• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.300-314
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• 2023

The quality of the products was investigated by analyzing fluorine content, pH, preservatives and tar colors in 31 dentifrice products (6 items for children) and 15 mouthwash products (2 items for children) marketed. It was intended to provide correct information to consumers by checking whether the standards and product indications match. As a result of measuring the fluoride concentration, 26 dentifrice and 15 mouthwash products contained from 48 to 1,472 ppm and from 85 to 225 ppm, respectively. Fluorine detection rates of dentifrice and mouthwash products were 83.9 and 83.3 %, respectively showing similar levels. Of the 41 fluoride-detected dentifrice and mouthwash products, 40 were 90.7~109.8 % of the displayed amount and suitable for the fluorine content standard of 90.0 to 110.0 %, but one dentifrice was found to be inappropriate at 36.3 % of the content indicated on the product. The pH of the dentifrice was 5.1~9.4, and the mouthwash was 4.2~6.2, which met all standards. As a result of simultaneous analysis of the concentration of six preservatives, benzoic acid was detected the most in 15 cases with a 30.6 % detection rate, sorbic acid was detected in 9 cases (detection rate of 18.4 %), and all four types of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate were not detected. As a result of analyzing the concentration of 10 types of tar colors, six types including red40, yellow4, yellow5, yellow203, green3, and blue1 were detected in a total of 9 cases (2 dentifrices and 7 mouthwashes) with blue1 being the most frequently detected. Detected fluorine concentration, added preservatives and tar colors were consistent with the product markings and it was well written on product packaging. The detected preservatives and tar colors were at a safe level due to low risk compared to Acceptable Daily Intake.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.766-772
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetate), and erythorbic acid for average consumers by age group and the intake of high consumers ($95^{th}$ percentile) in Korea. The average intake of EDTA was $1.14{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and 0.0% of the ADI (acceptable daily intake) established by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of EDTA was $141.24{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ (5.6% of ADI). The average intake of erythorbic acid was $16.93{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and the 3-6 year-old group had the highest consumption ($58.43{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$), which was <1.0% of the ADI established by the EU (European Union). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of erythorbic acid was $1,320.31{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ and 22.0% of the ADI. In conclusion, daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA, and erythorbic acid in Korea were at safe levels in all age groups and also in high consumers.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2012

Through our entire life, oral care products such as toothpaste are used. Thus the safety of oral care products used every day to our mouth is very important. As the previous study in animal tests or clinical trials, surfactant in toothpaste may cause the oral irritation. However, EU cosmetics legislation prohibits animal testing of cosmetics and its ingredient for animal welfare. Therefore the development of alternative in vitro test has been actively performed to replace or reduce using the animal in many areas. However, the way to evaluate oral mucosal toxicity has been done using animal models or clinical trials from now on. Even more, the experiment with human oral 3D tissue or human oral cell line is used recently. The aim of this study is the development of oral mucosal irritation method without using animal for the safety of the oral care product. We developed in vitro test method for oral irritation by using human oral cell line (YD-38 cell) acceptable to toothpaste which contains insoluble material. By the results of this assay, we could discriminate toothpaste with or without irritating substance as same manner in animal studies reported previously. In addition, we confirmed that toothpaste for babies and children toothpaste irritated oral musoca lower than the general adult toothpaste. The present study suggest that this new in vitro method by using human oral cell line (YD-38 cell) could be used for evaluation of oral irritation without using animal.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2018

Sedation is a useful behavior management technique for dental patients who may be uncontrollable or have medical problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in patterns of sedative treatments in pediatric dentistry by analyzing the distribution of patients and used sedative agents. Patients and sedative agents were reviewed based on the electronic medical records (EMR) of the department of pediatric dentistry in Yonsei University Dental Hospital from 2011 to 2016. The number of patients who were treated under sedation generally increased. Male received more sedation treatment than female by 2014, and they became similar from 2015. The treatment percentage of patients with systemic disease decreased in 2013, remained constantly afterwards. The ratio of sedative treatment for the age 4 - 5 and age 6 - 10 generally increased, while that of the age 0 - 2 and older than age 11 decreased. The ratio of the age 3 remained steady. Nitrous oxide was the most frequently used sedative agent. The use of benzodiazepine increased while the use of chloral hydrate decreased. Although the use of sedation has expanded, multidimensional approaches for ensuring safety have been less focused. Therefore, it is necessary to explore further studies for the safety and efficacy of the use of sedation.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.96-110
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• 2020

Recently, due to global warming, it is easily exposed to various disasters such as fire, flood, and earthquake. In particular, large-scale disasters have continuously been occurring in crowded areas such as traditional markets, facilities for the elderly and children, and public facilities where various people stay. Purpose: This study aims to detect a fire occurred in crowded facilities early in the event to analyze and provide an optimal evacuation route using big data and advanced technology. Method: The researchers propose a new algorithm through context-aware 3D object model technology and A* algorithm optimization and propose a scenario-based optimal evacuation route selection technique. Result: Using the HPA* E algorithm, the evacuation simulation in the event of a fire was reproduced as a 3D model and the optimal evacuation route and evacuation time were calculated for each scenario. Conclusion: It is expected to reduce fatalities and injuries through the evacuation induction technique that enables evacuation of the building in the shortest path by analyzing in real-time via fire detection sensors that detects the temperature, flame, and smoke.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 2010

