• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2011.05b
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• pp.926-929
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• 2011

이 연구는 음주 관련 요인을 일반적 특성과 사회-경제적, 건강행태 측면에서 규명하기 위하여 일개 광역시에 거주하는 만 19세 이상 남녀를 대상으로 한국 갤럽의 표준조사로 2007년 7월 30일부터 2달간 시행하였고, 전화 설문조사에 참여한 총 1,013명을 대상으로 일반적 사항, 건강 행태관련 설문지를 이용하여 관련 요인들을 추출하였고, 음주도를 산출하였다. 연구대상자의 지난 1년간 음주여부를 결과 변수로 하는 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 연령에 따른 분류에서 19-29세와 30-39세에서 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 가계수입에 따른 분류에서는 300~499만원과 500만원 이상에서 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 변수별 95% 신뢰구간에서는 유의하게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 연구대상자의 지난 한 달간 음주여부를 결과변수로 하는 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 성별에 따른 분류에서 여성의 경우 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 연령에 따른 분류에서 19-29세와 40-49세에서 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 가계수입에 따른 분류에서는 300~499만원과 500만원 이상이 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 흡연에 따른 분류에서 현재 흡연의 경우 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 스트레스 여부에 따른 분류에서 대단히 많이 느낌과, 조금 느끼는 편임의 경우 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 변수들의 경우 95% 신뢰구간에서는 유의하게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 연구대상자의 주2회 이상 음주여부를 결과변수로 하는 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 성별에 따른 분류에서 여성의 경우 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 직업에서 가정주부, 학생의 경우 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 흡연에서 현재 흡연과 과거 흡연에서 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 변수들의 경우 95% 신뢰구간에서는 유의하게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 직업분류에서 가정주부와 학생의 경우 음주에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 적정 섭취 알코올 기준이 남, 여가 다르게 제시되고 있기 때문에 성별에 따른 비교분석자료를 통하여 남, 여 적정 음주 기준에 따른 일반적 특성과 사회적 특성 및 건강행태와의 관련성에 대한 후속 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.485-494
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• 2003

Background : Most previous studies regarding the role of GSTMl and GSTT1 on lung cancer risk have been focused mainly on male smokers. However, epidemiological characteristics, histologic types and risk factors are different in female and male lung cancers, we investigated the association between these genotypes and lung cancer risk in males and females separately. Materials and Methods : The study population consisted of 253 lung cancer (153 males and 100 females) and 243 controls (140 males and 103 females). GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by a multiplex PCR. Results : In the male population, neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 null genotype showed significant difference between cases and controls. In the female population, the frequencies of GSTM1 null genotype showed no significant difference between cases and controls. However, the frequencies of GSTT1 null genotype was significantly higher in cases (70.3%) than controls (55.3%, odds ratio (OR)=2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI=l.21-3.93). When the female population was stratified by age and smoking status, the ORs for GSTT1 null genotype were significantly higher in subgroups of ${\leq}60$ years (OR=4.82; 95% CI=l.61-14.4) and never-smokers (OR=4.29; 95% CI=1.94-9.48) but not in subgroups of >60 years or smokers. When stratifying the female never-smokers by age, the ORs for GSTT1 null genotype were significantly higher in both age groups of ${\leq}60$ years (OR=7.64; 95% CI=2.00-29.2) and >60 years (OR=2.89; 95% CI=1.05-7.94). Conclusion : We found that GSTT1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in Korean female never-smokers. This result suggests that GSTT1 null genotype could be used as a biomarker for genetic susceptibility to lung cancer in Korean female never-smokers.

• The Korean Chronic Disease News
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• no.322
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• pp.1-18
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• 2007

은퇴의사 보건소 봉사체계 도입/내년부터 병원 등 전면파업 금지/노인요양병원 30곳 종합실사/한국인 혈당 기준 대폭 강화/흡연이 40대 발기부전 직접 원인/노인 성병 감염자 대책 절실/복강경 대장수술 97%가 대장암/이화의료원, 여성전문대학병원 재도약/베트남에 한양대 류마마티스 센타 설립/김안과, 범태평양 안과병원 네트워크 구축/약제비절감 의사에 인센티브 제공/의약품 표준코드 시행 1년 유예 요청/전 국민 살빼기 캠페인/자궁경부암 백신, 45세까지 접종 확대/제약협회와 긴밀한 관계 유지/만성폐쇄성폐질환(COPD) 환자 급증/흡연, 음주가 대사증후군 2배 높여/골다공증에 대한 이해 여전히 부족/표준체중 성인도 '복부비만' 주의/녹차, 충치 예방과 치아 착색의 양면성/마음을 여는 Heart행정 실현-충주시보건소/'열심, 합심, 양심', 三心행정 지향/만성질환관리의 정책적 추진 방향/

