• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.453-475
• /
• 2007

School algebra starts with introducing algebraic expressions which have been one of the cognitive obstacles to the students in the transfer from arithmetic to algebra. In the recent studies on the teaching school algebra, algebraic thinking is getting much more attention together with algebraic expressions. In this paper, we examined the processes of the transfer from arithmetic to algebra and ways for teaching early algebra through algebraic thinking factors. Issues about algebraic thinking have continued since 1980's. But the theoretic foundations for algebraic thinking have not been founded in the previous studies. In this paper, we analyzed the algebraic thinking in school algebra from historico-genetic, epistemological, and symbolic-linguistic points of view, and identified algebraic thinking factors, i.e. the principle of permanence of formal laws, the concept of variable, quantitative reasoning, algebraic interpretation - constructing algebraic expressions, trans formational reasoning - changing algebraic expressions, operational senses - operating algebraic expressions, substitution, etc. We also identified these algebraic thinking factors through analyzing mathematics textbooks of elementary and middle school, and showed the middle school students' low achievement relating to these factors through the algebraic thinking ability test. Based upon these analyses, we argued that the readiness for algebra learning should be made through the processes including algebraic thinking factors in the elementary school and that the transfer from arithmetic to algebra should be accomplished naturally through the pre-algebra course. And we searched for alternative ways to improve algebra curriculums, emphasizing algebraic thinking factors. In summary, we identified the problems of school algebra relating to the transfer from arithmetic to algebra with the problem of teaching algebraic thinking and analyzed the algebraic thinking factors of school algebra, and searched for alternative ways for improving the transfer from arithmetic to algebra and the teaching of early algebra.

• Journal of The Institute of Information and Telecommunication Facilities Engineering
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.70-81
• /
• 2002

1990년대 후반부터 다양한 디지털 통신망을 이용하여 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 서비스가 가능하게 되었다. 하지만 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 전달 및 이용을 위한 기반 구조들의 독자적 발전 및 다양한 통합 관리 시스템 때문에 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 표현 방식의 호환성, 네트워크 방식과 단말기 등의 잠재적인 문제점이 발생한다. 이를 위해서 현재 존재하는 기술 및 기반 구조들 사이의 연동을 통한 큰 멀티미디어 프레임워크인 MPEG-21이 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 현재 표준화 작업이 진행 중인 MPEG-21을 기반으로 하는 웹 (Web) 기반 테스트베드를 제안한다. 기본적으로 테스트베드는 서버(server), 클라이언트(client), DIA(Digital Item Adaptation)의 세 모듈로 구성된다. 서버의 역할은 멀티미디어 컨텐츠를 Digital Item(DI)의 형태로 생성하고, 클라이언트가 DI를 요구할 경우 DIA 모듈을 통해서 변환된 DI를 클라이언트에게 제공한다. DIA 모듈은 서버에서 동작되며 클라이언트로부터 요청된 DI를 분석하고 클라이언트로부터 전송된 환경 정보를 이용하여 클라이언트 환경에 적합하게 변환된 (adapted) DI를 생성하는 것이 주 기능이다. 클라이언트는 서버에 저장되어 있는 DI를 선택하고 사용자 선호도(user preferences), 터미널 능력(terminal capabilities) 등의 필요한 정보를 서버로 전송한다. 테스트베드에서는 스포츠 경기의 동영상, 정지 영상, 경기 내용, 역사를 기록한 파일 등의 DI를 이용한다. 표현 언어는 XML이며, HTTP 기반의 웹 환경에서 구동되도록 설계된다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2023

Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal rainfall is increasing, and the intensity and scale of damage caused by heavy rain are increasing every year. In addition, as the frequency of heavy rains becomes more frequent, heavy rains often occur continuously, resulting in large flooding damage that has never been seen before in urban area. When near rivers and coastal areas are impermeable areas, the maximum flow increases rapidly as the rainfall intensity increases, so a comprehensive flood risk evaluation is needed considering the characteristics of the basin. In this study, the flood inundation risk evaluation was analyzed by giving scores on evaluation factors as a measure to prevent inundation in subway stations. Through the flood inundation risk evaluation process considering the comprehensive evaluation index, the flood risk evaluation was conducted on five urban railway stations with a large amount of traffic and floating population that had been inundated in the past. It is judged that by comprehensively analyzing this and establishing a inundation risk grade (grade 1 to 4) to establish a flood measure suitable for the risk grade.

• Convergence Security Journal
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.157-162
• /
• 2019

The nature of war includes the concept of war and the purpose of the war, as well as its nature, attributes and personality. The war that started with the history of mankind has started to achieve various purposes. There were also wars that took place to get territory or slaves and resources. There was a war to spread ideology and religion. The cause of war has diversified due to the purpose of various wars. In this study, we analyzed the causes of regional conflicts that have occurred on the earth since World War II. The regional and structural explanations reported in most papers attempting to define the causes of small regional conflicts and new forms of war in each region are not entirely credible. It is clear that the Cold War has intensified civil war. Most of the causes of these wars should be considered to be within the country.

