• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
• /
• 2018.10a
• /
• pp.470-473
• /
• 2018

최근 제안된 순환 신경망 기반 Encoder-Decoder 모델은 기계번역에서 좋은 성능을 보인다. 하지만 이는 대량의 병렬 코퍼스를 전제로 하며 병렬 코퍼스가 소량일 경우 데이터 희소성 문제가 발생하며 번역의 품질은 다소 제한적이다. 본 논문에서는 기계번역의 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 단일-언어(Monolingual) 데이터를 학습과정에 사용하였다. 즉, 역-번역(Back-translation)을 이용하여 단일-언어 데이터를 가상 병렬(Pseudo Parallel) 데이터로 변환하는 방식으로 기존 병렬 코퍼스를 확장하여 번역 모델을 학습시켰다. 역-번역 방법을 이용하여 영-한 번역 실험을 수행한 결과 +0.48 BLEU 점수의 성능 향상을 보였다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.22-31
• /
• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to conduct a translation, backtranslation, and content validity test of the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) for Korean children. Methods : The translation and content validation process involved direct and backward translation; a test of equivalence between the two versions (the original SPM and the Korean version SPM; K-SPM) was performed using content-related evidence collected by a group of experts and a group of parents. Data analysis was carried out using Excel Content validity indices (CVI), mean, and standard deviation were used for the analysis of content validity. Results : The result of the comparison between the original SPM and K-SPM in the group of experts was 3.54 ± .74, the S-CVI/Avg for semanticity was .92, and the S-CVI/Avg for structure was .86. The results for the mean of the understanding test and the S-CVI/Avg were 3.48 ± .63 and .94, respectively. Conclusion : K-SPM will considerately be used as an assessment to identify sensory processing, praxis, and social participation issues for children in Korea. Further studies are suggested to increase the age range and the sample size for a more comprehensive applicability of the K-SPM to Korean children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.871-879
• /
• 1997

인간은 사회적 접촉을 필요로 하고 타인과의 상호작용을 원하는 사회적 동물이다. 외로움은 한 개인의 사회적 관계의 망이 양적이나 질적으로 부족할 때 발생하는 불유쾌한 감정이다. 외로움은 매우 보편적인 감정이나 고통스러울 수 있으며 이러한 경험이 지속되면 정신적, 신체적 건강을 해칠 수 있을 뿐 아니라 자살을 초래하기도 한다. 특히 노인은 여러 가지 종류의 변화와 상실을 경험하기 때문에 외로움을 더 느낄 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 번역과 역번역 과정을 통해 Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale에 대한 한국어 UCLA 외로움 사정도구를 만들고 이 도구를 한국노인에게 적용하여 신뢰도와 타당도를 조사하는 것이다. 개정판UCLA외로움 사정 도구는 각각 3번씩의 번역과 역번역 과정을 통해 원본 영문도구와 역번역된 영문도구 사이에 의미의 차이가 없다고 판단될 때까지 만들어졌다. 번역과 역번역 과정은 미국에서 석사나 박사학위를 취득한 6명의 한국유학생들에 의해 이루어 졌으며 원본 영문도구와 역번역된 도구사이의 의미의 차이는 본 저자와 미국인 간호학 교수에 의해 사정되었다. 번역된 한국어 외로움 사정도구는 미국의 3개 주에 거주하는 203명의 한국노인들을 대상으로 신뢰도와 타당도 조사가 이루어졌다. 한국어 UCLA외로움 사정도구의 신뢰계수는 .93으로 한국어 도구의 내용이 전반적으로 동질성을 띈다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 Barren등(1992)이 미국인 노인여성을 대상으로 한 연구에서 얻은 신뢰계수 .87보다 높은 것이었다. 한국어 도구의 구성타당도를 조사하기 위해 요인 분석을 실시한 결과 본 도구는 친밀한 주변인, 사회적 주변인, 및 소속감 등의 3개 요인을 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 구성타당도에 대한 이러한 결과는 미국의 대학생들을 대상으로 한 Austin(1983)의 연구결과와 일치하는 것이었다. 각 요인에 대한 신뢰계수는 .88(제 1요인), .90(제 2요인), .84(제 3요인)로 나타났다. 전반적으로 대상자들은 한국어 도구에 대해 이해를 잘 하는 편이었으나 부정문인 4번 항목, '나는 혼자라고 느끼지 않는다'에 대해서는 응답을 할 때는 다른 항목에 비해 시간이 더 소요되거나 연구보조자에 의한 반복 설명이 필요하기도 하였다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.403-408
• /
• 2022

