• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.527-539
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• 2018

The subway used by many passengers is required to maintain a safe and comfortable environment and PSD (Platform Screen Door) must be installed in the platform after reinforcing the standard in 2003. In the previous research, in case of subway fire to control it, it is necessary to design the optimal ventilation and smoke exhaust system according to equipment capacity of the smoke exhaust system. Therefore, in this study, based on the results of previous research, three-dimensional numerical analysis was performed for the CO gas and smoke flow by the subway ventilation system in case of platform fire. As a result of this study, it was found that in case of emergency, if only the upper-level smoke exhaust system is activated, the risk of evacuation is high due to CO gas (653.8 ppm) and smoke concentration ($768.4mg/m^3$). And when all the smoke exhaust systems are activated and only the fire side PSD is opened, CO gas (36.0 ppm) and smoke concentration ($26.2mg/m^3$) are detected and the propagation range of smoke flow was reduced. When all the smoke exhaust systems are activated and only the fire side PSD is closed, it was analyzed as the most effective ventilation mode in the evacuation environment due to the absence of smoke-recirculation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1021-1036
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• 2014

In this article, another literatures that original Korean own red pepper (Gochu) was cultivated from ancient years and there were many other varieties of Gocho in Korea were shown. The first book where Gochu was appeared as written in Hangul (Korean own character invented by King Sejong in 1433) was Hunmongjahoe (訓蒙字會) written by Choi Sejin in 1527. However, many books where cho(椒) indicating Korean red pepper (Gochu) was described before Hunmongjahoe. This is consistent with Hongjaejonso(弘齋全書, 1799). King Jungjo asked Kim Dalsun about the type of Cho(椒) in Hongjaejonso, Kim Dalsun answered to King Jungjo that there are many types of Cho such as Chokcho(蜀椒), Jincho(秦椒), Dancho(丹椒), Daecho(大椒) and Hocho(胡椒). When common characteristics in Chokcho, Jincho, Dancho, Daecho and Hocho in Hongjaejonso were studied, it was found that these Chos had one word in common "Gocho(고쵸)" in the Korean translation. Also several Chos such as Buncho(蕃椒), Nammancho(南蠻椒), Mancho(蔓椒) were characterized as Gocho in ancient books. In conclusion there were several Chos such as Chokcho, Jincho, Dancho, Daecho, Hocho, Buncho, Nammancho, Mancho, etc indicating the various types of Cho, and these were all written as Gocho(고쵸) in the Korean character. An original Korean Gocho should be cultivated in Korean peninsula. Several different types of Cho were imported during the course of trade with foreign countries, and these foreign Chos called as Buncho(蕃椒), Nammancho(南蠻椒), Mancho(蔓椒) by discriminating original Korean Gocho(고쵸). The original name of Gochu(고추) is Gocho. Later the Chinese character for Gocho(苦椒) invented in response to the Korean character of "Gocho(고쵸)" by necessity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.585-593
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• 2020

This study was conducted to research the Selection Attributes of tourists in Jeonju Hanok Village. The purpose of this study was to study the importance and satisfaction after visiting the Jeonju Hanok Village using IPA analysis, and to provide results and marketing implications. The survey was conducted from the October to the November in 2018. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 258 responded questionnaires were reliable to be used as a sample. The result of the survey was analyzed by using SPSS 15.0 version for window with Paired t-test and IPA method. Frequency Analysis was also conducted for the characteristic of samples. As a result of the study, first, the cleanliness of tourist attractions was the highest among the selection attributes, and the next ranking was in the order of parking lot facilities, natural scenery, food, and weather. Second, the natural property was the most satisfactory as a selection property item that tourists visiting Hanok Village were satisfied with, followed by climate(weather), regional characteristics, historical and cultural resources, and cleanliness of tourist attractions. Third, depending on the importance-satisfaction value of the selection attribute variable perceived by tourists visiting Hanok Village, it is necessary to develop various programs in Hanok Village and prepare measures to increase tourist satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

