• Language and Information
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.15-32
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• 2002

These analyses can be roughly classified into two groups: the first argue that the delimiter -to is polysemous so that it delivers either additive or concessive meaning; the second contend that it is monosemous and only conveys emphatic or concessive meaning. The current analysis mainly focuses on its two roles with regard to focus and its meaning. On the basis of the findings, a different analysis is proposed that it serves as an indicator of the presence of a type of focus which is hosted mainly by the expression it attaches to. Furthermore, it is solely responsible for the additive force, and the seemingly relevant emphatic or concessive import is derivable from an emphatic or concessive illocutionary operator which is associated with the focus indicated by -to.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.71-80
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• 2008

Typically uncontrolled intersections are characterized by the absence of signal, stop and yield sign, and by very light traffic volume. In this study, a gap acceptance model for such uncontrolled intersections has been modeled. The motivation is to identify the behavior of drivers so that the traffic flow phenomena can be easily understood. For this, actual traffic survey was accomplished at intersections in Suwon and the data have been fed into modeling process. The logit model was used and the results showed that total delay experienced by drivers, turning right movement, age, sex, and the existence of passenger affected gap acceptance. For example, male drivers, with experiencing longer delay and having passenger(s) with them, accepted shorter gaps. These identified characteristics regarding gap acceptance could be used for facility design and/or safety oriented traffic information dissemination near uncontrolled intersections.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.223-233
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• 2014

This study empirically analyzes the relationships among the road and traffic experts' personal characteristics, the driving behavior and factors being expected to have an effect on the satisfaction about roundabout operation. The factors are drawn and grouped through the principle component analysis to clarify driving environment satisfaction on roundabout operation. Each group is named as personal attribute, driving behavior attribute, and satisfaction. After the variables are refined by confirmatory factor analysis, satisfaction model is developed with personal attribute and driving behavior attributes as exogenous variables and roundabout driving awareness and emotion attributes as endogenous variables. As a result, driving satisfaction of roundabout operation is directly influenced by delay reduction, safety improvement, capacity increase, sight improvement, severity accident reduction, and bicycle convenience and indirectly gender, age, driving time, and driving experience. Law obeyance, driving concession, traffic sign obeyance, and interposition do not statistically shows significant on satisfaction. As a result of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the turning radius of geometry and the driving behavior are important elements for roundabout safety.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2004

Microinjection of DNA is a general method for generating transgenic animals, but the rate of transgenesis in chickens is very low. So it was carried out to investigate the efficiency of liposome-mediated gene transfer in stage one cell of chicken embryo with GFP expression vector. In order to determine efficiency and duration of the introduced foreign gene, it was microinjected DNA with liposome or naked DNA into the germinal disc of stage one cell or stage-X chicken embryo. Analysis of reporter gene expression in day-4 embryos showed that GFP expression was observed only in the liposome-mediate embryo groups and detectable up to day-8 embryos. The results suggest that stable integration of the introduced gene using liposome is a rare event. Nevertheless the liposome-mediated gene transfer may be a useful method to transfer a foreign gene into the stage one cell of chicken embryos.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.59-69
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• 2003

Signalized intersections are widely used in urban street network. However, it was reported that a roundabout is better than a signalized intersection in terms of delay when the approaching traffic volume for each bound is low. The objective of this study is to develop entry capacity models of roundabout and establish the warrant for signalized intersection based on the delay. The entry capacity of a roundabout is determined by the circulating traffic volume and the geometric design of the roundabout such as the diameter of central island, entry lane widths, and the circulating roadway width. The traffic and geometric characteristics of four roundabouts were collected and analyzed. The study reveals that; i)among the geometric features, the diameter of central island and the circulating roadway width influence the entry capacity, and ii)even though it is difficult to compare the models of each country due to different geometric features considered in the models, the models developed in this study show higher capacity than the models from Israel or Germany. These seem to be attributed to the facts that; i)the outside diameters of the roundabouts selected in this study are larger than in the other studies, and ii)the acceptable gap in Korea is smaller than that in the other countries. In order to compare the performances of round- about and signalized intersection, the performance of roundabouts was evaluated with the SIDRA. The simulation was conducted only for the roundabouts composed of single lane. According to the result of the analysis, it may be concluded that when the approaching traffic volume for each bound is lower than 600pcph, a roundabout is better than a signalized intersection in terms of its operational performance.