• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.356-363
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• 2013

Clinical and preclinical trials of involving drugs with anti-obesity effects have focused on screening for herbal medicines suspected to have anti-obesity activities. In this study, an extract of Aster scaver Thunb., which was prepared in 80% methanol (ASE), was assessed for its total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity ability to scavenge the ${\alpha}-{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid radical, and anti-adipogenic effects. The anti-adipogenic effect of ASE on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to adipocytes was investigated by assaying the suppression of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by using western blot analysis and the Oil Red-O assay, respectively. The staining results showed that ASE significantly inhibited 3T3-L1. Western blot analysis results showed that ASE decreased the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. These results demonstrate that ASE directly inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes, and might be an important adjunct in the therapeutic efforts to reduce adipogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1986

A small pot experiment, filled with one hundred fifty gram of Cd amended soil, was conducted in order to learn the effect of combined application of lime and organic matter and of calcium silicate on Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekinensis, Var. Seoul, Heungnong, Miho 70 days). Results obtained are as follows: 1. The application of lime without organic matter depressed the growth of cabbage at the first and second harvests, but, at the later part of third harvest the growth was facilitated so as to harvest very good yield. 2. The combined application of lime and organic matter gave not only a good growth of cabbage from the first crop, but also lowered the cadmium content of dry cabbage bellow that of cabbage harvested from the plot applied with slaked lime alone. Those effect of combined application of both materials were lasted untill the third harvest. 3. Although gave little effect on soil pH, calcium silicate raised a normal good cabbage, and depressed the cadmium content of dry cabbage, by 0.21 me per 100g, which is higher than that of slaked lime plot cabbage, but within the range of no harm to cabbage growth. 4. The control and organic matter plots resulted in a remarkable soil pH drop and high cadmium content in dry cabbage, which lead the crop to a death from the second crop. 5. A negative correlation was observed between the contents of cadmium and calcium in dry cabbage crop, but positive correlations between those of cadmium and magnesium or cadmium and potassium. These relations were grown up as the harvesting were proceeding.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2019

In the agricultural sector, greenhouse gas emissions vary depending on the interaction of all ecosystem changes such as soil environment, weather environment, crop growth, and anthropogenic farming activities. Agricultural sector greenhouse gas emissions resulting from many of these interactions are highly variable. Uncertainty-based evaluation that defines the interval with confidence level of greenhouse gas emission and absorption is necessary to take account of the variance characteristics of individual emissions, but research on uncertainty evaluation method is insufficient. This study aims to decide on the effect of reducing N₂O emissions from upland soils using an uncertainty-based approach. An uncertainty-based approach confirmed whether there was a difference between confidence intervals in the 5 different fertilizer treatment groups to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike the statistically significant test with three repetition averages, the uncertainty-based approach method estimated in this study is able to estimate the confidence interval considering the distribution characteristics of the emissions, such as the dispersion characteristics of individual emissions. Therefore, it is considered that the reliability of emissions can be improved by statistically testing the variance characteristics of emissions such as the uncertainty-based approach. It is hoped that the direction of the uncertainty-based approach for the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture will be helpful in the future development of agricultural greenhouse gas emission reduction technology, adaptation to climate change, and further development of sustainable eco-social system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.26-86
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• 2000