This study analyzed the translation strategies of four Chinese translations of 『Who ate all the Sing a?』. As is well known, Park Wan-seo's works contain many psychological descriptions, abstract vocabulary, idioms, proverbs, dialects, etc., so when translating into Chinese, various translation strategies such as translation, interpretation, and creative translation are required. Although all four types studied in this paper are somewhat different depending on the translator, all translation strategies were used in a comprehensive way. As a result of the study, all four translation strategies used a strategy of direct translation of Chinese characters when translating geographical namesand names of people. The interpretational translation strategy was used for the translation of vocabulary that requires historical, social, cultural, and geography background interpretation. was utilized. The creative translation strategy was used when translating overlapping issues, political and historically sensitive issues, and issues related to Korean pronunciation and grammar. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that translation strategy research on various Chinese translations of Korean modern literature as well as various Chinese translations of Park Wan-seo will be expanded.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.259-267
• /
• 2021

Machine translators first appeared in the 1950s and made a leap in translation accuracy by applying the neural translation system in the 2010s. However, it is still having difficulty in translating complex sentences, which made it inconvenient to use machine translators as an English learning tool. Therefore, this study analyzed the usability of a machine translator as an English learning tool through a backtranslation experiment of as phrases. As analysis tools, Google Translator, Naver Papago, and Microsoft Translator, were used since they are representative machine translators using a neural translation system. As a result of the study, findings are: The usability was significantly different according to each as usage when using a machine translator. Accordingly, as usages in sentences were classified into high, ordinary, and low usability. Unlike previous studies, this study has a research contribution in analyzing the machine translator as a direct learning tool and quantifying the usability of the conjunction as.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.46
• /
• pp.327-353
• /
• 2017

This study analyzed how an aspect of translation can be shown on the 'Kureru type(くれる類)' verbs in "Kokoro", which was a Japanese modern novel when it was reproduced by translators. It focused on 'the use in accordance with a subject of expression and the other person' and 'the object of movement'. 'The use in accordance with a subject of expression and the other person' could be summarized as follows: The 'Kureru type' verbs were not translated only in accordance with the use of vocabulary in a dictionary. 'Kudasaru' was used in many examples of letter writing when 'the giver' was younger and it was translated to a polite form in Korean. 'Kureru' had a characteristic when 'the giver' was older in Korean translation. The act of parents was translated to an honorific form if parents were 'givers' regardless of whether a listener was an internal character or an external character in parent-child relationships. The degree of politeness was different in English translation when the 'Kureru type' verbs were used for asking a favor request command. 'Please' was used more for 'Kudasaru' than 'Kureru'. An aspect of translation in accordance with 'the object of movement' could be summarized as follows: The 'Kureru type' verbs were used as main verbs. 'Kureru' and 'Kudasaru' were translated to 'Juda' 'Jusida' in Korean translation, but they were translated to various vocabulary words in accordance with the characteristic of 'the object of movement' and were translated to imply a specific act, the process of possession and the result of possession in English translation. The 'Kureru type' verbs were also used as auxiliary verbs. The translated vocabulary words for Korean translation and English translation were different in accordance with whether the movement of things other than the movement of act was included or not. Examples were translated predominantly to expressions of profit such as '-Jada' '-Dalla' '-Jusida' when there was a movement of act as well as specific things in Korean translation. Also, some examples were translated to expressions of profit when there was the movement of act with an abstract matter and there was only the act of the object of movement, but many examples were translated to the act of first verbs. Examples were translated predominantly to the act of first verbs when there was the movement which included specific things and abstract matters or there was only the movement of act in English translation. Expressions of asking a favor request such as 'Kureru' and 'Kudasaru' were translated to '-Dalla' '-Juseyo' in Korean translation, but they were translated to expressions which specify an act while focusing on the structure of sentences or the function of language, such as 'must', 'ask', 'wish', 'would', and 'would like to' 'please' in English translation.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.77-92
• /
• 2019

Objective : This study aims to obtain the validation of Korean version of HOME FAST using the translation-back translation process and to evaluate the reliability. Methods : Total three stages were conducted which includes forward translation to Korean, test for degree of understanding of translated version, back translation to English, and then review and proof reading process. 21 occupational therapists were participated in the evaluation of understanding of Korean-translated HOME FAST, then some of expressions were modified for better understanding. Korean version was went through back-translation to English. Similarity between the original version and re-translated version were evaluated. Total 75 data from community dwelling elderly group were collected to assess internal consistency. Two occupational therapists simultaneously evaluated for the inter-rater reliability. Results : 11 items of Korean-translated scale were responded as having confused meaning by occupational therapists. There was some modification on expression. In the evaluation of similarity between original version and re-translated version, 3 items were selected as dissimilar items in terms of syntax and 6 items were selected in terms of semantic similarity. After the repetitive modification process, items were obtained conceptual equivalence between two different languages. Internal consistency was .62(KR20) (p<.01) and inter-rater reliability was .97(ICC) (p<.01). Conclusion : Korean version of HOME FAST was finalized through translation-retranslation process. The conceptual equivalence was established and Korean version showed highly reliable. In further study, The modification of items reflecting Korean house and life style should be conducted.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.232-239
• /
• 2001

