• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.907-913
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• 2010

Human enteroviruses (HEV) are considered one of the major infectious causes of central nervous system infections such as aseptic encephalomeningitis in pediatrics. This study was focused on providing information related to genetic characteristics and diversities of HEV which prevailed between 2007 and 2009 in Busan, Korea. A total of 2,743 specimens were collected from children and screened for isolation of HEV by cell culture and RT-PCR. Among the specimins, 240 isolates were grouped into 21 different HEV serotypes using VP1 RT-PCR. The major etiological agents were CV-A6 and CV-B2 in 2007, E-6 and E-30 in 2008 and CV-B1 in 2009. The occurrence of HEV infections was the most frequent in the summer (May to August, 188 cases, 78.3%). Most of the isolates were identified from specimens from children under 10 years old, with the highest occurrence in the 2 to 4 year old range (15.2%). However, there were no significant differences between male and female children for the isolates. For analyzing genetic characterization, VP1 gene was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The phylogenetic tree was established by Clustal W method using DNASTAR software. Using the sequence analysis of the VP1 region, it was classified into 2 groups; HEV-A and HEV-B. The HEV-A group contained 6 serotypes and sequences of 31 isolates were compared within each serotype. The HEV-B group contained 10 serotypes and the sequences of 41 isolates were compared within each serotype. Homology analysis of the VP1 region showed that the identity scores of HEV-A and B isolates were different. In conclusion, genetic divergences were observed among the isolates from children between 2007 and 2009 in Busan.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.455-461
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• 2002

limiting nutrients for phytoplankton were determined by dissored inorganic nitrogen/phosphorous (DIN/DIP) in situ and algal bioassay experiment in the Seomjin River estuary during a study period from March 1999 to October 2001. DIN/DIP ranged from 14.7 to 681.1 during the study period. DIN/DIP was over 16 at the upper and middle estuarine region where salinity was lower than 25 psu and chlorophyll a concentration was high, probably indicating P-limitation in this region while the ratio was less than 16 at the high saline (> 25 psu) region, reflecting the supply of DIP from Gwangyang Bay and thereby indicating N-limitation at the lower estuarine region. These results suggested that the spatial distribution of DIN/DIP in the study region was controlled by the high supply of phosphate from Gwangyang Bay, the low input from Seomjin River and the active uptake by phytoplankton within the estuarine system. The bioassay experiments using Skeletonema costatum, Thalaasiosira rotula and in situ phytoplankton assemblage displayed relatively higher growth of phytoplankton in the P-added culture media, indicating P-limitation. This result was well consistent with the spatial distribution of inorganic nutrients. S. costatum showed a rapid adaptation to the low salinity compared to other phytoplankton species. This phenomenon seemed to account for the strong (> $90\%$ in total cell number) S. costatum bloom in autumn in this estuary. Moreover, although phytoplankton growth rate was higher in the P-added culture media at the end of culture experiment of in situ phytoplankton, the fast growth in the trace metal-added media at the beginning of the experiment suggested a possibility of limitation by other micro-nutrients such as trace metal and vitamin etc.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.805-815
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• 2015

The Korean education curriculum is making efforts to improve education to foster competencies that the future society demands through the 2007 and 2009 revised curriculum. The revised curricula focus on enhanced articulation for the quality curriculum. In this study, the curriculum is analyzed for vertical and horizontal articulation. In addition, the study found a problem in Korea's curriculum through international comparison and sought improvement. Furthermore, the study compared internationally articulation of the concept of photosynthesis, of which the results are as follows. First, our science curriculum focuses on vertical articulation and has relatively neglected the problem of horizontal articulation. To compensate for this problem, curriculum design should introduce aspects of 'nature' and 'environment' and should consider the interests and concerns of students, as countries with high horizontal articulation do. Second, the actual education field has a problem with the a lack of continuity and sequence because of concentration of concept in a specific grade or simply repeating the concept across multiple grades. These results have led to alternative proposals that should arrange basis of concept configuration such as 'Big Idea' and should establish the adoption of 'systems' frequently appearing in the other curricula. Finally, there may be mentioned a lack of research on students' learning progression, which can be a common standard of horizontal and vertical articulation. Research on learning progression has been a trend overseas, but there exists no study to fit Korea's situation, so education fields need to conduct the appropriate research on learning progression as part of the commitment to high-quality curriculum.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.136-147
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• 2002