Human has noticed a beautiful natural scenery and appreciated it as a scenic site by giving meaning to it and evaluating it. How the beautiful natural scenery was appreciated as a scenic site depends on natural features, social and cultural environments, and the current of the times. Mt. Jiri is the highest mountain in inland South Korea and keeps ancestors' history and culture intact. Joseon Dynasty literary men frequently mentioned Mt. Jiri as a tourist attraction where they could pursue and share their studies against its beautiful natural scenery. The countless literary men visited Mt. Jiri and some of them left their journeys as travelling records. This research aimed at apprehending travel routes of Chunwang Peak of Mt. Jiri based on the contents of travelling records and investigating the scenic site value of scenic resources as the literary men in Joseon Dynasty recognized. The scenic resources of Mt. Jiri were related to the change of the reason or motivation of person who climbed and it should be noted that there was a change of reason or motivation in climbing Mt. Jiri from a following of master's paths to discovery of a new trails. Thus, even if there was a difference in reason or purpose of natural scenic beauty, the concept of scenic sites of the past and the present day should be included into the extended meaning of scenic sites. This research aimed the routes of well-known literary men need to be developed as programs utilizing "the concept of ancient sages' footprints" and the development of these contents shall be used for vitalization and self-support of a regional economy.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.74-85
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• 2013

Since the underground transportation system is a closed environment, indoor air quality problems may seriously affect many passengers' health. The purpose of this study was to understand $PM_{10}$ characteristics in the underground air environment and further to quantitatively estimate $PM_{10}$ source contributions in a Seoul Metropolitan subway station. The $PM_{10}$ was intensively collected on various filters with $PM_{10}$ aerosol samplers to obtain sufficient samples for its chemical analysis. Sampling was carried out in the M station on the Line-4 from April 21 to 28, July 13 to 21, and October 11 to 19 in the year of 2010 and January 11 to 17 in the year of 2011. The aerosol filter samples were then analyzed for metals, water soluble ions, and carbon components. The 29 chemical species (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, CC, PC, EC, Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, Zn, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) were analyzed by using ICP-AES, IC, and TOR after proper pretreatments of each sample filter. Based on the chemical information, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the $PM_{10}$ sources and then six sources such as biomass burning, outdoor, vehicle, soil and road dust, secondary aerosol, ferrous, and brakewear related source were classified. The contributions rate of their sources in tunnel are 4.0%, 5.8%, 1.6%, 17.9%, 13.8% and 56.9% in order.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2007

Recently, the demands for the satellite broadband mobile communication services are increased. To provide these services, mobile satellite communication systems for the passengers or crews on the high-speed moving vehicles, are being developed for the last several years especially in the Europe and North America. However, most of these systems can provide only several hundred kbps of transmission rate and this is not enough performance to provide satellite internet service for the group users such as passengers on the high-speed train. Moreover, service availability with these systems is limited to be rather low because they don't have any countermeasure scheme for the N-LOS environment which happens often along the railway. This paper describes mobile broadband satellite communication system, which is on the development, to provide high data-rate internet services to the high-speed trains. This system is applied with the inter-networking scenarios of both satellite/terrestrial network and satellite/gap-filler network so that it can provide seamless service even in the train operating environment, and these inter-networking schemes result in high service availability. And this system also has the countermeasure schemes, such as upper layer FEC and antenna diversity, for the short fading which is occurred periodically on the railway due to the power supplying structures so that it can provide high speed internet services. Mobile DVB-S2 technology which is now being standardized in the DVB is used for the forward-link transmission and DVB-RCS for the return-link.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.151-165
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• 2014