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2000

Background : While the incidence of lung cancer is gradually leveling off in developed countries, it is continuing to rise in Korea. With the rapid increase in the prevalence of smoking among women and the young, the incidence of lung cancer is also expected to increase within the next three and four decades. The aims of the present study are to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and to evaluate of the relative risk of lung cancer according to patients' smoking habits. Method : This investigation was a hospital-based, case control study, which included data of 93 case subjects with lung cancer and 1132 controls with disease unrelated to smoking, obtained through a smoking history questionnaire by a direct personal interview. Result : Compared with non-smokers, those who smoked for more than 50 years had an odds ratio for lung cancer of 8.8(1.8-20.7). The odds ratios was 8.5(3.5-20.7) for those who smoke more than a total of 40 cigarettes per day and 5.5(2.3-13.3) for men who started habitual smoking under the age of 20. The risk increased for men with more than of cigarette smoking(OR : 5.5, 95% CIa : 2.6-11.9). Odds ratios associated with cigarette smoking were 2.5(1.1-5.8) and 5.1(2.6-10.4) for ex-smokers and current smokers, respectively and 2.2(0.0-4.6) for non-filter smokers of more than 16 years. Conclusion : There was a clear dose-response relationship between the risk of lung cancer and smoking. It can be concluded that dose is an important risk factor for lung cancer, as well as smoking habits.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.113-131
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• 2000

Transtheoretical model of change has been proven very effective in explaining both the acquisition and cessation of many health related behaviors. The objectives of this study were to describe the distribution of smokers by stage of change of smoking, alcoholic drinking, and exercising in rural residents and to develope health promotion strategies. This study was done in Okchun County of Chungbuk Province. The representative sample were 892 residents over 30 years old. The questionnaires of interview included socio-demographic, the six stage distribution of smoking, alcoholic drinking, and exercising. In male, 50.6% of smokers were in the precontemplation stage, 32.5% in the contemplation. In female, corresponding figures were 60.6% and 28.8%. Precontemplation and contemplation stage of drinker were 72.8%, 19.3% in male and 80.3%, 15.5%. Distribution of exercise were 80.6%, 1.8% in male, 87.6%, 1.2% in female, respectively. The stage distribution of smoker, alcoholic drinker, and exerciser was shift to left of the distribution. And the stage distribution was slightly differ with each health behavior. The stage of change with smoking, drinking and exercising was correlated with each other but not concordant. So interventions in rural residents need to take into account the large proportion of precontemplators repeatedly observed among smoker, drinker, and non-exerciser. And intervention strategies of each risk behavior should be different approach. Result of concordance analysis suggest reconstruct validity of the transtheoretical model in our country due to ethnic and sociocultural difference. This results and theory should be tested in prospective intervention studies for seeking the possible gateway of health behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.47-55
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the factors associated with electronic cigarette use by Korean adults. To accomplish this, data collected from 228,477 individuals during a community health survey conducted by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 were analyzed by descriptive analysis, the Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis. The lifetime prevalence of electronic cigarette smoking was 11.1% for men and 0.8% for women. The current prevalence for electronic cigarettes smoking was 24.2% for men and 26.1% for women among lifetime users of electronic cigarettes. The lifetime experience rate of electronic cigarette smoking was significantly associated with age, educational attainment, occupation, income status and current smoking status, respectively. The current universal smoking e-cigarette is significantly related to the current smoking status, which shows a significantly higher number of current smokers than groups that have smoked in the past. The preference for electronic cigarette smoking was high. E-cigarettes were perceived by those who aimed to quit smoking as having a smoking cessation effect compared to regular cigarettes while also providing the pleasure of smoking and addressing the addiction. Therefore, e-cigarettes were highly favored because they were reflected as a solution to the dilemma of smoking. In 2014, electronic cigarette imports tripled from the previous year, and interest in electronic cigarettes is increasing worldwide. Accordingly, measures related to the prevention and discontinuation of e-cigarettes should be considered. Strengthening anti-smoking education and active promotion of anti-smoking risks is needed to improve smokers' wrong perception of smoking-related health. The WHO also reports that there is a lack of grounds to ensure or acknowledge that e-cigarettes are effective. Accordingly, it is important to identify environmental factors influencing the use of electronic cigarettes and explore the relationship between electronic cigarette recognition and use.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2244-2255
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• 2014