마늘을 MAE(microwave-assisted extractiona)방법에 의하여 물, 30% 에탄올 및 50% 에탄올로 추출하고 그 특성을 비교하였다. 마늘과 각 용매의 비율은 1:2.5로 하여 마이크로웨이브 60W로 각각 5분 및 20분 동안 추출하였다. 마늘 올레오레진 수율은 50% 에탄올로 20분동안 추출한 추출물이 14.1%로 가장 높았으며 polyphenol함량도 물로 20분동안 추출한 경우가 579.0mg%로 가장 많은 함량을 나타내었다. 전자공여작용 효과 및 피르브산 함량도 물로 20분 동안 추출한 추출물이 각각 32.7% 및 마늘 1g당 13.4$\mu$molus로 가장 높게 나타났다. 각 용매에 대해 20분동안 추출한 추출물들을 37$^{\circ}C$에서 8일동안 저장하면서 피르브산 함량과 전자공여작용의 변화를 조사한 결과, 피르브산 함량은 물 추출물이 에탄올 추출물보다 높은 함량을 나타내었고 저장 시간이 증가할수록 그 함량은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 전자공여작용도 물 추출물이 가장 높은 효과를 나타내었으며 추출시간에 비례하여 증가하다가 저장 6일째부터 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 각 용매에 대한 추출물의 색깔을 조사한 결과 물 추출물이 가장 밝고 옅은 갈색을 나타내었으며 30% 에탄올 추출물이 가장 어둡고 푸르스름한 노란색을 나타내었다. 또한 각 추출물들을 37$^{\circ}C$에서 10일간 저장하면서 갈색화 정도를 측정해 본 결과 물 추출물이 에탄올 추출물이 에탄올 추출물보다 갈색화가 많이 진행되었으며 0.1% cysteine을 첨가한 추출물과 에탄올 추출물의 갈색화는 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 마늘 추출물을 추출한 후에 0.1% cysteine을 첨가하여 저장한 것 보다 추출하기 전에 첨가하는 경우가 갈색화 억제 효과가 뚜렷하였다.문에 밀가루에 일부를 대용한 wheat flour dough를 사용하고 가정용 제빵기로 구워 최종 단계에까지의 제빵성 결과를 산출했다. amarans folur 5%의 대체에는 빵의 비용적이 비교적 증대했지만 그 이상 amarans flour을 대처하면 확연히 비용적은 감소했다. amarans flour 10% 대체에 hemicellulase 1250U 이상을 첨가하면 비용적은 눈에 띄게 증대했다. farinograph에 있어서 반죽의 안정성은 amarans flour 10% 대용에 현저히 감소했다. 반죽의 점탄성(아축응력, 탄성률, 점성계수)는 amarans flour 10%를 대용한 것이 무첨가한 것보다 많이 단단해졌음을 알 수 있었다. 혼합중의 반죽의 조사형 전자현미경 관찰로 amarans flour로 대체한 gluten이 단단해졌음을 알수 있었다. 유화제 stearly 칼슘, 혹은 hemicellulase를 amarans 10% 대체한 밀가루에 첨가하면 확연히 비용적을 증대시킬 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. quinoa는 명아주과 Chenopodium에 속하고 페루, 볼리비아 등의 고산지에서 재배 되어지는 것을 시료로 사용하였다. quinoa 분말은 중량의 5-20%을 quinoa를 대체하고 더욱이 분말중량에 대하여 0-200ppm의 lipase를 lipid(밀가루의 2-3배)에 대하여 품질개량제로서 이용했다. 그 결과 quinoa 대량 7.5%에서 비용적, gas cell이 가장 긍정적 결과를 산출했고 반죽의 조직구조가 강화되었다. 또 quinoa 대체에 의해 전분-지질 복합제의 흡열량이 증대된 것으로부터 전분-지질복합제의 형성 촉진이 시사되었다.이것으로 인하여 호화억제에 의한 노화 방지효과가 기대되었지만 실제로 빵의 노화는 현저히 진행되었다. 이것은 quinua 대체량 증가에 따른 반죽의 안정성이 저하되어 버린 것으로 생

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.6-7
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• 2000