Korean traditional alcohol's growth gets declined after Makgeolli's boom and it's time to enter the takeoff stage using cup based on the characteristics of each alcohols in order to their globalization and quality improvement. For now, there are 3 features of Korean traditional alcohol's cup design development; subdivision, quality improvement, systematization. However, there's no product design case that reflect the characteristics of the alcohol from the planning phase. Therefore, it needs to establish process technology for storytelling and emotion based cup design. This research aims to extract the specification for cup design and to find out the visualization element of cup's shape and material by studying 5 senses and traditional alcohol's objective informations. Through the study, the elements that can maximize the specific traditional alcohol's marketability: cup's label, pattern, decorative element based on the storytelling like history and tale were found. As a result, those result can give a new export strategy by developing competitive design that has emotional element and storytelling from the traditional alcohol's characteristics in a situation of stagnant export of the small sized home-brewed liquor business.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1 s.53
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• pp.11-19
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• 2007

This paper proposes an optimal design method of distribution and capacities of linear viscous dampers for vibration control of two adjacent buildings. The previous researches have dealt with suboptimal design problem under the assumption that linear viscous dampers are distributed uniformly or proportionally to the sensitivity of the modal damping ratio according to floors, whereas this study deals with global optimization problem in which the damping capacities of each floor are independently selected as design parameters. For this purpose, genetic algorithm to effectively search multiple design variables in large searching domains is adopted and objective function leading to the global optimal solutions is established through the comparison of several optimal design values obtained from different objective functions with control performance and damping capacity. The effectiveness of the proposed method is investigated by comparing the control performance and total damping capacity designed by the proposed method with those of the previous method. In addition, the time history analyses are performed by using three historical earthquakes with different frequency contents, and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is an effective seismic design method for the vibration control of the adjacent structures.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.39-63
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• 2020

This paper reviews the Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with COVID-19 of EU commission. To enlighten the obscurity and to mitigate the economic impacts of the COVID-19, European Commission has published "Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with Covid-19" on March 18, 2020. The Guideline essentially aims to create a coherent system of rules to assist the passengers, industry and national authorities overall under the unprecedented circumstances across the European Union. To do so, the Guideline is drafted to cover the rights of passengers travelling by air, rail, ship or bus/coach, maritime and inland waterways, as well as the corresponding obligations for carriers. From an aviation industry focused perspective, by referencing the Regulation (EC) numbered 261/2004, the Guideline specifically applies to cancellation and delay in flights which are seen as the dark spots for the air carriers concerning potential burdens.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2017

A sequence of earthquakes with the main shock $M_L$ 5.8 occurred on September 12 2016 in the Gyeongju area. The main shock was the largest earthquakes in the southern part of the Korean peninsula since the instrumental seismic observation began in the peninsula in 1905 and clearly demonstrated that the Yangsan fault is seismically active. The mean focal depth of the foreshock, main shock, and aftershock of the Gyeongju earthquakes estimated by the crustal model of single layer of the Korean peninsula without the Conrad discontinuity turns out to be 12.9 km, which is 2.8 km lower than that estimated based on the IASP91 reference model with the Conrad discontinuity. The distribution of the historical and instrumental earthquakes in the Gyeongju area indicates that the Yangsan fault system comprising the main Yangsan fault and its subsidiary faults is a large fracture zone. The epicenters of the Gyeongju earthquakes show that a few faults of the Yangsan fault system are involved in the release of the strain energy accumulated in the area. That the major earthquakes of Gyeongju earthquakes occurred not on the surface but below 10 km depth suggests the necessity of the study of the distribution of deep active faults of the Yangsan fault system. The magnitude of maximum earthquake of the Gyeongju area estimated based on the earthquake data of the area turns out to be 7.3. The recurrence intervals of the earthquakes over magnitudes 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 based on the earthquake data since 1978, which is the most complete data in the peninsula, are estimated as 80, 670, and 5,900 years, respectively. The September 2016 Gyeongju earthquakes are basically intraplate earthquakes not related to the Great East Japan earthquake of March 11 2011 which is interplate earthquake.