• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.95-111
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current trend of early education and to examine the relationship between the state of early education and maternal beliefs, stress, and achievement pressure. The subjects were 275 mothers of 4∼6 year-old children in Seoul. The main results were as follows : 1) Most of the subjects' children(87.6%) were involved in early education, especially in the form of home-visit study and study papers. 2) Parental beliefs (about child development and early education) and maternal achievement pressure were significantly related to the degree of actual involvement and perceived necessity of early education. 3) Parental stress regarding child's temperament was significantly related to the starting age of early education. But the other factors of parental stress had no significant relation to the state of early education.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.571-585
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of playfulness, play support beliefs and parenting stress on intimate parenting in the mothers of young children by maternal employment. In order to achieve this, 405 mothers of young children, aged 3-5 years old, participated in a self-reported survey. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS 19.0 and structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis using AMOS 21.0. The results of this study showed that the mothers' support beliefs and parenting stress mediated both playfulness and intimate parenting irrespective of maternal employment. Interestingly, the unemployed mothers' playfulness had direct effects on intimate parenting whereas the playfulness of the employed mothers did not. Lastly, the effects of the mothers' play support beliefs, playfulness, and parenting stress on intimate parenting did not differ between employed and unemployed mothers.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.933-944
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• 2007

The relationships of parenting beliefs, parental satisfaction, and child rearing stress were examined in a sample 400 parents who have 3-7 aged children. Parents completed three kinds of questionnaires such as parenting beliefs scale, parental satisfaction scale, and child rearing stress scale. Data analysis was by mean, percentile, t-test, oneway-ANOVA, pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The major findings of this study were as follow; First there was a significant difference between parenting beliefs and child rearing stress. Second, there was a significant difference between parental satisfaction and child rearing stress. Third, conflict of parental role in parental satisfaction and problem solving in parent beliefs was the most predicting variables in child rearing stress.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2015

This study tested the relationship between mothers' beliefs about their children's emotions and the children's emotional regulation, using the mothers' positive and negative emotional expressiveness as mediators. The participants comprised 511 mothers with children whose ages ranged from 3 to 5 years, from 11 early childhood educational institutions located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The survey data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0, AMOS 21.0 and Mplus 6.12 programs. The main results were as follows. First, there were significant correlations among the three variables (i.e., mothers' beliefs about their children's emotions, the children's emotional regulation, and the mothers' emotional expressiveness). Second, both the mothers' beliefs about their children's emotions and the mothers' emotional expressiveness predicted in a significant manner the children's degree of emotional regulation. Third, the mediating effects of the mothers' emotional expressiveness were found to be significant. This indicated that the mothers' emotional expressiveness can be one means by which their children's emotional regulation can be increased, and this needs to be taken into account when designing educational and counseling programs.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.287-301
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between childrearing belief and parental efficacy of women before and after childbirth. For this purpose 253 pregnant women and 256 mothers with infants under one year of age were contacted and asked to fill in a packet of survey questionnaire at their visits to obstetrician, gynecologist and pediatrician. The questionnaire includes questions about what mothers value in childrearing, their expectations for their children and parental efficacy. Data collected were analyzed using SAS PC program. It was reported that comparing to mothers, pregnant women view childrearing in more ideal lights and expect their children to be more exceptional. Also working mothers reported comparatively lower parental efficacy than full-time mothers suggesting that social support system to minimize pressure coming from work for working mothers with young children should be provided and the parental education methods to enhance the parental efficacy should be sought.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.499-507
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 최근 Hawk(2007)이 자녀 및 양육과 관련된 부모의 의도적 사고로 제시한 메타양육(MPQ) 척도를 한국 어머니들을 대상으로 타당화하는 것이다. 연구결과 첫째, 원래 MPQ에는 예상, 평가, 반성적 사고, 문제해결 등 4개의 요인이 있었으나 본 연구에서는 예상 요인과 반성적 사고 요인이 같은 요인으로 추출되었다. 둘째, 한국 어머니들은 미국 어머니보다 메타양육 수준이 높았으나 상대적으로 예상과 반성적 사고 요인에 더 높은 점수를, 그리고 문제해결에 더 낮은 점수를 나타내고 있었다. 그러나 한국 어머니들을 대상으로 한 K-MPQ는 상당히 안정적 구조로 높은 내적 일치도를 보였다. 셋째, 한국 어머니들의 메타양육 요인들은 대체로 양육신념 및 양육실제와 정적 상관이 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.313-324
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• 2009

The study is to investigate mothers' parental beliefs about child development and the children's developmental tasks, and to explore the relationship between mother's parental beliefs and child-rearing behaviors. The subjects are 113 pairs of 4- to 5-year-old children and their mothers. For measuring maternal beliefs about child-development, 'beliefs about development scale' and 'child-rearing beliefs scales' were used. For mother's child-rearing behaviors, 'child rearing behavior observation scale' was used. The main results were: first, mothers value the cognitive theory and 'autonomous behavior' higher than 'conforming behavior' in developing their children. Second, there were no differences in mother's parenting beliefs in the factors of 'gender of their children' and 'maternal job status', while there were significant differences in maternal beliefs according to the levels of mother's education and family income. Third, sub-scales of their parenting beliefs were correlated with interactive behaviors between them and their children. The more mothers put importance on cognitive theory and children's autonomous behaviors, the more their supportive child-rearing behaviors during child-mother task solving situations were showed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.151-168
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate which variables predicted parenting efficacy. The variables of interest were demographic variables regarding both the infants and mothers, infant temperament and development, maternal parenting knowledge, parenting belief, and parenting stress. The subjects consisted of 260 infants and mothers. Data on infant's temperament, parenting knowledge, parenting belief, parenting stress and parenting efficacy were gathered through maternal self-reported questionnaires. Furthermore, infant development was assessed by classroom teacher. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. Our results indicated that infant's sociability and activity, parenting knowledge about emotional development, parenting beliefs emphasizing the role of nature in infant development, low parenting stress all predicted parenting efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.15-33
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate which variables predicted preschoolers' pro-social behavior. Subjects consisted of 250 preschooler-mother pairs; children were 3 to 6 years of age Children's emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior were assessed by classroom teachers. Data on the mothers' socialization beliefs and strategies as well as children's temperament were gathered through maternal self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlation and regression analyses. Results showed that children's temperament (withdrawal predisposition) and emotional intelligence (self emotional expression) predicted children's pro-social behavior. Mothers' perceptions of the importance of pro-social behavior correlated negatively with children's pro-social behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.151-165
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• 2001

This study of children's perceptions own and desirable mothers was based on data gathered from answers to questionnaires by 46 preschoolers living in Chunju. The children listened to the stories of 3 picture books based on the interactionist, maturationist, and behaviorist theories of child development. Parenting behaviors were rated by standards of support and control dimensions. The subjects perceived their own mothers' developmental beliefs in rank order of maturationist, behaviorist and interactionist. Most parenting behaviors were perceived to be punishment. The subjects ranked the developmental beliefs of the most desirable mothers in order of maturationist, interactionist, and behaviorist. The most desirable parenting behaviors were perceived to be affectionate expression, recognition, and cooperation. There was no relationship between own and mothers' developmental belief.