개발도상국의 급격한 인구 증가에 의해 세계 60억 이라는 인구도 2050년을 맞아 약 100억에 도달할 것이라고 일컬어진다. 이로 인한 장래의 식량 위기에 대비하여 벼, 밀, 옥수수 등의 증산, 품종 개발도 물론 필요하지만 선진국을 중심으로 시장성 높은 작물의 소비가 우선되어지는 상황에 맞추어 세계적으로 주식이 될 수 있는 새로운 곡류의 확보와 생산체제도 중요한 문제이다. 한편으로 생활의 향상에 따른 식물의 다양화와 건강지향의 관점으로 본 다 품목 소량형의 식생활을 하는 것이 식물성 allergy의 방지 측면으로서의 곡류 특히 잡곡류의 유효 이용이 부각되어진다. 이들 중 amarans, quinoa는 벼과 식물에 비교해서 광합성능이 좋은 C4식물로서 생장이 빠르고 동시에 비타민, 무기질, 지질이 풍부하고 구성 단백질 중에 필수 아미노산을 많이 함유하여 아미노산 등급도 높고 특히 영양 발란스도 우수하다. 또 cholesterol 저하작용, 식물섬유에 의한 대장암의 억제 작용 등이 잘 알려져 있다. 그리l고 quinoa에 대해서는 아메리카 항공우주국(NASA)에서 CELSS(Controlled Ecological Life Support System; 장기간 우주특무비행의 승선원을 위한 공기중의 이산화탄소를 제거하고 식량·산소·물을 만들어 내기 위해 식물을 이용하는 방법)에 적합한 작물 후보로써 선택되어 신규 식품소재로써 주목받고 있다. 이상과 같은 견지로부터 amarans, quinoa를 일상식화되고 있는 빵에 이용하기 위해 제빵성 및 혼합중의 반죽의 모든 성질에 대해서 검토했다. amarans는 초과의 Amaranthus에 속하고 주요 생산국은 아메리카, 멕시코, 페루등이지만 일본에서는 주로 A.hypochondriacus가 수입되어 이용 되어지고 있다.amarans의 가루는 단독으로는 점탄성 있는 반죽을 형성하지 않기 때문에 밀가루에 일부를 대용한 wheat flour dough를 사용하고 가정용 제빵기로 구워 최종 단계에까지의 제빵성 결과를 산출했다. amarans folur 5%의 대체에는 빵의 비용적이 비교적 증대했지만 그 이상 amarans flour을 대처하면 확연히 비용적은 감소했다. amarans flour 10% 대체에 hemicellulase 1250U 이상을 첨가하면 비용적은 눈에 띄게 증대했다. farinograph에 있어서 반죽의 안정성은 amarans flour 10% 대용에 현저히 감소했다. 반죽의 점탄성(아축응력, 탄성률, 점성계수)는 amarans flour 10%를 대용한 것이 무첨가한 것보다 많이 단단해졌음을 알 수 있었다. 혼합중의 반죽의 조사형 전자현미경 관찰로 amarans flour로 대체한 gluten이 단단해졌음을 알수 있었다. 유화제 stearly 칼슘, 혹은 hemicellulase를 amarans 10% 대체한 밀가루에 첨가하면 확연히 비용적을 증대시킬 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. quinoa는 명아주과 Chenopodium에 속하고 페루, 볼리비아 등의 고산지에서 재배 되어지는 것을 시료로 사용하였다. quinoa 분말은 중량의 5-20%을 quinoa를 대체하고 더욱이 분말중량에 대하여 0-200ppm의 lipase를 lipid(밀가루의 2-3배)에 대하여 품질개량제로서 이용했다. 그 결과 quinoa 대량 7.5%에서 비용적, gas cell이 가장 긍정적 결과를 산출했고 반죽의 조직구조가 강화되었다. 또 quinoa 대체에 의해 전분-지질 복합제의 흡열량이 증대된 것으로부터 전분-지질복합제의 형성 촉진이 시사되었다.이것으로 인하여 호화억제에 의한 노화 방지효과가 기대되었지만 실제로 빵의 노화는 현저히 진행되었다. 이것은 quinua 대체량 증가에 따른 반죽의 안정성이 저하되어 버린 것으로 생각되어진다. 더욱이 lipase를 첨가하면 반죽이 분화하는 경향이 보여졌지만 첨가량 75ppm에 있어서 상당히 비용적의 증대가 보였다. 이것은 lipase의 가수분해에 의해 생긴 monogliceride에 의한 유화각 일어나서 보존성이 개선되어진 것으로 quinoa를 보다 많이 빨에 이용하기 위해서는 lipaserk 품질개량제로서 유효하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또 lipase는 quinoa의 대체량이 비교적 많은 10-20%의 섭취가 곧 allergy 질환 문제의 개선책이 되는 것은 물론 amarans, quinoa에는 lysine, 함황아미노산이 많고 지질중의 지방산조성도 좋고 무기질도 많이 함유되어 있다. 이와같이 우리들 개인의 건강에 대한 배려도 있고 amarans, quinoa등의 식품재료를 적극적으로 사용할 수 있도록 유념해 두었으면 하는 바램이다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2011

The nematicidal and egg haching inhibitory effects of extracts from 30 herbal plants (total 32 samples) against Meloidogyne hapla J2 juveniles and eggs was tested using the dipping method. At 1,000 ppm, extracts of Daphne genkwa flower buds, Eugenia caryophyllata flowers, Quisqualis indica fruits, and Zingiber officinale rhizomes produced > 80% mortality in J2 juveniles. At 125 ppm, extracts of D. genkwa and Q. indica produced 91 and 99% mortality, respectively. The toxicity of 5 selected plant extracts to M. hapla differed depending on the solvent used (i.e. hexane, methanol, hot water, or cold water). Hot water extracts of Z. officinale and Q. indica produced nematicidal efficacies of 99 and 99%, compared to 36 and 98%, respectively, with cold water extraction. Q. indica extract was highly active against M. hapla regardless of extraction method. The inhibitory effects of Areca catechu, D. genkwa, Desmodium caudatum, Pharbitis nil, Q. indica, and Z. officinale extracts on egg hatching of M. hapla was evaluated. At 1,000 ppm, D. genkwa, P. nil, and Q. indica extracts significantly reduced hatching at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Numbers of juveniles in soil treated with the methanol extract D. genkwa (1,000 ppm) were significantly lower than in untreated soil in trials in pots and in a ginseng (Phanax ginseng) field. These results indicate that Q. indica extracts could be used as an environmental friendly control agent of M. hapla.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1997