Background : Interstitial lung disease has various manifestations that are differentiated by their pathology, progress and treatment. However, all manifestations eventually progresses to pulmonary fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells might be related to pulmonary fibrosis. The correlation of the apoptotic index with the clinical manifestations, pathological findings, HRCT findings and the response to treatment were examined. Materials and Methods : Twenty subjects (14 men, 16 women), who had been diagnosed with interstitial lung disease through an open lung biopsy, were enrolled in this study. The subtypes were one AIP, two NIP, eight BOOP, and seven UIP cases. The apoptotic index was scaled from 0-2 depending on the fraction of positive staining cells by TUNEL method. The clinical severity was assessed by a modification of a previously developed CRP scoring system. The pathologic scores were based on 4 components: fibrosis, cellularity, desquamation, and granulation. In the HRCT study, each lobe was scored by the radiologists on a scale for both fibrosis and ground-glass attenuation. The treatment response was assessed by an increase in more than 10% of the CRP score, and comparing the results 3 months before and after treatment. Results : The apoptotic index showed no correlation with the CRP and HRCT scoring system. The apoptotic index correlated with the pathologic elements including fibrosis, cellularity and the desquamation score (p<0.05). Of the 16 patients who received corticosteroid therapy, 9 patients (56.3%) responded to therapy. There was no correlation between the response to corticosteroid and the apoptotic index. In the case of patients with acute and subacute ILD, the apoptotic index showed a correlation with the cellularity, desquamation, and the total histological score (p<0.05). In the case of patients with chronic ILD, the apoptotic index correlated with the fibrosis and cellularity score (p<0.05). Conclusion : Apoptosis of the pulmonary epithelial cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease particularly on a pathological basis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2005

Background : To evaluate the role of estrogen and progesterone in the carcinogenesis of NSCLC, IHC studies for the expression of the receptors of estrogen and progesterone have been performed with inconsistent results. Recently the TMA method has been developed and has become recognized as a useful and rapid method for extensively analysing molecular markers at the gene and protein level. We have investigated their expressions in the tissue from NSCLC using the microarray method. Methods : The TMA construction was made with 70 formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of NSCLC. After heat-induced epitope retrieval, IHC staining on primary tissues of NSCLC was performed with the monoclonal antibodies, ER1D5 and PR1A6. Results : Our sample of 70 consisted of 74% men and 26% women. Of the patients, 49% were current smokers, 27% were non-smokers and 24% were former smokers. By histologic classification, 34 patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 24 had adenocarcinoma, 9 had adenosquamous cell carcinoma, and 3 had other carcinomas. No cancer cells were immunostained with these monoclonal antibodies in any primary tissues of NSCLC. Conclusions : No expression of neither of the two receptors was found in any of the lung cancer tissues. This suggests that adequate genetic variants for IHC staining need to be developed for NSCLC.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2009

From 2006 to 2008, natural habitat of Sparassis crispa were surveyed for investigating ecological conditions at sixteen different sites in Korea. The investigated sites showed very wide altitudinal distribution ranged from 240 meters to 1,100 meters above the sea level. In general, S. crispa showed distinct feature of heart-rot fungi as it occurs on soils around the stems of larch (Larix kaempferi) and Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis). But it also could be found on stems or on the stumps of dead trees, which indicated that the fungus might have several invasion routes and capabilities to grow on various ecological conditions. All of the sixteen sites were pure stands consisted with conifers such as larch or Korean white pine. The dominant tree layer showed $15.3{\sim}38.0$ meters for tree heights, thicker than twenty centimeters for the diameter at breast height (DBH), and all of them were older than thirty years. Since the stands were pure stand, species diversity of trees in the sites was extremely low. While the dominant tree layer showed only pure coniferous stand, the co-dominant tree layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer showed more diverse features with higher Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. Soil texture of thirteen sites among sixteen investigated sites were loamy soils, and the contents of organic matter in soil were more or less higher than general forest soils in Korea with $3.79{\sim}14.32%$. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was also relatively higher than general forest soils with $16.1{\sim}27.2$ cmol+/kg. The data indicated that the cauliflower mushroom occurring sites were relatively fertile than general forest soils. The soils were acidic with pH ranged from 4.2 to 5.2, which were typical features for conifer stands in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

