• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.400-410
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• 2005

During excavation of shallow tunnels in soft ground, failure mechanism around the tunnel face have major influence on the stability of tunnels. In this paper, a series of laboratory tests under plane strain condition on the small scale of a shallow tunnel considering unsupported tunnel length has been performed. The results have shown that tunnel failure mechanism changes from failure mode 1 to failure mode 2 as unsupported tunnel length increases. By comparing the experimental and the numerical results, the loosening pressure for the shallow tunnel and progressive failure have been investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

Soil-nailing is the most popular method of reinforcing for slope stability. In general, two factors are considered as failure modes during the soil-nailing design stages: pullout failure mode and shear failure mode that will occur on the most probable failure plane. In many cases, however, shallow failure can also occur when the ground near the slope face is swept away by the horizontal stress release during the staged top-down excavation. In this paper, an optimized soil-nailing design methodology is proposed by considering the three failure modes mentioned above: pullout failure; shear failure; and shallow failure. The variables to be optimized include the bonded length and number of soil-nailings, and the confining pressure that should be applied at the slope face. The procedure to obtain the optimized design variables is as follows: at first, optimization of soil-nailings, i.e. bonded length and number, against pullout and shear failure modes; and then, optimization of confining pressure at each excavation stage that is needed to prevent shallow failure. Since the two processes are linked with each other, they are repeated until the optimized design variables can be obtained satisfying all the constrained design requirements in both of the two processes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2810-2818
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• 2009

In order to examine the characteristic of shallow failure in cut slopes composed of weathered granite soil, this study calculated critical permeability coefficient according to rainfall characteristic in Korea, performed stability analysis according to the representative physical properties of weathered granite soil distributed in Korea such as horizontal distance to the failure surface of cut slope, slope inclination, slope height, and the depth of wetting by rainfall, and analyzed the results. In the results of analyzing critical permeability coefficient, when the local rainfall characteristic was considered, the maximum critical permeability coefficient was $7.16{\times}10^{-4}cm/sec$. We judged that shallow failure according to wetting depth should be considered when rainfall below the critical rainfall intensity lasts longer than the minimum rainfall duration in cut slopes composed of weathered granite soil, which had a critical permeability coefficient lower than the maximum critical permeability coefficient. Furthermore, using simulated failure surface, this study could understand the characteristic of shallow failure in cut slopes based on the change in slope safety factor according to horizontal distance, wetting depth, and strength parameter.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.135-143
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• 2001

강우에 의한 잔류토에서의 얕은 사면파괴는 세계적으로 흔히 볼 수 있는 사면파괴의 형태이다. 본 연구에서는 침투가 사면 표면의 안정에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 한계평형법을 이용하는 무한사면 해석법을 연구하였다. 재현기간에 따른 강우강도가 지속기간이 고려되는 임의의 강우에 의해 유발되는 얕은 사면파괴의 가능성을 평가하기 위해서 Green-Ampt 모델에 바탕을 둔 간략법들이 적용되었다. 간략법들에 의한 결과들과 비교하기 위하여 일련의 수치해석이 수행되었다. 그 결과에 의하면 적절하게 선택된 입력값을 사용하면 수정간략법이 더욱 엄밀한 해석법인 유한요소해석과 근사한 합리적인 결과를 줌을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.871-885
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• 2017

Nowadays, the construction of tunnels with a shallow depth drastically in urban areas increases. But the effect of sidewall displacement in shallow tunnel on its behavior is not well known yet. Most studies on the shallow tunnel have been limited to the stability and the failure of the tunnel and the adjacent ground in plane strain state. Therefore, the model tests were conducted in a model ground which was built with carbon rods, in order to investigate the impact of the tunnel sidewall displacement on the lateral load transfer to the adjacent ground. The lateral displacement of the tunnel sidewall and the load transfered to the adjacent ground were measured in model tests for various overburdens (0.50D, 0.75D, 1.00D, 1.25D). As results, if the cover depth of tunnel was over a constant depth (0.75D) in a shallow tunnel, the tunnel sidewall was failed with a constant shape not depending on the tunnel cover depth and also not affected by the opposite side of the wall. But, if the cover depth of tunnel was under a constant depth (0.75D), the failure of the tunnel sidewall could affect the opposite sidewall. In addition, if the displacement of tunnel sidewall with 50% of the critical displacement occurred, the tunnel failure was found to be at least 75%. However, additional studies are deemed necessary, since they may differ depending on the ground conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6322-6328
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• 2014