Priming has been used to establish a better standing in practice as controling the seed moisture content after sowing. The experiment was done to measure the effect of priming (material ; concentration ; period) and light quality (red ; white ; dark) after sowing on seed germination and radicle elongation of Campanulaceae (Platycodon grandiflorum ; Codonopsis lanceolata ; C. pilosula) to give an information on their earlier standing establishment. The germination test was carried out with 12 hours irradiation for 9 days after priming treatment. In the darkness, the mean germination rate of all the species was decreased in the order to P. grandiflorum, C. pilosula, C. lanceolata. Their germination and radicle elongation became more inclined when primed with $Ca(CO_3)_2$ or with 50 to 150mM than with $KNO_3$ or no priming although there was no difference between priming periods. Under irradiation during their seed germination, however, the former order was changed to P. grandiflorum, C. lanceolata, C. pilosula because light quality treatment given after priming reduced the rate of C. pilosula but enhanced that of C. lanceolata. Although light quality forced after priming did not affect the mean germination rate of P. grandiflorum, it increased earlier or alltime germination of C. lanceolata or C. pilosula, respectively. White light after priming repressed germinations of C. lanceolata and C. pilosulai but increased earlier germinatin of P. grandiflorum, meaning that seed germination and radicle elongation of Campanulaceae could be determined by light quality treated after priming.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1997

Plug seedlings of bell pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) were grown for 50 days in controlled environment chambers under 12 hrs per day photoperiodic condition with sixteen different day and night temperature regimes to investigate the possibility of height control. The seedlings were then transplanted to greenhouse to investigate the growth, flowering, and yield afterward. Plant height and stem length of seedlings were mainly affected by day temperature rather than night temperature. Internode elongation was suppressed by a negative DIF and was enhanced by a positive DIF even with the same average daily temperature (ADT). Leaf unfolding rate was influenced more by ADT than by DIF. Fresh and dry weights increased as ADT increased. Leaf area and stem diameter increased until temperature increased up to 24$^{\circ}C$ day and night temperature and decreased above 24$^{\circ}C$, The position at which the first flower was initiated was lowered as ADT increased. The first flower degeneration was not obvious up to 24$^{\circ}C$ ADT but increased rapidly above 24$^{\circ}C$ ADT. Seedling compactness(Dry weight per plant height :mg.mm$^{-1}$ ) was greater under -DIF than +DIF condition. In conclusion, DIF treatment was an applicable technique to control stem elongation and growth rate such as leaf unfolding rate and position at which first flower was initiated could be controlled by ADT.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1970

In order to investigate the inter-relation with the growth of the barley root and GOT and GPT activities the growth of root and GOT, GPT activities were measured those which have been supplied various nitrogen compounds ($NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$, Urea, and Amino acid). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Growth of barley root supplied with $NH_4-N$ is generally increased in length and weight compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$. 2. The above-mentioned root with $NH_4-N$ is not only decreased in its weight and length but also is apt to inhibited its growth, in compared with the root provided with $NO_3-N$. 3. The activities of GOT and GPT for the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$, the badly grown root is generally increased, while of the root supplied with $NO_3-N$ is decreased compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$. 4. The activities of GOT and GPT for the root provided with amino acid known as the considerable growth inhibiting compound for rice is generally decreased, while that of the badly known-grown root is increased. 5. The activities of GOT and GPT in the supernatant fraction of the barley is for the most part, high and low in the mitocondrial fraction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2015

To investigate the anti-cancer effect of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) cultured in aloe-supplement, we treated extract of shiitake mushroom cultured in aloe-supplement (ESA) to MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. ESA-treated MDA-MB-231 cells showed decreased growth rate in XTT assay. In addition migration/invasion was noticeably inhibited by ESA in TNF-${\alpha}$-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the molecular mechanism of cell migration/invasion was mediated by reduced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression via p-ERK signal transduction pathways. We found ESA had inhibition activity against cellular growth and migration/invasion. Taken together, ESA has putative anti-cancer activity against human breast cancer.