이 논문의 목적은 재활기능을 측정하는 FIM 도구(영문)를 한국어로 번역하고 한국 한국문화에 적합한지를 문화적 타당도를 검증하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 FIM 도구를 소개하고 타당도 검증을 위해 Flaherty et al.(1988) 등이 소개한 횡문화적 일치성 검증을 위한 5가지 단계 중 2가지 단계 즉 전문가 집단의 내용타당도 검증과 역번역 절차를 사용하였다. 연구 결과 FIM 도구는 사회 심리적 도구가 아닌 재활환자의 기능을 측정하기 위해 사용된 도구여서 여기에 사용된 용어나 문장들은 비교적 간결하고 번역에 혼동을 초래할 수 있는 형용사나 은유법은 거의 사용되지 않아서 의미는 일치한 수준으로 나타났다. 그러나 47쪽에 해당되는 방대한 도구를 번역함에 있어 연구자가 5문장을 해석하지 않은 것이 나타나 재해석을 하였고, 의미를 더 정확하게 전하게 하기 위해 '사고 없음'의 문장을 '옷이나 침요에 실금하여 적시는 사고가 없음'으로 풀어서 설명하였고, '배뇨 사고 없음' 혹은 '배변 사고 없음'으로 번역하였다. 생활양식의 차이로 인해 크게 2가지 차이가 나타나 한국에서 이 도구를 사용하고자 할 때는 신뢰도 검증은 물론 다소의 변형이 불가피 한 것으로 나타났다. 2가지의 생활양식의 차이는 식습관의 차이와 온돌과 침대 문화의 차이였다. 첫째, 한국에서는 식사시에 포크 대신 젓가락을 사용한다. 그러나 손을 잘 사용하지 못하는 장애인의 경우 젓가락 대신 포크를 사용하게 되므로 이 때 포크 사용은 보조기로 고려되어서 측정 점수는 7점이 아닌 6점으로 측정되어야 할 것을 제안한다. 둘째, 한국 사람들은 온돌문화를 갖고 있어 전통 양식의 가옥에 거주하는 장애인의 경우 개조된 가옥에서는 휠체어를 사용 할 수 있지만 그렇지 않은 경우 휠체어 없이 앉아서 침대나 욕실 및 변기로 이동이 가능하다. 이런 경우 앉아서 이동할 수있는 환자들의 기능 정도를 정밀하게 검토하여 측정 가능한 점수로 환원해서 사용할 것을 제안한다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2018

Objective : This study aimed to perform a translation, backward translation, item modification, and test of content validity for Korean version of Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP). Methods : Professors in department of occupational therapy, translators, or occupational therapists participated in the processes of translation, comparison and synthesis I, backward translation, comparison and synthesis II, test of understanding, and modify of items. Content Validity Indices (CVI) was calculated for data analysis by using Microsoft Office Excel. Results : Results of comparison between the original MAP and Korean MAP in professor panels were mean $3.66{\pm}0.40$, item-level CVI (I-CVI) 0.94, and overal scale CVI (S-CVI) 0.83. In agreement, result of comparison between of the original MAP and backward translated MAP (version English) was mean 3.14. The erroneous content was omission 13 times, the addition 3 times, the substitution 6 times, erroneous terms 11 times, and reordering 6 times. Average of understanding test in the therapist panels was $3.66{\pm}0.27$. The agreements were I-CVI 0.93 and S-CVI 0.58. Conclusion : Using assessment tools that developed in another country is important to do test of content validity and systematic translation process in Korea. For developing Korean version of MAP, validity and reliability studies need to be followed in near future.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
• /
• 1991.10a
• /
• pp.44-57
• /
• 1991

In the transfer machine translation, transfer dictionary decides the complexity of the transfer phase and the quality of translation according to the types and precision of informations supplied in the dictionary. Using the phrasal level translated informations within the human readable dictionary, human being translates a source sentence correctly and naturally. In this paper, we propose the verb transfer dictionary in which the various informations are constructed so the machine readable format that the Korean-to-English machine translation system can utilize them. In the proposed dictionary, we first provide the criterions by which an appropriate target verb is selected in phrase-to-phrase translations without an additional semantic analysis in transfer phase. Second, we provide the concrete sentence structure of a target verb so that we can resolve the expressive gaps between two languages and reduce the complexity of the various structure transfer in word-to-word translation.