Finite element analyses were performed to find out the load bearing behavior of three kinds of shallow foundations. The analysis results for strip footing showed that local shear failure mode could be observed for a zero dilatancy angle and general shear failure mode could be seen for non-zero dilatancy angles. The ultimate bearing loads for non-zero dilatancy angles were approximately 1.5 times higher than that of a zero dilatancy angle. General shear failure mode was observed for circular footing and square footing regardless of the dilatancy angle. The ultimate bearing loads for a non-zero dilatancy angle were slightly greater than that for a zero dilatancy angle. A comparison of the load-settlement curves for three kinds of footing showed that the load bearing capacities for non-zero dilatancy angle were greater than those for a zero-dilatancy angle.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.923-932
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• 1994

The studies on the bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations have been made in various fields and formulas for various failure mechanisms have been presented. But, for these models, the method of classification with foundation depth has been obscure and bearing capacity factors have not been uniformly applied. An experiment was performed, in plane strain conditions, with ground model made of carbon rods. The failure mechanism of foundation and ultimate bearing capacity with foundation depth were observed. Based on experimental results the classification between shallow and deep foundations by failure shape was tried. Various present failure mechanisms of foundation were verified through the experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

This paper describes the procedure to predict the entire load-displacement curve and the failure mechanism of shallow strip footing for real soil. The presented results show that it is possible to analyze the post peak behavior of shallow strip footing and to give a progressive failure mechanism clearly. Finite element computation of the bearing capacity factor $N_{\gamma}$ have been made for shallow strip footings with friction angles and dilation angle. It is shown that commonly used values of $N_{\gamma}$ which have generally been based on associated plasticity calculations are unconservative for real soil with non-associated plasticity and some smooth footing.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1985

A new approach is develped to analyze the reliability of the shallow foundation. The measure of the safety of the structhure is expressed In terms of the probability of failure, instead of the conventional factor of safety. Many uncertainties involved in the deterministic stability anaitsis can be reasouably treated by using the probabilistic approach. Both the soil properties and loads are assumed to be random variables. Accordingly, the capacity and demand are considered to be normal, log-normal, and beta variated. Use is made of Error Propagation Method to investigate the probability of failure. And the relationship is investigated between the probability of failure and the central factor of safety. The results are computer programed and several case studies are performed using developed program.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.107-116
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• 2000

강우에 의한 얕은 사면파괴는 우리 나라에서 흔히 볼수 있는 사면파괴의 형태이다. 본 연구에서는 재현기간에 따른 강우강도와 지속시간을 고려한 한계평형법에 의하여 이러한 얕은 사면파괴의 가능성을 평가하기 위함 방법에 대하여 논의하였다. 이를 위해 일차원 침투모델인 Green-Ampt 모델에 바탕을 둔 두 방법을 고려하였다. 즉 침투능에 따른 침투깊이를 산정하는 Pradel과 Raad의 방법과 일정한(uniform) 강우강도가 작용할 경우 폰딩(ponding)에 대해 해를 주는 Mein과 Larson의 방법을 고려하여 함수특성이 알려진 화강풍화토사면에 적용하였다. 연구결과에 의하며 Pradel과 Raad 방법은 실제 적용된 강우강도가 아닌 침투능을 바탕으로 침투깊이를 산정하므로 Mein과 Larson 방법에 비해 보수적인 사면안정 해석결과를 예측한다.