This study aimed to compare smoking, drinking, dietary management, personal hygiene, and oral care between immigrant women in urban and rural areas and to determine predictors of the overall health behaviors. With the standardized questionnaire used for community health survey data collection was performed in 128 immigrant women from November 2011 to October 2012. Rural women performed significantly higher numbers of health behaviors than urban women and residential district, education, employment status, and perceived difficulties related to cultural adaptation significantly predicted health behaviors in immigrant women. Immigrant women in urban areas may be highly vulnerable in maintaining health behaviors compared with rural women and cultural barriers may hinder positive health behavior maintenance. Therefore, careful considerations at individual, community, and environmental levels are needed when assessing immigrant women's health behaviors and designing culturally relevant interventions to improve health status.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2009

The study found out developmental factors of the liver diseases in 29, 531 cases of the healthy adults who were diagnosed by using ultrasound at domestic healthcare centers in 6 cities. The results are as follows. Based on the result of the study, the liver diseases diagnosed by using ultrasound was revealed to show 43.1% of prevalence, and the occurrence was significantly higher in male (23.3%) than in female (19.8%). The prevalence of hepatic diseases related to the BMI was revealed to show highest prevalence of the fatty liver in obese group (BMI $\geqq$ 25) by recording 44.3%. Smoking contributed to the high prevalence of all liver diseases. Although the fatty liver was the most frequently occurred form of liver diseases by recording the prevalence of 49.1% (22.2% in male, 26.9% in female), the significant difference was found only in female (p < 0.05), but male group did not show significant difference (p > 0.05). The prevalence of hepatic diseases related to the hypertension was revealed to show highest prevalence of the fatty liver in hypertension group by recording 67.7%. The prevalence of hepatic diseases related to the diabetes was revealed to show highest prevalence of the fatty liver in diabetes group by recording 66.2%. The high prevalence of all hepatic diseases was related to diabetes mellitus with statistical significance (p < 0.001). The multiple regression analysis for the related factors which affect the prevalence of the liver diseases showed the higher prevalence by age. Sex, obesity and diabetes mellitus were positively related to the prevalence (p < 0.05) while hypertension and smoking showed no significant relationship to the prevalence of the disease (p > 0.05).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.587-601
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• 2020

Exposure to hazardous substances occurs through multiple pathways. Aggregated risk assessment, which includes all potential exposure pathways to a single toxicant, is necessary to prevent exposure to harmful substances. We aimed to estimate cadmium and lead exposure through various media, such as food, water, air, smoking, cosmetics, and female hygiene products. This study covered 10,733 subjects from the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2016, 2017). Dietary exposure was estimated using 24-hour recall data. For water and inhalational exposure, regional variations were considered. Water was classified as tap, bottled, and public water. Inhalational exposure was estimated using the '2014 Time Use Survey' based on daily lifestyle and social status. The frequency and volume of cosmetic usage were randomly approximated by sex and age. Post-menarcheal and premenopausal women were assumed to use feminine hygiene products. Non-carcinogenic aggregated risks were estimated using the Aggregate Risk Index from EPAs and the Total Exposure Hazard Index from Korean government guidelines. For carcinogenic risk assessment, excessive cancer risk was estimated. Ingestion, especially food, was the major route for both cadmium and lead exposure. Smoking was also associated with high cadmium exposure. Exposure to lead from cosmetics was remarkable but not critical. In aggregate risk assessments, median cadmium and lead exposure did not exceed the reference value. Sex, age, smoking status, and income affected exposure levels, unlike to regional variations.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.25-34
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify its influencing factors of depressive symptoms in postmenopausal middle-aged women though analyzing secondary data. The data of 647 with 40~65 aged women who participated in the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2016 were used. The data were analyzed by complex sample independent t-test and multiple linear regression. In multiple linear regression analysis, economic status, subjective health status, perceived stress, smoking, physical activity, and limitation of active had significant effect on depressive symptoms in postmenopausal middle-aged women. These variables explained 36% of the variance in depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that healthcare providers should be considered to these factors when developing intervention strategies to decrease depressive symptoms in postmenopausal middle-aged women.