple regression model. Only age(p=0.0093) and the pathologic stage(p<0.0001) were significam prognostic indicators. Conclusion: The age and pathologic stage of the NSCLC parients are the significant prognostic factors in our study. Disease free survival duration was prolonged with statistical significance in patients who received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy but overall survival duration was not affected according to adjuvant therapy after surgical resection.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.426-436
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate actual vegetation, the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of coastal forest ecosystem in warm temperate climate zone, Taejongdae, Busan City, Korea to provide the basic data for planning of the forest management. As a result of analysis of actual vegetation, vegetation types divided into 35 types, and the area of survey site was $1,750,461m^2$. The ratio of vegetation type dominated by Pinus thunbergii was 80.7%, dominated by Quercus spp. was just 5.0%, and dominated by Carpinus tschonoskii was just 0.4%. Eighteen plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into four groups which are community I(P. thunbergii community), community II(P. thunbergii-Quercus serrata community), community III(Q. serrata-P. thunbergii community), and community IV(Carpinus tschonoskii-P. thunbergii community). The age of community I was from 38 to 59 years old, that of community II was from 35 to 71 years old, that of community III was from 37 to 53 years old, that of community IV was from 50 to 72 years old, thus we supposed that the age of the study site is about from 38 to 72 years old. We supposed that the successional sere of the study site is in the early stage of ecological succession in the warm temperate climate zone. The dominant species will be changed from P. thunbergii to Q. serrata or Carpinus tschonoskii in the canopy layer, on the other hand, Eurya japonica will be dominant species in the understory layer, and E. japonica and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermediumwill be dominant species in the shrub layer for a while. According to the index of Shnnon's diversity(unit: $400m^2$), community I ranged from 0.8640 to 1.3986, community II was from 0.1731 to 1.1885, community III was from 0.8250 to 1.0042, and community IV was from 0.3436 to 0.6986.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.491-499
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• 2020

Increasing impervious surfaces can cause various physical and mental illnesses as well as further problems like deterioration of the thermal environment and disconnection of the water circulation system in the downtown area. This study is intended to suggest baseline data for the future creation or remodelation of large-scaled urban parks in consideration of human health on the aspect of climate by analyzing air ions condition and correlation analysis between air ions and meteorological elements depending on distances from the center in the urban park. The study site was divided into four types by distances from the center of Olympic Park in Songpa-gu, Seoul, then classified as A and B. After selecting 80 points to record, land coverage and vegetation status were investigated, and then meteorological elements and air ions were measured. First, the green space rate by section is A section Center (90%)> Inner (70%)> Outer-inner (10%) = Outer (10%), B section Center (100%)> Inner (60%)> Outer- In order of inner (30%)> Outer (0%). Second, for weather factors, the temperature was analyzed by Outer (24.18℃) > Outer-inner (22.90℃) > Inner (22.43℃) > Center (21.719℃). For relative humidity, center (46.49%) > Inner (43.36%) > Outer-inner (42.41%) > Outer (38.53%) was analyzed. Third, In the case of cations in the air ions, Outer(435.71ea/㎤) > Outer-inner(415.16ea/㎤) > Inner (389.46ea/㎤) > Center (352.64ea/㎤). In the case of negative ions, Center (569.72ea/㎤) > Inner (499.83ea/㎤) > Outer-inner(410.58ea/㎤) > Outer (292.02ea/㎤). It was analyzed to increase toward Center, and analyzed to decrease with increasing distance from road. For the Air ion index, it was analyzed as Center (1.67) > Inner (1.31) > Outer-inner (1.08) > Outer (0.71). Negative irons was analyzed to increase when its measuring points close to the center and decrease with shortening distance to the road. Fourth, as a result of correlation analysis, positive(+) correlation is negative ions and ion index. These were measured to increase as the recording points closing to the center of the park from the road. The negative(-) correlation is temperature, solar radiation, and positive ions. These increased as getting closer to the road.