Domestic studies for identification of causality between children exposure to toxic chemicals, such as arsenic (As) and resulted hazardous effects were not implemented. This study was conducted to probabilistically estimate dietary As intake and health risk assessment for young children and all age-specific populations from the consumption of As-contaminated rice of Korea. Arsenic intakes for young children (1 to 6 years old) from As-contaminated rice were higher than other age-specific groups, based on a dose-per-body weight basis. Based on the current EPA cancer slope factor for As, estimated cancer risks (to the skin cancer) associated with dietary intake of As-contaminated rice for 1 to 2 years old group and 3 to years old group are 1.76 per 10,000 and 3.16 per 10,000, respectively, at the 50th percentile. Based on possible reference levels (0.005 mg/kg/day) for children, mean and $95^{th}$ percentile value of HQ from rice for young children are very below 1.0, which is a regulatory limit of non-carcinogenic risks for human.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

In Korea, local governments have decided the location of shelters as part of their disaster planning. However, no quantitative standards, such as assuming different hazard and shelter types, shelters' capacity, are specified in that planning. To propose the direction of disaster evacuation policy, first of all, the current state of shelters' location and evacuation area is needed to be analyzed. In addition, considering topographical condition such as road slope and physical strength by age are important factors to measure optimal evacuation route. The purpose is to suggest a new methodology of estimating optimal evacuation route considering resistance of road slope and difference of walking speed by age. Moreover, as a case study of Seoul, Korea, using coverage analysis of GIS analysis tool, the accessible area (or vulnerable area) to the shelters is evaluated based on the spatial distribution of disaster evacuation shelters and their accommodation capacity, according to evacuation time within 7.5, 15 and 30 minutes. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) The average area of disaster evacuation shelter per person is calculated as 0.45 square meters. Considering that the minimum shelters' area per person is 1 square meters, only 45% of people in Seoul can be accommodated. 2) The ratio of inhabitants who live in accessible area within 7.5 minutes presents only 33% of all. Furthermore, the ratio of inhabitants by age group of 5~9 or over 65 years old shows significantly lower percentage in comparison with 15~49 years old people.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.351-366
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop a cookbook for children as a nutritional education material considering the dietary behaviors of elementary school students. Dietary behaviors were surveyed in 5th and 6th grade students(male 45, female 45) in Gangwon-do. 48.9% of the children ate breakfast every day, and 67.8% ate Korean food such as cooked rice, soup, and side dishes for breakfast. The reason for skipping the breakfast was 'have no time'. 42.2% of the children answered 'cook the foods that they want to eat' about the question how to eat when they are alone at home. 52.2% of the children ate snacks 1~2 times a day, and such snacks included fruits(46.6%), ice cream(22.2%), bread or cookies(21.1%), and instant foods(11.1%). Children preferred meats to vegetables and preferred Bokeum(27.8%), Twigim(25.6%), Guk Jjigae(21.1%) to other cooking methods. 96.7% of the children have cooked at least 1 time. 64.4% of the children have cooked because they 'just want to cook.' The kinds of the foods that they have cooked were Ramen(68.8%), fried eggs(53.3%), Bokeumbap(37.8%), and sandwiches(18.9%). Considering these results, cookbooks were categorized by 'cook by myself', 'cook snacks speedily', and 'show off my cooking skills' with 5~6 dishes in each. They have pictures of a cooking process about all dishes and provide information on the contents of protein, fat, calcium, sodium as well as energy, the method to plan balanced diet by using the food pyramid and the portion size for children. This cookbook gives basic knowledge about cooking such as measuring, sanitation, and the separation of food garbage. I expect that the cookbook can be used as a nutritional education material to improve the dietary behaviors of children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.382-394
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program as part of health promoting projects in an elementary school. A total of 168 students in the 4th grade were enrolled in the program for 6 months. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess nutrition knowledge and dietary habit. Nutrient intakes and body shape perceptions were measured using 24-hour recall method and self-ratings of body shape figures, respectively. The education program was conducted in various ways, focused on healthy dietary behavior, nutrients' roles and sources, and proper body shape perceptions, etc. After the education program, nutrition knowledge and dietary habit were significantly improved. Dietary habit scores were significantly and positively related to nutrition knowledge levels. Body shape perceptions were significantly and properly changed after the program. Dissatisfaction with perceived current body shape and discrepancy between shapes desired and considered healthy were significantly decreased. But girls still indicated a desire to be leaner than shapes which were perceived current and considered healthy. Nutrient intakes were partly improved by the program, but some nutrients, such as calcium, folate, zinc, sodium and niacin, were still remained deficient or excessive. These findings indicate that enhancement of nutrition knowledge is extended to the improvement of dietary habit. In addition, establishment of proper body shape perception is closely related to healthy dietary habits and is required to good nutrition and health.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.228-234
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• 2020

Chloral hydrate (CH) has been used in sedation for over 100 years. CH was first synthesized in 1832, the sedative properties were observed in 1861. Because of its easy synthesis, its use was widespread since 1869. There is a record of the use of CH in children as early as 1894. Recently there have been many controversies about safety of CH. Because of the low cost and relatively safe experience CH has still been used for dental sedation in children. After the US FDA recommendation in 2006, US pharmaceutical companies no longer produce commercial CH. However, CH has been used in the form of suspensions prepared from raw materials in many areas of the United States, and reports of adverse events related to death have continued. CH is the most commonly used drug for sedation in Korea, and there have been some reports of side effects. Dexmedetomidine, propofol and midazolam were introduced as an alternative for CH. There are various limitations in using them in the pediatric dentistry area and there are many things to consider. The purpose of this review is to analyze the complications of CH and status of use in Korea, and to introduce alternatives to CH.