• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_3
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• pp.1373-1387
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• 2021

Forest fire poses a significant threat to the environment and society, affecting carbon cycle and surface energy balance, and resulting in socioeconomic losses. Widely used multi-spectral satellite image-based approaches for burned area detection have a problem in that they do not work under cloudy conditions. Therefore, in this study, Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from Europe Space Agency, which can be collected in all weather conditions, were used to identify forest fire damaged area based on a series of processes including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering. Four forest fire cases, which occurred in Gangneung·Donghae and Goseong·Sokcho in Gangwon-do of South Korea and two areas in North Korea on April 4, 2019, were examined. The estimated burned areas were evaluated using fire reference data provided by the National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS) for two forest fire cases in South Korea, and differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) for all four cases. The average accuracy using the NIFOS reference data was 86% for the Gangneung·Donghae and Goseong·Sokcho fires. Evaluation using dNBR showed an average accuracy of 84% for all four forest fire cases. It was also confirmed that the stronger the burned intensity, the higher detection the accuracy, and vice versa. Given the advantage of SAR remote sensing, the proposed statistical processing and K-means clustering-based approach can be used to quickly identify forest fire damaged area across the Korean Peninsula, where a cloud cover rate is high and small-scale forest fires frequently occur.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3B
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• pp.271-281
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• 2008

To determine the flood protection elevation (FPE) in urban built-up areas, this study examines four possible methods: using the highest flood elevation in the past, extending base flood elevations of nearby watercourse to inland, and two simulation methods of inland flood under the same rainfall used in the watercourse planning nearby. According to the case study of the Jang-An Drainage Area, Seoul, the highest flood elevation in the past and simulation results of inland flood under the same rainfall in the watercourse planning nearby tend to get similar results, while extending base flood elevations of nearby watercourse to inland shows much higher elevations than other results. Meanwhile, cost-benefit analysis, when regulating residential/commercial uses below the FPE by each of four methods, suggest that planners need to consider carefully the economic feasibility of FPE used to choose appropriate methods.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.13 no.2 s.17
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• pp.58-67
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• 2000

통과대문왕팔괘차서도화문왕팔괘방위도적연구(通過對文王八卦次序圖和文王八卦方位圖的硏究). 득도요여하결론(得到了如下結論). 1. 최초명명위문왕팔괘차서도화문왕팔괘방위도적인시소옹(最初命名爲文王八卦次序圖和文王八卦方位圖的人是邵雍). 문왕팔괘차서도화문왕팔괘방위도수연몰유시문왕소화적확체적근거(文王八卦次序圖和文王八卦方位圖雖然沒有是文王所畵的確切的根據), 단시종추연복희이(但是從推演伏羲易), 동사상결합(同事相結合), 최종확립여금적역학체계적인시문왕(最終確立如今的易學體系的人是文王). 이차환부합현금적역리(而且還符合現今的易理), 인차구유일정설복력(因此具有一定說服力). 2. 재문왕팔괘차서도중삼남유일양이음구성(在文王八卦次序圖中三男由一陽二陰構成). 삼녀유일음이양구성(三女由一陰二陽構成). 저가이용음양호근적원리진행설명(這可以用陰陽互根的原理進行說明). 3. 복희팔괘방위도현시모종공간상(伏羲八卦方位圖顯示某種空間相). 이문왕팔괘방위도칙현시사시(而文王八卦方位圖則顯示四時). 팔절적변화화만물생장적류행주기등시간상적변화(八節的變化和萬物生長的流行周期等時間上的變化). 4. 문왕팔괘방위도동사시적오행상일치(文王八卦方位圖同四時的五行相一致). 시상생관계(是相生關係), 팔괘당중각유양개목김토(八卦當中各有兩개木金土). 시유우형흔왕성(是由于形흔旺盛), 수화각유일개시유우기흔왕성(水火各有一개是由于氣흔旺盛). 5. 문왕팔괘방위도재표면상간호상시오행상생적관계(文王八卦方位圖在表面上看好象是五行相生的關係). 단시(但是), 상호성대면적팔괘적오행도성상극관계(相互成對面的八卦的五行都成相剋關係). 화동측상임적감수(和東側相臨的坎水) 간토(艮土) 진목(震木) 손목도시성상극관계(孫木都是成相剋關係). 종차가이지도상극시발전만물적주체(從此可以知道相剋是發展萬物的主體). 6. 대우복희팔괘전화위문왕팔괘적원리(對于伏羲八卦轉化爲文王八卦的原理), 수유각종이론제출(雖有各種理論提出). 단시상무확체적설법(但是尙無確切的說法). 7. 복희팔괘주요체현천도화외상등(伏羲八卦主要體現天道和外象等), 문왕팔괘측체현인사화내정등(文王八卦側體現人事和內情等). 8. 복희팔괘위체(伏羲八卦爲體), 문왕팔괘위용(文王八卦爲用). 복희팔괘중(伏羲八卦中), 위변화적주체적천지즉건곤위우중축(爲變化的主體的天地卽乾坤位于中軸). 문왕팔괘중(文王八卦中), 위변화적대용적일월즉감리위우중축(位變化的大用的日月卽坎離位于中軸). 9. 복희팔괘도속우표현춘천적변화지상적제일괘도(伏羲八卦圖屬于表現春天的變化之象的第一掛圖), 생괘도화창조도(生掛圖和倉曹圖), 문왕팔괘도칙속우표현하천적변화지상적제이괘도(文王八卦圖則屬于表現夏天的變化之象的第二掛圖), 장괘도화발전도(長掛圖和發展圖). 10. 문왕팔괘도시류행이치기용적역지용(文王八卦圖是流行以致其用的易之用), 표현무질서화혼란(表現無秩序和混亂), 위화여괴리상호란무적난음난양지상(韋和與乖離相互亂舞的亂陰亂陽之象). 11. 문왕팔괘도화낙서적변화원리상일치(文王八卦圖和洛書的變化原理相一致), 가이장낙서적수직접대응도문왕팔괘도중(可以將洛書的數直接對應到文王八卦圖中). 우명낙서팔괘도(又名洛書八卦圖). 구수도혹일구역(九數圖或一九易). 12. 문왕팔괘도적상대응적수자지합도위십(文王八卦圖的相對應的數字之合都爲十). 저예시료성괘도십수도적출현(這豫示了成掛圖十數圖的出現).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.531-546
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• 2018