The formation and dissociation rates of $Zn^{2+}$ Complexes with l,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16-diox-acyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid (1), 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetramethylacetic acid (2), and 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetrapropionic acid(3) have been measured by stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Observations were made at 25.0$\pm$0.1 $^{\circ}C$ and at an ionic strength of 0.10 M NaClO$_4$. The formation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ ion with 1 and 2 took place by the rapid formation of an intermediate complex (ZnH$_3L^+$) in which the $Zn^{2+}$ ion is incompletely coor-dinated. This might then lead to be a final product in the rate-determining step.ln the pH range 4.76-5.76, the diprotonated (H2L2-) form is the kinetically active species despite of its low concentration. The stability con-stants (log$K_{(ZnH$_3$3$L^+$)}$) and specific water-assisted rate constants (koH) of intermediate complexes have been deter-mined from the kinetic data. The dissociation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes of 1,2, and 3 were investigated with $Cu^{2+}$ ions as a scavenger in acetate buffer. All complexes exhibit acid-independent and acid-catalyzed con-tributions. The effect of buffer and $Cu^{2+}$ concentration on the dissociation rate has also been investigated. The ligand effect on t dissociation rate of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes is discussed in terms of the side-pendant armsand the chelate ring sizes of the ligands.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.329-335
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine the optimal ratio of Petasites japonicus, Luffa cylindrica, and Houttuynia cordata, all of which are supposed to have anti-respiratory disease effects, such as against rhinitis. The experiment incorporated a mixture design and included 12 experimental points with center replicates for three different independent variables (Petasites japonicus 30~70%; Luffa cylindrica 10~30%; and Houttuynia cordata 10~30%). Based on this design, the mixture was extracted in hot water at 121℃ for 45 min and anti-allergy and anti-microbial activities were observed. The response surface and trace plot described for the anti-allergy activity showed Petasites japonicas was a relatively important factor. The correlation coefficient (R²) value 82.10% for the inhibition effect of degranulation was analyzed by the regression equation. The analysis of variance showed the model fit was statistically significant (p<0.05). The optimal ratio of the mixture was Petasites japonicus 0.75%, Luffa cylindrica 0.11%, and Houttuynia cordata 0.14%. The anti-microbial activity for each extraction of the mixture was valid on gram-positive, such as Staphylococcus aureus (KCCM 40881) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (KCCM 35494), while it was less effective on gram-negative, such as Escherichia coli (KCCM 11234) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCCM 11328).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.436-441
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• 1994

To investigate the lowering effects of in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis by the treatment of chymotrypsin, trypsin, pancreatin, or protease from Aspergillus oryzae on the antigenicity of whey protein isolate (WPI) against rabbit anti ${\alpha}-LA$ antiserum, competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test using guinea pig were performed. The results of cELISA showed that the monovalent antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) to the antiserum was decreased to $10^{-2.5}-10^{-5.5}$ and less by the hydrolysis. The monovalent antigenicity of the WPH hydrolyzed by trypsin, or protease from Asp. nryzae was much lowered by the pretreatment of heat denaturation. The antigenicity of the WPH hydrolyzed by chymotrypsin, trypsin, or pancreatin was much lowered by the pretreatment of pepsin. Especially, the antigenicity of TDP (trypic hydrolysate with pretreatment of heat and pepsin) was found almost to be removed. However, there was not consistency between degree of hydrolysis(DH) and the monovalent antigenicity of the WPH. By the heterologous PCA it was found that all of the PGPH lost the polyvalent antigenicity regardless of the pretreatments although WPI and ${\alpha}-LA$ had the positive high antigenicity. The results suggested that the peptides derived from ${\alpha}-LA$ in WPH could bind specific antibodies but they could not induce allergy. Therefore, it was elucidated that the allergenicity of ${\alpha}-LA$ in whey protein could be destroyed easily by the enzymatic hydrolysis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.452-459
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• 1997

Effect of extraction pH on mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS) and elongation (E) and on water vapor permeability (WVP) of soybean protein isolate (SPI) edible films extracted from soybean meal was investigated. Five pHs, acidic range (pH 2.0 and pH 3.0), neutral range (pH 7.0) and alkalic range (pH 10.0 and 12.0), were used to extract SPI. TS of the film extracted at pH 7.0 was the lowest, and WVP of $SPI_3$ (SPI extracted at pH 3) film was the lowest value among the films. The WVP of $SPI_3$ films was $3.349\;{\times}\;10^{-10}\;g{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$ and increased to $3.871\;{\times}\;10^{-10}\;g{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$ as film thickness increased from $55\;{\mu}m$ to $72\;{\mu}m$ thickness. Three different plasticizers (glycerol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol) were used for $SPI_2$ (SPI extracted at pH 2) film. TS of $SPI_2$ films was 12.297 MPa and decreased to 1.356 MPa for glycerol and showed the same trend in other two plasticizers. The SPI films extracted at acidic range were shown higher mechanical properties and lower water vapor permeabilities than those of extracted at neutral and alkalic ranges. The difference of SPI film properties seemed to be attributed by 11S/7S ratio as well as protein content.