• Informatization Policy
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.48-60
• /
• 2022

This research analyzes the potential reform of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act through the new institutionalist approach. The immunity provision of the Section 230, which has developed the U.S. Internet content regulation regime and protected big tech firms, is facing a significant change today. The chambers of Congress have attempted to limit the immunity shield for platforms with bipartisanship. As a result of analysis through the perspective of historical institutionalism, a critical change could come from external events including fake news controversies and data privacy scandals, as well as endogenous factors such as conflicts among actors. The discussion deals with the possible direction of Internet content regulation reforms in Korea.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.185-195
• /
• 2021

This study is to criticize whether festivals as cultural activities form cultural values by questioning about the animal cruelty in Korean festivals. Changes in the social awareness of animals and the viewpoint that shifted from human-centered thinking to values of the environment and life served as an opportunity to look back on animals. This study looked at festivals using animals in Korea and especially analyzed the four major animal festivals that have been criticized. A qualitative study method interpreting opinions, evaluations, alternatives, and arguments of cultural tourism and animal rights experts was implemented by conducting interviews with experts of cultural tourism and animal rights, who have conflicting views about animal festivals. The primary topic of discussion is a sharp criticism that 'sales of products based on innocence' is a commercialized cultural value. The expression that 'wrongful traditions do not need to be protected' is an escape from the customary memory of traditions that do not create cultural values. The act of stopping the long malpractice of traditional animal violence is the very act of creating 'cultural values.'

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 2009

지난 50여년간 국가유공자 및 제대군인의 보상은 전쟁 및 군복무중 발생한 상이처로 인해 장애를 입은 자를 중심으로 보상해 왔으며, 군 복무 중 발생한 질병의 보상에 대해서는 아직까지 심도 있게 논의된바 없다. 우선 한국의 군복무와 관련한 질병 보상과 관련한 본격적인 논의에 앞서 중요하게 고려되야 할 부분은 우리보다 100여년 이상 앞서 연구해 왔고 지금까지도 활발히 진행중인 미국의 질병 보상 제도와 질병 인정범위에 대해 분석해볼 필요성이 제기된다. 미국의 군복무와 관련한 질병에 관한 최초 보상의 역사는 1800년대로 군복무와 관련한 질병에 관한 대표적인 최초의 보상 질환은 PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)의 초기 형태인 향수병(nostalgia)으로 이 질환이 군복무와 연관된 질환으로 인정받은 최초 질병이었다. 미국의 경우 미국의 군복무와 관련된 질환은 직접질환과 추정 질환으로 분류되는데 먼저 군복무 직접 질환의 경우 질병 보상이 되는 대표적 질환은 고혈압, 당뇨, 빈혈, 동맥경화증, 관절염, 심장염, 간질, 신장염, 정신병, 활동성 결핵, 위궤양 등 거의 모든 질환이 포함되어 있다. 특히, 정신병 흡연과 음주에 의한 질환 자살도 남에게 피해를 주지 않은 경우는 대부분 보상이 된다. 이상 살펴본 바와 같이 선진국에 비해 한국의 군복무와 관련한 질병보상 범위와 너무도 상이한데 국가유공자예우에 관한 법률 시행령 제 14조에 의거 1급부터 7급까지 등급판정을 부여하는데 이는 대부분 외상에 의한 절단, 관통상, 신체 기능상실자를 위주로 보상을 하고 있어 외상과의 합병증이 없는 질병에 대한 보상은 실질적으로 거의 인정을 받지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 끝으로 군복무와 관련한 질병 보상과 의료, 복지증진을 위한 종합적인 발전 방안을 몇가지 제언코자 한다. 첫째, 제대군인 질병연구센타 설립. 둘째, 정신질환, 외상후 스트레스장애군(PTSD), 진행성 질환 무상의료 지원 및 연금지급 셋째, 고엽제 2세환자의 역학조사가 필요하다.

• Journal of Labour Economics
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.31-57
• /
• 2019

This paper investigates the determinants of household splitting and offers the implication on relative poverty. Household splitting is more likely among high-income households, and also ensued by an increase in the number of job holders and household income, which indicate that household splitting has the nature of a normal good. A counter-factual analysis suggests that the relative poverty rate ould have been only one-third to one-eighth of the actual rate among the old households if they had lived together with their children. These results indicate that the social policy toward the old households without due consideration on the children's financial capability is quite likely to bring about the inefficiency of wasting tax money on essentially non-poor households.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.887-921
• /
• 2009

Pythagorean theorem is one of mathematical contents which is widely used during human culture have developed. There are many historial records related to Pythagorean theorem made by Babylonian, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian. The theorem has the important meaning for mathematics education in secondary school education. Along with the importance of the proof itself, diverse proof methods and ideas included in their methods are also important since the methods improve students' ability to think mathematics. Hence, in this paper, we classify and analyze 390 proof methods published in the book "All that Pythagorean theorem" and other materials. Based on the results we derive educational meaning in mathematics with respect to main idea of the proof, the preliminaries of the study, and study skills used for proof.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.11 no.2 s.35
• /
• pp.60-64
• /
• 2007

Chemical Process industry in Korea has over 30 year's of history and is likely to face potential incidents. The traditional risk analysis and control system in Chemical Process industry focuses on mechanical defects, overlooking the human performance control. Although development of automation technology and controlling technology was necessary, human decision factor is essential to preventing accidents in the Chemical Process. Almost all serious accidents take place when inappropriate humanperformance and mechanical defects of safety equipments simultaneously occurs. The AHRA(Advanced Human Reliability Analyzer) software has been developed to collect failure data and analyze human error probability (Reliability) in Chemical Process Industry in Korea. This paper describes the HRA analysis result of PIF(Performance Influencing Factor) evaluation, HEP(Human Error Probability) and root cause of accidents by applying a Chemical Process Industry related accident data. This analysis result should present a scheme that, by controlling human error factor other than putting safety management funds into the machinery in plants, can reduce cost and maximize the safety in Chemical Process Industry.