Air quality forecasting system with Asian dust emissions was developed in East Asia, and $PM_{10}$ forecasting performance of chemical transport model with Asian dust emissions was validated and evaluated. The chemical transport model (CTM) with Asian dust emission was found to supplement $PM_{10}$ concentrations that had been under-estimated in China regions and improved statistics for performance of CTM, although the model were overestimated during some periods in China. In Korea, the prediction model adequately simulated inflow of Asian dust events on February 22~24 and March 16~17, but the model is found to be overestimated during no Asian dust event periods on April. However, the model supplemented $PM_{10}$ concentrations, which was underestimated in most regions in Korea and the statistics for performance of the models were improved. The $PM_{10}$ forecasting performance of air quality forecasting model with Asian dust emissions tends to improve POD (Probability of Detection) compared to basic model without Asian dust emissions, but A (Accuracy) has shown similar or decreased, and FAR (False Alarms) have increased during 2017.Therefore, the developed air quality forecasting model with Asian dust emission was not proposed as a representative $PM_{10}$ forecast model in South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.99-112
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• 2021

This study was performed to predict spatial change of future forestland area in South Korea at regional level for supporting forest-related plans established by local governments. In the study, land use was classified to three types which are forestland, agricultural land, and urban and other lands. A logistic regression model was developed using transitional interaction between each land use type and topographical factors, land use restriction factors, socioeconomic indices, and development infrastructures. In this model, change probability from a target land use type to other land use types was estimated using raster dataset(30m×30m) for each variable. With priority order map based on the probability of land use change, the total annual amount of land use change was allocated to the cells in the order of the highest transition potential for the spatial analysis. In results, it was found that slope degree and slope standard value by the local government were the main factors affecting the probability of change from forestland to urban and other land. Also, forestland was more likely to change to urban and other land in the conditions of a more gentle slope, lower slope criterion allowed to developed, and higher land price and population density. Consequently, it was predicted that forestland area would decrease by 2027 due to the change from forestland to urban and others, especially in metropolitan and major cities, and that forestland area would increase between 2028 and 2050 in the most local provincial cities except Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Jeju Island due to locality extinction with decline in population. Thus, local government is required to set an adequate forestland use criterion for balanced development, reasonable use and conservation, and to establish the regional forest strategies and policies considering the future land use change trends.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.133-157
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to figure out requirements and considerations of guidelines for libraries serving active older adults in Korea. The research data were collected by examining domestic laws and policies, foreign library guidelines and service practices. Two focus group interviews were also conducted with 10 librarians of Seoul metropolitan area. The research findings were the following: Specific guidelines should be set up including sections of information resources, human resources, facilities, service & programs, and promotion & marketing. The guideline should also include not only solutions for improving digital literacy of old adults but solving librarians' difficulties with serving old adults.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.364-364
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• 2023

최근 환경부에서 발표한 「제3차(2021~2025) 강우유출 비점오염관리 종합대책(2020)」에 의하면, 우리나라는 지난 50년간 급격한 도시화, 산업화 과정을 거치면서 불투수면적이 전 국토의 약 22.4%에 달한다고 보고되고 있다. 특히 전체 소권역의 6%에 해당하는 51개 소권역의 경우 불투수 면적률 25%를 넘어서고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 불투수면의 증가는 기후변화에 의한 영향으로 토양 침투량과 기저유출량을 감소, 갈수기 하천건천화 심화, 우기 표면유출수 증가를 가중시키며 이로인한 비점오염물질 유입 증가, 수질 악화의 원인으로 작용 될 수 있다. 이에 정부에서는 저영향개발(Low Impact Development, LID) 사업 및 친환경그린인프라(Green Infrastructure, GI) 기술요소를 적용하여 도시지역 기후위기 대응 수단의 일원으로 우수유출 저감, 물순환 구조 개선, 비점오염원을 관리하고자 '그린빗물인프라(Green Stormwater Infrastructure, GSI) 조성 사업'을 추진하여 공공청사를 중심으로 학교, 도서관, 체육시설, 공원 등 적용 범위를 확대하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기후변화에 가장 취약한 해안도시지역인 경상남도에 위치하고 있으며, 불투수면적이 높고 노후화된 소규모 청사 2곳을 시범 구역으로 선정하였다. 각 시범 구역별 GSI 시설 적용이 가능한 주차장, 화단, 옥상 등의 개선방안을 제시하였으며, 적용 규모를 달리하여 물순환·물 환경 개선 효과를 검증하였다. 검증에는 국내에서 개발된 K-LIDM 모형을 활용한 우수유출저감 및 직접유출체적 산정결과를 통해 물순환 효과를, 국립환경과학원에서 제시되고 있는 '토지계 지목별 발생부하원단위', 수질환경개선 보고서에서 제시된 침투형, 식생형 비점오염저감시설의 저감효율을 활용하여 물순환 저감효과를 분석하여 비교하였다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.657-664
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the relationships between the air quality (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, O₃) concentrations and local geographical characteristics (terrain heights, building area ratios, population density in 9 km × 9 km gridded subareas) in the Seoul metropolitan area. To analyze the terrain heights and building area ratios, we used the geographic information system data provided by the NGII (National Geographic Information Institute). Also, we used the administrative districts and population provided by KOSIS (Korean Statistical Information Service) to estimate population densities. We analyzed the PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O₃ concentrations measured at the 146 AQMSs (air quality monitoring system) within the Seoul metropolitan area. The analysis period is from January 2010 to December 2020, and the monthly concentrations were calculated by averaging the hourly concentrations. The terrain is high in the northern and eastern parts of Gyeonggi-do and low near the west coastline. The distributions of building area ratios and population densities were similar to each other. During the analysis period, the monthly PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations at 146 AQMSs were high from January to March. The O₃ concentrations were high from April to June. The population densities were negatively correlated with PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O₃ concentrations (weakly with PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ but strongly with O₃). On the other hand, the AQMS heights showed no significant correlation with the pollutant concentrations, implying that further studies on the relationship between terrain heights and pollutant concentrations should be accompanied.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.227-237
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• 2020

Microclimatic data were measured, and the human thermal sensation was analyzed at 10 local climate zones based on the major land cover classification to investigate the thermal environment of urban areas during summer nighttime. From the results, the green infrastructure areas (GNIAs) showed an average air temperature of 1.6℃ and up to 2.4℃ lower air temperature than the gray infrastructure areas (GYIAs), and the GNIAs showed an average relative humidity of 9.0% and up to 15.0% higher relative humidity. The wind speed of the GNIAs and GYIAs had minimal difference and showed no significance at all locations, except for the forest location, which had the lowest wind speed owing to the influence of trees. The local winds and the surface roughness, which was determined based on the heights of buildings and trees, appeared to be the main factors that influenced wind speed. At the mean radiant temperature, the forest location showed the maximum value, owing to the influence of trees. Except at the forest location, the GNIAs showed an average decrease of 5.5℃ compared to GYIAs. The main factor that influenced the mean radiant temperature was the sky view factor. In the analysis of the human thermal sensation, the GNIAs showed a "neutral" thermal perception level that was neither hot nor cold, and the GYIAs showed a "slightly warm" level, which was a level higher than those of the GNIAs. The GNIAs showed a 3.2℃ decrease compared to the GYIAs, except at the highest forest location, which indicated a half-level improvement in the human thermal environment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.68-81
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• 2023

This study aims to establish a scenario based on the spacing and arrangement of the roadside trees to reduce heat waves and fine dust in cities that occurred during the urbanization process and to quantitatively analyze the degree of reduction. The ENVI-met 5.0.2v model, a micro-climate simulation program, was used to analyze the degree of improvement in the thermal environment and fine dust according to the roadside tree scenario. As a result of temperature analysis according to street tree spacing, the narrower the distance between roadside trees, the lower the temperature during the day as the number of planted trees increased, and a similar pattern was shown regardless of the distance between roadside trees in the morning and evening. In the case of fine dust emitted from the road, the concentration of fine dust increased slightly due to the increase in roadside trees, but the concentration of sidewalks where people walk increased slightly or there was no difference because of blocking fine dust on trees. The temperature according to the arrangement of street trees tended to decrease as the number of planted trees increased as the arrangement increased. However, not only the amount of trees but also the crown projected area was judged to have a significant impact on the temperature reduction because the temperature reduction was greater in the scenario of planting the same amount of trees and widening the interval of arrangement. In terms of the arrangement, the fine dust concentration showed a difference from the results according to the interval, suggesting that the fine dust concentration may change depending on the relationship between the main wind direction and the tree planting direction. By quantitatively analyzing the degree of thermal environment and fine dust improvement caused by roadside trees, this study is expected to promote policies and projects to improve the roadside environment efficiently, such as a basic plan for roadside trees and a project for wind corridor forests.